Turizm Planlaması
Özet
Turizm planlaması kavramının ve kapsamının incelendiği bu bölümde turizm planlamasının tanımı, türleri, önemi ve amacı konularına değinilmiştir. Benzer biçimde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve bu sorunlara yönelik çözüm önerileri ele alınmıştır. Planlamanın, sürdürülebilir turizm gelişimi için kritik bir rol oynadığı vurgulanmıştır. Tarihsel olarak turizm planlamasına yönelik bakış açıları da değerlendirilmiş ve bu alandaki evrim incelenmiştir. Erken dönem planlama yaklaşımlarından günümüzdeki sürdürülebilirlik odaklı yaklaşımlara kadar olan sürecin incelenmesi, turizm planlamasının ne denli dinamik ve değişken bir alan olduğunu göstermektedir. Güncel kavramların da yer aldığı bu çalışmada, turizm planlamasının sadece bugünün değil, geleceğin de ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde yapılması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Dijitalleşme, iklim değişikliği ve pandemiler gibi modern dünyayı şekillendiren unsurların turizm planlamasına olan etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, etkili bir turizm planlaması, yerel ve küresel dinamikleri göz önünde bulundurarak, tüm paydaşların katılımını sağlayarak ve uzun vadeli hedeflere odaklanarak gerçekleştirildiğinde başarıya ulaşacaktır. Bu bölümde sunulan bilgiler ve öneriler, turizm planlaması alanında çalışan profesyoneller, öğrenci ve akademisyenlere ile politika yapıcılar için değerli bir kaynak oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Referanslar
Baloch, Q. B., Shah, S. N., Iqbal, N., Sheeraz, M., Asadullah, M., Mahar, S., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5917-5930.
Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2016). Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108-124.
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (1993). Interpretation and sustainable tourism: The potential and the pitfalls. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(2), 71-80.
Buhalis, D. (2022). Tourism management and marketing in transformation: preface.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609-623.
Costa, C. (2006). Tourism planning, development and the territory. D. Buhalis ve C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism management dynamics (s. 236-243). Oxford: Routledge.
Costa, C. (2020). Tourism planning: A perspective paper. Tourism Review, 75(1), 198-202.
Costa, C., & Brandão, F. (2018). Tourism planning: Evolution and trends for the future. C. Cooper, S. Volo, W.C. Gartner ve N. Scott, (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of tourism management: Concepts and disciplinary approaches to tourism (s. 538-555). London: SAGE.
Çavuşgil Köse, B., & Erden Ayhün, S. (2020). Turizmde kriz yönetimi “Covid-19 salgınının analizi”. Lyon: Livre de Lyon.
Çavuşgil Köse, B., & Uca Özer, S. (2013). Demografik değişimler ve turizm pazarlamasına yansımaları. Ş. Aydın ve M. Boz (Eds.), Turizmde güncel konu ve eğilimler (s. 271-288). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Dolnicar, S., & Grün, B. (2020). Challenging “habitual” decisions in tourism through persuasive communication. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 425-431.
Dragouni, M., Fouseki, K., & Georgantzis, N. (2018). Community participation in heritage tourism planning: is it too much to ask?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 759-781.
Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. Tourism Management, 51, 285–297.
Dredge, D., & Jenkins, J. (2010). Stories of practice: Tourism planning and policy. Surrey: Ashgate.
Edgell, D. L., Swanson, J., Allen, M. D., & Smith, G. (2008). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
Erdoğan, H. A. (2020). Arkeolojik kültür varlıkları turizmi (arkeoturizm) planlamasında arkeolog etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (43), 343-351.
Ghafourian, S., & Sadeghzadeh, M. (2022). Coastal tourism planning using GIS-based system: the case of Shirud coast, Caspian Sea, Mazandaran, Iran. GeoJournal, 87(4), 3231-3248.
Goodwin, H. (2016). Responsible tourism: Using tourism for sustainable development. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
Hall, C. M. (2008). Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships. (Second Edition). Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education.
Harrison, D. (2015). Development theory and tourism in developing countries: What has theory ever done for us? International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 11(1), 53–82.
Inskeep, E. (1988). Tourism planning: An emerging specialization. Journal of the American Planning Association, 360-372.
Jarratt, D., & Davies, N. J. (2020). Planning for climate change impacts: Coastal tourism destination resilience policies. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(4), 423-440.
Jenkins, J., Dredge, D., & Taplin, J. (2011). Destination planning and policy: process and practice. Y. Wang ve A. Pizam (Eds.), Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications (s. 21-38). Wallingford UK: CABI.
Kontogeorgopoulos, N., Churyen, A., & Duangsaeng, V. (2015). Success factors in community-based tourism in Thailand: The role of luck, external support, and local leadership. Tourism Planning & Development, 12(1), 106-124.
Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2007). Türkiye turizm stratejisi 2023 eylem planı 2007-2013. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları
León-Gómez, A., Ruiz-Palomo, D., Fernández-Gámez, M. A., & García-Revilla, M. R. (2021). Sustainable tourism development and economic growth: Bibliometric review and analysis. Sustainability, 13(4), 2270.
Mason, P. (2003). Tourism impacts, planning and management. London: Routledge.
Padin, C. (2012). A sustainable tourism planning model: Components and relationships. European Business Review, 24(6), 510-518.
Page, S. (2007). Tourism management. London: Routledge.
Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G. M., & Ross, G. F. (1996). Tourism community relationships. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rahmafitria, F., Pearce, P. L., Oktadiana, H., & Putro, H. P. (2020). Tourism planning and planning theory: Historical roots and contemporary alignment. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100703.
Roberts, C., Reynolds, J., & Dolasinski, M. J. (2022). Meta-analysis of tourism sustainability research: 2019–2021. Sustainability, 14(6), 3303.
Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. M., & Hall, C. M. (2017). Geographies of tourism development and planning. Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 307-317.
Scott, D., Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2012). International tourism and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(3), 213-232.
Smith, M. K. (2015). Issues in cultural tourism studies. London: Routledge.
Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. Wallingford UK: CABI.
Şahbaz, R. P., & Akdu, U. (2010). Katılımcı turizm planlaması: Fethiye’de alan araştırması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(23),152-170.
Şakar, A. S. (2018). Planlama. A. B. Baraz ve A. N. Şakar (Eds.), İşletme yönetimi (s.114-139). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: An introduction (Vol. 4). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Timothy, D. J., & Boyd, S. W. (2006). Heritage tourism in the 21st century: Valued traditions and new perspectives. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 1(1), 1-16.
Tosun, C., & Jenkins, C. L. (1998). The evolution of tourism planning in Third-World countries: A critique. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(2), 101–114.
Tribe, J. (2006). The truth about tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 360–381.
Uca, S. (2019). Şehir turizmi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (16 Temmuz, 2024). UNESCO Dünya Biyosfer Rezervleri Ağı. https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/128/125/UNESCO-D%C3%BCnya-Biyosfer-Rezervleri-A%C4%9F%C4%B1-
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (15 Temmuz, 2024a). The Glasgow Declaration on Climate Action in Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development/climate-action
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (16 Temmuz, 2024b). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.unwto.org/tourism4sdgs
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (16 Temmuz, 2024c). UNWTO Launches Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/news/unwto-launches-global-guidelines-to-restart-tourism
Var, T., & Gunn, C. (2020). Tourism planning: Basics, concepts, cases. (Forth Edition). New York: Routledge.
Wang, X. (2016). Environmental carrying capacity assessment of tourism scenic spots based on improved particle swarm optimization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 208-217.
Williams, S. (2009). Tourism geography: A new synthesis. (Second Edition). London: Routledge.
Yan, H., & Morpeth, N. D. (2015). Approaches to planning and tourism. N. D. Morpet ve H.Yan (Eds.), Planning for tourism: towards a sustainable future (s. 3-26). Wallingford UK: CABI.
Yang, Y., Wani, G. A., Nagaraj, V., Haseeb, M., Sultan, S., Hossain, M. E., ... & Shah, S. M. R. (2023). Progress in sustainable tourism research: an analysis of the comprehensive literature and future research directions. Sustainability, 15(3), 2755.
Yüksel, F., Bramwell, B. & Yüksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism Management, 20(3), 351-360.
Referanslar
Baloch, Q. B., Shah, S. N., Iqbal, N., Sheeraz, M., Asadullah, M., Mahar, S., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5917-5930.
Boes, K., Buhalis, D., & Inversini, A. (2016). Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108-124.
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (1993). Interpretation and sustainable tourism: The potential and the pitfalls. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(2), 71-80.
Buhalis, D. (2022). Tourism management and marketing in transformation: preface.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29(4), 609-623.
Costa, C. (2006). Tourism planning, development and the territory. D. Buhalis ve C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism management dynamics (s. 236-243). Oxford: Routledge.
Costa, C. (2020). Tourism planning: A perspective paper. Tourism Review, 75(1), 198-202.
Costa, C., & Brandão, F. (2018). Tourism planning: Evolution and trends for the future. C. Cooper, S. Volo, W.C. Gartner ve N. Scott, (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of tourism management: Concepts and disciplinary approaches to tourism (s. 538-555). London: SAGE.
Çavuşgil Köse, B., & Erden Ayhün, S. (2020). Turizmde kriz yönetimi “Covid-19 salgınının analizi”. Lyon: Livre de Lyon.
Çavuşgil Köse, B., & Uca Özer, S. (2013). Demografik değişimler ve turizm pazarlamasına yansımaları. Ş. Aydın ve M. Boz (Eds.), Turizmde güncel konu ve eğilimler (s. 271-288). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Dolnicar, S., & Grün, B. (2020). Challenging “habitual” decisions in tourism through persuasive communication. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 425-431.
Dragouni, M., Fouseki, K., & Georgantzis, N. (2018). Community participation in heritage tourism planning: is it too much to ask?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 759-781.
Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. Tourism Management, 51, 285–297.
Dredge, D., & Jenkins, J. (2010). Stories of practice: Tourism planning and policy. Surrey: Ashgate.
Edgell, D. L., Swanson, J., Allen, M. D., & Smith, G. (2008). Tourism policy and planning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Oxford, UK: Routledge.
Erdoğan, H. A. (2020). Arkeolojik kültür varlıkları turizmi (arkeoturizm) planlamasında arkeolog etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (43), 343-351.
Ghafourian, S., & Sadeghzadeh, M. (2022). Coastal tourism planning using GIS-based system: the case of Shirud coast, Caspian Sea, Mazandaran, Iran. GeoJournal, 87(4), 3231-3248.
Goodwin, H. (2016). Responsible tourism: Using tourism for sustainable development. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers.
Hall, C. M. (2008). Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships. (Second Edition). Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education.
Harrison, D. (2015). Development theory and tourism in developing countries: What has theory ever done for us? International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 11(1), 53–82.
Inskeep, E. (1988). Tourism planning: An emerging specialization. Journal of the American Planning Association, 360-372.
Jarratt, D., & Davies, N. J. (2020). Planning for climate change impacts: Coastal tourism destination resilience policies. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(4), 423-440.
Jenkins, J., Dredge, D., & Taplin, J. (2011). Destination planning and policy: process and practice. Y. Wang ve A. Pizam (Eds.), Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications (s. 21-38). Wallingford UK: CABI.
Kontogeorgopoulos, N., Churyen, A., & Duangsaeng, V. (2015). Success factors in community-based tourism in Thailand: The role of luck, external support, and local leadership. Tourism Planning & Development, 12(1), 106-124.
Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. (2007). Türkiye turizm stratejisi 2023 eylem planı 2007-2013. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları
León-Gómez, A., Ruiz-Palomo, D., Fernández-Gámez, M. A., & García-Revilla, M. R. (2021). Sustainable tourism development and economic growth: Bibliometric review and analysis. Sustainability, 13(4), 2270.
Mason, P. (2003). Tourism impacts, planning and management. London: Routledge.
Padin, C. (2012). A sustainable tourism planning model: Components and relationships. European Business Review, 24(6), 510-518.
Page, S. (2007). Tourism management. London: Routledge.
Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G. M., & Ross, G. F. (1996). Tourism community relationships. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rahmafitria, F., Pearce, P. L., Oktadiana, H., & Putro, H. P. (2020). Tourism planning and planning theory: Historical roots and contemporary alignment. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100703.
Roberts, C., Reynolds, J., & Dolasinski, M. J. (2022). Meta-analysis of tourism sustainability research: 2019–2021. Sustainability, 14(6), 3303.
Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. M., & Hall, C. M. (2017). Geographies of tourism development and planning. Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 307-317.
Scott, D., Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2012). International tourism and climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 3(3), 213-232.
Smith, M. K. (2015). Issues in cultural tourism studies. London: Routledge.
Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. Wallingford UK: CABI.
Şahbaz, R. P., & Akdu, U. (2010). Katılımcı turizm planlaması: Fethiye’de alan araştırması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(23),152-170.
Şakar, A. S. (2018). Planlama. A. B. Baraz ve A. N. Şakar (Eds.), İşletme yönetimi (s.114-139). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: An introduction (Vol. 4). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Timothy, D. J., & Boyd, S. W. (2006). Heritage tourism in the 21st century: Valued traditions and new perspectives. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 1(1), 1-16.
Tosun, C., & Jenkins, C. L. (1998). The evolution of tourism planning in Third-World countries: A critique. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(2), 101–114.
Tribe, J. (2006). The truth about tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 360–381.
Uca, S. (2019). Şehir turizmi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (16 Temmuz, 2024). UNESCO Dünya Biyosfer Rezervleri Ağı. https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/128/125/UNESCO-D%C3%BCnya-Biyosfer-Rezervleri-A%C4%9F%C4%B1-
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (15 Temmuz, 2024a). The Glasgow Declaration on Climate Action in Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/sustainable-development/climate-action
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (16 Temmuz, 2024b). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.unwto.org/tourism4sdgs
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (16 Temmuz, 2024c). UNWTO Launches Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/news/unwto-launches-global-guidelines-to-restart-tourism
Var, T., & Gunn, C. (2020). Tourism planning: Basics, concepts, cases. (Forth Edition). New York: Routledge.
Wang, X. (2016). Environmental carrying capacity assessment of tourism scenic spots based on improved particle swarm optimization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 208-217.
Williams, S. (2009). Tourism geography: A new synthesis. (Second Edition). London: Routledge.
Yan, H., & Morpeth, N. D. (2015). Approaches to planning and tourism. N. D. Morpet ve H.Yan (Eds.), Planning for tourism: towards a sustainable future (s. 3-26). Wallingford UK: CABI.
Yang, Y., Wani, G. A., Nagaraj, V., Haseeb, M., Sultan, S., Hossain, M. E., ... & Shah, S. M. R. (2023). Progress in sustainable tourism research: an analysis of the comprehensive literature and future research directions. Sustainability, 15(3), 2755.
Yüksel, F., Bramwell, B. & Yüksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism Management, 20(3), 351-360.