Venöz Ülserler ve Bakım Yönetimi
Özet
Kronik yara sınıfı içerisinde yer alan venöz ülserler (venöz yaralar) sıklıkla alt ekstremitede görülmektedir. Kronik yaraların %80’ini venöz ülserler oluşturmaktadır. Kronik yaralar içerisinde en sık karşılaşılan tür olan venöz ülserler, tedavisi uzun süren, tekrarlayıcı ve ağrılı yaralardır. İyileşmiş venöz ülserlerin tekrar nüksetme oranı oldukça yüksektir. Bu ülserler genellikle ayağın bilek bölgesinde görülmektedir. Venöz ülserin tedavisine başlamadan önce eşlik eden hastalıkları belirlemek için hastanın kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Özellikle arteriyel hastalıklar, diyabet ve hipertansiyon gibi kronik hastalıklarla birlikte görüldüğünde venöz ülser yönetimi iyice zorlaşmaktadır. Venöz ülser tedavisinde, yara bakımı ve kompresyon altın standarttır.
Referanslar
Dini V, Janowska A, Oranges T, De Pascalis A, Iannone M, Romanelli M. Surrounding skin management in venous leg ulcers: a systematic review. Journal of tissue viability. 2020;29(3):169-75.
Berenguer Pérez M, López‐Casanova P, Sarabia Lavín R, González de la Torre H, Verdú‐Soriano J. Epidemiology of venous leg ulcers in primary health care: Incidence and prevalence in a health centre—A time series study (2010‐2014). International Wound Journal. 2019;16(1):256-65.
Bernatchez SF, Eysaman-Walker J, Weir D. Venous Leg Ulcers: A Review of Published Assessment and Treatment Algorithms. Adv Wound Care. 2022;11(1):28-41.
Martinengo L, Olsson M, Bajpai R, Soljak M, Upton Z, Schmidtchen A, et al. Prevalence of chronic wounds in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Annals of epidemiology. 2019;29:8-15.
Kolluri R, Lugli M, Villalba L, Varcoe R, Maleti O, Gallardo F, et al. An estimate of the economic burden of venous leg ulcers associated with deep venous obstruction. Vasc Med. 2022;27(1):63-72.
Vasudevan B. Venous leg ulcers: pathophysiology and classification. Indian dermatology online journal. 2014;5(3):366.
Jindal R, Dekiwadia D, Krishna PR, Khanna AK, Patel MD, Padaria S, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice points for the management of venous ulcers. Indian J Surg. 2018;80:171-82.
Graves N, Zheng H. Modelling the direct health care costs of chronic wounds in Australia. Wound Practice & Research: Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association. 2014;22(1).
Jindal R, Chaudhary P, Gupta B, Kaur T, Dhillon S. Venous Ulcers: Review Article. Indian J Surg. 2021.
Gould LJ, Dosi G, Couch K, Gibbons GW, Howell RS, Brem H, et al. Modalities to treat venous ulcers: compression, surgery, and bioengineered tissue. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2016;138(3S):199S-208S.
Carradice D, Forsyth J, Mohammed X, Leung C, Hitchman L, Harwood AE, et al. Compliance with NICE guidelines when commissioning varicose vein procedures. Bjs Open. 2018;2(6):419-25.
Meral E, Hasan E, Ozan ZT. Venöz ülserasyon patofiyolojisi, tedavisi ve nükslerin önlenmesi. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2017;7(1):74-9.
Xie T, Ye JN, Rerkasem K, Mani R. The venous ulcer continues to be a clinical challenge: an update. Burns Trauma. 2018;6.
Wipke-Tewis DD, Rich KA. Nursing Manegement Vascular Disorders. Lewis SL, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM, Bucher L (ed.), Medical-Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby; 2014. p.833-864.
Lee AJ, Robertson LA, Boghossian SM, Allan PL, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FGR, et al. Progression of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in the general population in the Edinburgh Vein Study. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2015;3(1):18-26.
Nicolaides AN. The Most Severe Stage of Chronic Venous Disease: An Update on the Management of Patients with Venous Leg Ulcers. Adv Ther. 2020;37(Suppl 1):19-24.
Robertson L, Evans C, Lee A, Allan P, Ruckley C, Fowkes F. Incidence and risk factors for venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 2014;48(2):208-14.
Raffetto JD, Ligi D, Maniscalco R, Khalil RA, Mannello F. Why venous leg ulcers have difficulty healing: overview on pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;10(1):29.
Langan EA, Wienandt M, Bayer A, Ellebrecht L, Kahle B. Effect of obesity on venous blood flow in the lower limbs. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2023;21(6):622-9.
Kelly M, Gethin G. Prevalence of chronic illness and risk factors for chronic illness among patients with venous leg ulceration: a cross-sectional study. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds. 2019;18(3):301-8.
Deol ZK, Lakhanpal S, Franzon G, Pappas PJ. Effect of obesity on chronic venous insufficiency treatment outcomes. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2020;8(4):617-28. e1.
Aleksandrowicz H, Placek W, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A. Impact of body mass reduction on the treatment process of chronic venous leg ulcers. Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny. 2022;109(1):65-73.
Klode J, Stoffels I, Körber A, Weindorf M, Dissemond J. Relationship between the seasonal onset of chronic venous leg ulcers and climatic factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2011;25(12):1415-9.
Parker CN, Finlayson KJ, Shuter P, Edwards H. Risk factors for delayed healing in venous leg ulcers: a review of the literature. International journal of clinical practice. 2015;69(9):967-77.
Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, Dalsing M, Masuda E, Welch H, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2020;8(3):342-52.
Pascarella L, Shortell CK, editors. Medical management of venous ulcers. Seminars in Vascular Surgery; 2015: Elsevier.
Weiß K, Zeman F, Schreml S. A randomized trial of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration: a critical appraisal. British Journal of Dermatology. 2019;180(1):51-5.
De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, Baekgaard N, Black S, Blomgren L, et al. Editor's choice–European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 2022;63(2):184-267.
Andriessen A, Apelqvist J, Mosti G, Partsch H, Gonska C, Abel M. Compression therapy for venous leg ulcers: risk factors for adverse events and complications, contraindications - a review of present guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2017;31(9):1562-8.
Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Phillips TJ, Miller OF, Margolis DJ, Marston W, et al. What's new: Management of venous leg ulcers: Treating venous leg ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(4):643-64.
Ratliff CR, Yates S, McNichol L, Gray M. Compression for primary prevention, treatment, and prevention of recurrence of venous leg ulcers: an evidence-and consensus-based algorithm for care across the continuum. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing. 2016;43(4):347.
Patton D, Avsar P, Sayeh A, Budri A, O'Connor T, Walsh S, et al. A meta‐review of the impact of compression therapy on venous leg ulcer healing. International wound journal. 2023;20(2):430-47.
Mościcka P, Szewczyk MT, Cwajda-Białasik J, Jawień A. The role of compression therapy in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(6):847-52.
Mosti G. Venous ulcer treatment requires inelastic compression. Phlebologie. 2018;47(1):7-12.
Lurie F, Lal BK, Antignani PL, Blebea J, Bush R, Caprini J, et al. Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2019;7(1):17-28.
Moffatt C, Kommala D, Dourdin N, Choe Y. Venous leg ulcers: patient concordance with compression therapy and its impact on healing and prevention of recurrence. International wound journal. 2009;6(5):386-93.
Behairy AS, Masry SE. Impact of Educational Nursing Intervention on Compression Therapy Adherence and Recurrence of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Ocular Oncology and Pathology. 2022;8(2):120-32.
Coelho Rezende G, O'Flynn B, O'Mahony C. Smart compression therapy devices for treatment of venous leg ulcers: a review. Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2022;11(17):2200710.
Gohel MS, Mora J, Szigeti M, Epstein DM, Heatley F, Bradbury A, et al. Long-term clinical and cost-effectiveness of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA surgery. 2020;155(12):1113-21.
Van Gent W, Catarinella F, Lam Y, Nieman F, Toonder I, Van der Ham A, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: 10-year follow up of a randomized, multicenter trial. Phlebology. 2015;30(1_suppl):35-41.
Dogra S, Sarangal R. Summary of recommendations for leg ulcers. Indian dermatology online journal. 2014;5(3):400.
Renner R, Garibaldi MdS, Benson S, Ronicke M, Erfurt-Berge C. Nutrition status in patients with wounds: a cross-sectional analysis of 50 patients with chronic leg ulcers or acute wounds. European Journal of Dermatology. 2019;29:619-26.
Barber GA, Weller CD, Gibson SJ. Effects and associations of nutrition in patients with venous leg ulcers: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(4):774-87.
Moscicka P, Cwajda-Bialasik J, Jawie A, Szewczyk MT. Complex treatment of venous leg ulcers including the use of oral nutritional supplementation: results of 12-week prospective study. Postep Derm Alergol. 2022;39(2):336-46.
Meulendijks A, Franssen W, Schoonhoven L, Neumann H. A scoping review on Chronic Venous Disease and the development of a Venous Leg Ulcer: The role of obesity and mobility. Journal of tissue viability. 2020;29(3):190-6.
Durmaz Edeer A, Z D. Venöz Yetmezlik Yaraları ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Surg Nurs-Special Topics 2017;3(3):189-96.
Jesus PB, Brandão ES, Silva CRL. Nursing care to clients with venous ulcers an integrative review of the literature. Revista de Pesquisa Cuidado é Fundamental Online. 2015;7(2):2639-48.
Franks PJ, Barker J, Collier M, Gethin G, Haesler E, Jawien A, et al. Management of patients with venous leg ulcers: challenges and current best practice. Journal of wound care. 2016;25(Sup6):S1-S67.
Leren L, Johansen E, Eide H, Falk RS, Juvet LK, Ljoså TM. Pain in persons with chronic venous leg ulcers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International wound journal. 2020;17(2):466-84.
Qiu YJ, Osadnik CR, Weller CD, Team V. Effects of physical activity as an adjunct treatment on healing outcomes and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: A scoping review. Wound Repair Regen. 2022;30(2):172-85.
Qiu YJ, Team V, Osadnik CR, Weller CD. Barriers and enablers to physical activity in people with venous leg ulcers: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;135.
Millan SB, Gan R, Townsend PE. Venous ulcers: diagnosis and treatment. American family physician. 2019;100(5):298-305.
Finlayson K, Edwards H, Courtney M. Relationships between preventive activities, psychosocial factors and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: a prospective study. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(10):2180-90.
Ren S-Y, Liu Y-S, Zhu G-J, Liu M, Shi S-H, Ren X-D, et al. Strategies and challenges in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2020;8(21):5070.
O’Donnell TF, Passman MA, Marston WA, Ennis WJ, Dalsing M, Kistner RL, et al. Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery® and the American Venous Forum. Journal of vascular surgery. 2014;60(2):3S-59S.
Bates-Jensen B, Bohn GA. Data and doing: Using wound size to evaluate wound care in venous ulcers. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2016;29(8):347-8.
Asgarpour H. Venöz Ayak Ülser Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;10(3):333-9.
Lurie F, Bittar S, Kasper G. Optimal compression therapy and wound care for venous ulcers. Surgical Clinics. 2018;98(2):349-60.
Tate S, Price A, Harding K. Dressings for venous leg ulcers. bmj. 2018;361.
Kranke P, Bennett MH, Martyn‐St James M, Schnabel A, Debus SE, Weibel S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015(6).
Referanslar
Dini V, Janowska A, Oranges T, De Pascalis A, Iannone M, Romanelli M. Surrounding skin management in venous leg ulcers: a systematic review. Journal of tissue viability. 2020;29(3):169-75.
Berenguer Pérez M, López‐Casanova P, Sarabia Lavín R, González de la Torre H, Verdú‐Soriano J. Epidemiology of venous leg ulcers in primary health care: Incidence and prevalence in a health centre—A time series study (2010‐2014). International Wound Journal. 2019;16(1):256-65.
Bernatchez SF, Eysaman-Walker J, Weir D. Venous Leg Ulcers: A Review of Published Assessment and Treatment Algorithms. Adv Wound Care. 2022;11(1):28-41.
Martinengo L, Olsson M, Bajpai R, Soljak M, Upton Z, Schmidtchen A, et al. Prevalence of chronic wounds in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Annals of epidemiology. 2019;29:8-15.
Kolluri R, Lugli M, Villalba L, Varcoe R, Maleti O, Gallardo F, et al. An estimate of the economic burden of venous leg ulcers associated with deep venous obstruction. Vasc Med. 2022;27(1):63-72.
Vasudevan B. Venous leg ulcers: pathophysiology and classification. Indian dermatology online journal. 2014;5(3):366.
Jindal R, Dekiwadia D, Krishna PR, Khanna AK, Patel MD, Padaria S, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice points for the management of venous ulcers. Indian J Surg. 2018;80:171-82.
Graves N, Zheng H. Modelling the direct health care costs of chronic wounds in Australia. Wound Practice & Research: Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association. 2014;22(1).
Jindal R, Chaudhary P, Gupta B, Kaur T, Dhillon S. Venous Ulcers: Review Article. Indian J Surg. 2021.
Gould LJ, Dosi G, Couch K, Gibbons GW, Howell RS, Brem H, et al. Modalities to treat venous ulcers: compression, surgery, and bioengineered tissue. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2016;138(3S):199S-208S.
Carradice D, Forsyth J, Mohammed X, Leung C, Hitchman L, Harwood AE, et al. Compliance with NICE guidelines when commissioning varicose vein procedures. Bjs Open. 2018;2(6):419-25.
Meral E, Hasan E, Ozan ZT. Venöz ülserasyon patofiyolojisi, tedavisi ve nükslerin önlenmesi. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2017;7(1):74-9.
Xie T, Ye JN, Rerkasem K, Mani R. The venous ulcer continues to be a clinical challenge: an update. Burns Trauma. 2018;6.
Wipke-Tewis DD, Rich KA. Nursing Manegement Vascular Disorders. Lewis SL, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM, Bucher L (ed.), Medical-Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby; 2014. p.833-864.
Lee AJ, Robertson LA, Boghossian SM, Allan PL, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FGR, et al. Progression of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in the general population in the Edinburgh Vein Study. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2015;3(1):18-26.
Nicolaides AN. The Most Severe Stage of Chronic Venous Disease: An Update on the Management of Patients with Venous Leg Ulcers. Adv Ther. 2020;37(Suppl 1):19-24.
Robertson L, Evans C, Lee A, Allan P, Ruckley C, Fowkes F. Incidence and risk factors for venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 2014;48(2):208-14.
Raffetto JD, Ligi D, Maniscalco R, Khalil RA, Mannello F. Why venous leg ulcers have difficulty healing: overview on pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and treatment. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;10(1):29.
Langan EA, Wienandt M, Bayer A, Ellebrecht L, Kahle B. Effect of obesity on venous blood flow in the lower limbs. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2023;21(6):622-9.
Kelly M, Gethin G. Prevalence of chronic illness and risk factors for chronic illness among patients with venous leg ulceration: a cross-sectional study. The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds. 2019;18(3):301-8.
Deol ZK, Lakhanpal S, Franzon G, Pappas PJ. Effect of obesity on chronic venous insufficiency treatment outcomes. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2020;8(4):617-28. e1.
Aleksandrowicz H, Placek W, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A. Impact of body mass reduction on the treatment process of chronic venous leg ulcers. Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny. 2022;109(1):65-73.
Klode J, Stoffels I, Körber A, Weindorf M, Dissemond J. Relationship between the seasonal onset of chronic venous leg ulcers and climatic factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2011;25(12):1415-9.
Parker CN, Finlayson KJ, Shuter P, Edwards H. Risk factors for delayed healing in venous leg ulcers: a review of the literature. International journal of clinical practice. 2015;69(9):967-77.
Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, Dalsing M, Masuda E, Welch H, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2020;8(3):342-52.
Pascarella L, Shortell CK, editors. Medical management of venous ulcers. Seminars in Vascular Surgery; 2015: Elsevier.
Weiß K, Zeman F, Schreml S. A randomized trial of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration: a critical appraisal. British Journal of Dermatology. 2019;180(1):51-5.
De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, Baekgaard N, Black S, Blomgren L, et al. Editor's choice–European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 2022;63(2):184-267.
Andriessen A, Apelqvist J, Mosti G, Partsch H, Gonska C, Abel M. Compression therapy for venous leg ulcers: risk factors for adverse events and complications, contraindications - a review of present guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 2017;31(9):1562-8.
Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Phillips TJ, Miller OF, Margolis DJ, Marston W, et al. What's new: Management of venous leg ulcers: Treating venous leg ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(4):643-64.
Ratliff CR, Yates S, McNichol L, Gray M. Compression for primary prevention, treatment, and prevention of recurrence of venous leg ulcers: an evidence-and consensus-based algorithm for care across the continuum. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing. 2016;43(4):347.
Patton D, Avsar P, Sayeh A, Budri A, O'Connor T, Walsh S, et al. A meta‐review of the impact of compression therapy on venous leg ulcer healing. International wound journal. 2023;20(2):430-47.
Mościcka P, Szewczyk MT, Cwajda-Białasik J, Jawień A. The role of compression therapy in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(6):847-52.
Mosti G. Venous ulcer treatment requires inelastic compression. Phlebologie. 2018;47(1):7-12.
Lurie F, Lal BK, Antignani PL, Blebea J, Bush R, Caprini J, et al. Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2019;7(1):17-28.
Moffatt C, Kommala D, Dourdin N, Choe Y. Venous leg ulcers: patient concordance with compression therapy and its impact on healing and prevention of recurrence. International wound journal. 2009;6(5):386-93.
Behairy AS, Masry SE. Impact of Educational Nursing Intervention on Compression Therapy Adherence and Recurrence of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Ocular Oncology and Pathology. 2022;8(2):120-32.
Coelho Rezende G, O'Flynn B, O'Mahony C. Smart compression therapy devices for treatment of venous leg ulcers: a review. Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2022;11(17):2200710.
Gohel MS, Mora J, Szigeti M, Epstein DM, Heatley F, Bradbury A, et al. Long-term clinical and cost-effectiveness of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA surgery. 2020;155(12):1113-21.
Van Gent W, Catarinella F, Lam Y, Nieman F, Toonder I, Van der Ham A, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: 10-year follow up of a randomized, multicenter trial. Phlebology. 2015;30(1_suppl):35-41.
Dogra S, Sarangal R. Summary of recommendations for leg ulcers. Indian dermatology online journal. 2014;5(3):400.
Renner R, Garibaldi MdS, Benson S, Ronicke M, Erfurt-Berge C. Nutrition status in patients with wounds: a cross-sectional analysis of 50 patients with chronic leg ulcers or acute wounds. European Journal of Dermatology. 2019;29:619-26.
Barber GA, Weller CD, Gibson SJ. Effects and associations of nutrition in patients with venous leg ulcers: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(4):774-87.
Moscicka P, Cwajda-Bialasik J, Jawie A, Szewczyk MT. Complex treatment of venous leg ulcers including the use of oral nutritional supplementation: results of 12-week prospective study. Postep Derm Alergol. 2022;39(2):336-46.
Meulendijks A, Franssen W, Schoonhoven L, Neumann H. A scoping review on Chronic Venous Disease and the development of a Venous Leg Ulcer: The role of obesity and mobility. Journal of tissue viability. 2020;29(3):190-6.
Durmaz Edeer A, Z D. Venöz Yetmezlik Yaraları ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Surg Nurs-Special Topics 2017;3(3):189-96.
Jesus PB, Brandão ES, Silva CRL. Nursing care to clients with venous ulcers an integrative review of the literature. Revista de Pesquisa Cuidado é Fundamental Online. 2015;7(2):2639-48.
Franks PJ, Barker J, Collier M, Gethin G, Haesler E, Jawien A, et al. Management of patients with venous leg ulcers: challenges and current best practice. Journal of wound care. 2016;25(Sup6):S1-S67.
Leren L, Johansen E, Eide H, Falk RS, Juvet LK, Ljoså TM. Pain in persons with chronic venous leg ulcers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. International wound journal. 2020;17(2):466-84.
Qiu YJ, Osadnik CR, Weller CD, Team V. Effects of physical activity as an adjunct treatment on healing outcomes and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: A scoping review. Wound Repair Regen. 2022;30(2):172-85.
Qiu YJ, Team V, Osadnik CR, Weller CD. Barriers and enablers to physical activity in people with venous leg ulcers: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;135.
Millan SB, Gan R, Townsend PE. Venous ulcers: diagnosis and treatment. American family physician. 2019;100(5):298-305.
Finlayson K, Edwards H, Courtney M. Relationships between preventive activities, psychosocial factors and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: a prospective study. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(10):2180-90.
Ren S-Y, Liu Y-S, Zhu G-J, Liu M, Shi S-H, Ren X-D, et al. Strategies and challenges in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2020;8(21):5070.
O’Donnell TF, Passman MA, Marston WA, Ennis WJ, Dalsing M, Kistner RL, et al. Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery® and the American Venous Forum. Journal of vascular surgery. 2014;60(2):3S-59S.
Bates-Jensen B, Bohn GA. Data and doing: Using wound size to evaluate wound care in venous ulcers. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2016;29(8):347-8.
Asgarpour H. Venöz Ayak Ülser Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;10(3):333-9.
Lurie F, Bittar S, Kasper G. Optimal compression therapy and wound care for venous ulcers. Surgical Clinics. 2018;98(2):349-60.
Tate S, Price A, Harding K. Dressings for venous leg ulcers. bmj. 2018;361.
Kranke P, Bennett MH, Martyn‐St James M, Schnabel A, Debus SE, Weibel S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015(6).
