Genç Sporcularda Ani Kardiyak Ölüm
Özet
Fiziksel aktivitenin sağlığa faydalar sağlaması ve ölümlerin en yaygın etyolojinin kardiyovasküler nedenler olması, egzersiz yapma eğiliminin artması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bununla beraber yüksek performanslı spor yapan kişilerin sayısının artması da nadir fakat son derece trajik olan sporcularda ani kardiyak ölüm riskinin değerlendirilmesi ve spora katılım için uygun tarama programlarının geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Ani Kardiyak ölüme sebep olabilecek hastalıklar genellikle klinik olarak sessizdir ve var olan non-spesifik semptomlara dayanarak şüphelenilmesi veya teşhis edilmesi pek olası değildir. Bu bölümde sporcularda ani kardiyak ölüm epidemiyolojisi, etiyolojisi, kılavuzlar eşliğinde katılım öncesi değerlendirme yaklaşımları, olası erken teşhis ve spor sahalarında erken defibrilasyonun önemi ele alınacaktır.
Referanslar
Mitten, Matthew J et al. “Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 15: Legal Aspects of Medical Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology.” Circulation vol. 132,22 (2015): e346-9. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000251
Kochi, Adriano Nunes et al. “Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes: From the Basics to the Practical Work-Up.” Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) vol. 57,2 168. 14 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3390/medicina57020168
Han, J.; Lalario, A.; Merro, E.; Sinagra, G.; Sharma, S.; Papadakis, M.; Finocchiaro, G. Sporcularda Ani Kardiyak Ölüm: Gerçekler ve Yanılgılar. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020068
Katja Zeppenfeld, Jacob Tfelt-Hansen, Marta de Riva et al.ESC Scientific Document Group , 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Developed by the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), European Heart Journal, Volume 43, Issue 40, 21 October 2022, Pages 3997–4126, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262
Risgaard, B.; Gregers Winkel, B.; Jabbari, R.; Glinge, C.; Ingemann-Hansen, O.; Large Thomsen, J.; Lolk Ottesen, G.; Haunsø, S.; Gaarsdal Holst, A.; Tfelt-Hansen, J. Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a noncompetitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: Data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark. Heart Rhythm 2014, 11, 1673–1681.
Roberts, WO; Stovitz, SD Incidence of sudden cardiac death in Minnesota high school athletes 1993–2012 screened with standardized pre-participation evaluation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013, 62, 1298–1301
Gaarsdal Holst, A.; Gregers Winkel, B.; Theilade, J.; Bayer Kristensen, I.; Large Thomsen, J.; Lolk Ottesen, G.; Hastrup Svendsen, J.; Haunsø, S.; Prescott, E.; Tfelt-Hansen, J. Incidence and etiology of sports-related sudden cardiac death in Denmark—Implications for preparticipation screening. Heart Rhythm 2010, 7, 1365–1371.
Corrado, D.; Basso, C.; Pavei, A.; Michieli, P.; Schiavon, M.T.G. Trends in Sudden Cardiovascular Death in Young Competitive Athletes. JAMA 2006, 296, 1593–1601.
Malhotra, A.; Dhutia, H.; Finocchiaro, G.; Gati, S.; Beasley, I.; Clift, P.; Cowie, C.; Kenny, A.; Mayet, J.; Oxborough, D.; et al. Outcomes of Cardiac Screening in Adolescent Soccer Players. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 379, 524–534
Maron, BJ; Doerer, JJ; Haas, TS; Tierney, DM; Mueller, FO F.O. Sudden Deaths in Young Competitive Athletes Analysis of 1866 Deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 2009, 119, 1085–1092.
Finocchiaro, G.; Westaby, J.; Bhatia, R.; Malhotra, A.; Behr, Acil Servis; Papadakis, M.; Sharma, S.; Sheppard, M.N. Sudden Death in Female Athletes: Insights From a Large Regional Registry in the United Kingdom. Circulation 2021, 144, 1827–1829.
Maron, BJ; Haas, TS; Murphy, CJ; Ahluwalia, A.; Rutten-Ramos, S. Incidence and causes of sudden death in U.S. college athletes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014, 63, 1636–1643.
Sollazzo, F.; Palmieri, V.; Gervasi, SF; Cuccaro, F.; Modica, G.; Narducci, ML; Pelargonio, G.; Zeppilli, P.; Bianco, M. Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes in Italy during 2019: Internet-based epidemiological research. Medicina 2021, 57 -61
Corrado, D.; Basso, C.; Rizzoli, G.; Schiavon, M.; Thiene, G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003, 42, 1959–1963.
Barry J. Maron, Milind Y. Desai, Rick A. Nishimura, Paolo Spirito, Harry Rakowski, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Ethan J. Rowin, Martin S. Maron, Mark V. Sherrid, Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review,Journal of the American College of Cardiology,Volume79,Issue4,2022, Pages372-389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.002.
Albert, CM; Mittleman, MA; Chae, CU; Lee, I.-M.; Hennekens, CH; Manson, J.E. Triggering of Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes by Vigorous Exertion. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343, 1355–1361.
Steve R. Ommen, Seema Mital, Michael A. Burke, Sharlene M. Day, Anita Deswal, Perry Elliott, Lauren L. Evanovich, Judy Hung, José A. Joglar, Paul Kantor, Carey Kimmelstiel, Michelle Kittleson, Mark S. Link, Martin S. Maron, Matthew W. Martinez, Christina Y. Miyake, Hartzell V. Schaff, Christopher Semsarian, Paul Sorajja, 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Journal of the American College of Cardiology,Volume 76, Issue 25,2020,Pages e159-e240,ISSN 0735-1097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.045.
Maron, B J et al. “Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related death: revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population.” Circulation vol. 102,8 (2000): 858-64. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.8.858
Stroumpoulis KI, Pantazopoulos IN, Xanthos TT. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. World J Cardiol. 2010 Sep 26;2(9):289-98. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v 2.i9.289. PMID: 21160605; PMCID: PMC2998829.
De Noronha, S.V.; Sharma, S.; Papadakis, M.; Desai, S.; Whyte, G.; Sheppard, M.N. Aetiology of Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes in the United Kingdom: A Pathological Study. Heart 2009, 95, 1409–1414.
Marcus F.I.McKenna W.J.Sherrill D.et al.Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria.Circulation. 2010; 121: 1533-1541
Towbin, Jeffrey A et al. “2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.” Heart rhythm vol. 16,11 (2019): e301-e372. doi:10.1016/j. hrthm.2019.05.007
James, CA; Bhonsale, A.; Tichnell, C.; Murray, B.; Russell, SD; Tandri, H.; Tedford, RJ; Hakim, DP; Calkins, H. Exercise Increases Age-Related Penetrance and Arrhythmic Risk in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy-Associated Desmosomal Mutation Carriers. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013, 62, 1290–1297.
Sawant, AC; Bhonsale, A.; te Riele, ASJM; Tichnell, C.; Murray, B.; Russell, SD; Tandri, H.; Tedford, RJ; Hakim, DP; Calkins, H. et al.; Exercise Has a Disproportionate Role in the Pathogenesis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy in Patients without Desmosomal Mutations. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2014, 3, 1–10.
Finocchiaro, G.; Behr, Acil Servis; Tanzarella, G.; Papadakis, M.; Malhotra, A.; Dhutia, H.; Miles, C.; Diemberger, I.; Sharma, S.; Sheppard, MN Anormal Koroner Arter Kökeni ve Ani Kardiyak Ölüm: Ulusal Patoloji Kayıtlarından Klinik ve Patolojik Bilgiler. JACC Kliniği. Elektrofizyol. 2019, 5, 516–522.
Koester, Michael C. “A Review of Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes and Strategies for Preparticipation Cardiovascular Screening.” Journal of athletic training vol. 36,2 (2001): 197-204.
Behr, Acil Servis; Dalageorgou, C.; Christiansen, M.; Syrris, P.; Hughes, S.; Tome Esteban, MT; Rowland, E.; Jeffery, S.; McKenna, WJ Ani aritmik ölüm sendromu: Ailesel değerlendirme, ailelerin çoğunda kalıtsal kalp hastalığını tanımlar. Avro. Heart J. 2008, 29, 1670–1680.
Papadakis, M.; Papatheodorou, E.; Mellor, G.; Raju, H.; Bastiaenen, R.; Wijeyeratne, Y.; Wasim, S.; Ensam, B.; Finocchiaro, G.; Gri, B.; et al. The Diagnostic Yield of Brugada Syndrome After Sudden Death With Normal Autopsy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018, 71, 1204–1214.
Finocchiaro, G.; Dhutia, H.; Gri, B.; Ensam, B.; Papatheodorou, S.; Miles, C.; Malhotra, A.; Fanton, Z.; Bulleros, P.; Homfray, T.; et al. Diagnostic yield of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in first-degree relatives of decedents with idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy. Europace 2020, 22, 632–642.
Ferreira, VM; Schulz-Menger, J.; Holmvang, G.; Kramer, CM; Carbone, I.; Sechtem, U.; Kindermann, I.; Gutberlet, M.; Cooper, LT; Liu, P.; et al. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Nonischemic Myocardial Inflammation: Expert Recommendations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2018, 72, 3158–3176.
Eichhorn, C.; Bière, L.; Schnell, F.; Schmied, C.; Wilhelm, M.; Kwong, RY; Gräni, C. Myocarditis in Athletes Is a Challenge: Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Uncertainties. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2020, 13 , 494–507.
Maron, BJ; Harris, KM; Thompson, PDF; Eichner, Acil Servis; Steinberg, MH M.H. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 14: Sickle Cell Trait: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015, 66, 2444–2446
Pelliccia, A.; Sharma, S.; Gati, S.; Geri, M.; Börjesson, M.; Caselli, S.; Collet Jean-Philippe Corrado, D.; Drezner, JA; Halle, M.; Hansen, D.; et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease: The Task Force on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J.2021, 42, 17–96.
Maron, BJ; Levine, BD; Washington, RL; Baggish, AL; Kovacs, RJ; Maron M.S. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 2: Preparticipation Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Competitive Athletes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015, 66, 2356–2361.
Lluís Mont, Antonio Pelliccia, Sanjay Sharma, Alessandro Biffi, Mats Borjesson et al. Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: Position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1 January 2017, Pages 41–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316676042
Besenius, E.; Cabri, J.; Delagardelle, C.; Stammett, P.; Urhausen, A. Five Years-Results of a Nationwide Database on Sudden Cardiac Events in Sports Practice in Luxembourg. Dtsch Z. Sportmed. 2022, 73, 24–29.
Ursaru AM, Petris AO, Costache II, Nicolae A, Crisan A, Tesloianu ND. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Primary and Secondary Prevention of SCD-What We Still Don't Know. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022 Apr 16;9(4):120. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9040120. PMID: 35448096; PMCID: PMC9028370.
Writing Committee Members; Silka MJ, Shah MJ, Silva JNA, Balaji S, Beach CM, Benjamin MN, Berul CI, Cannon B, Cecchin F, Cohen MI, Dalal AS, Dechert BE, Foster A, Gebauer R, Corcia MCG, Kannankeril PJ, Karpawich PP, Kim JJ, Krishna MR, Kubuš P, LaPage MJ, Mah DY, Malloy-Walton L, Miyazaki A, Motonaga KS, Niu MC, Olen M, Paul T, Rosenthal E, Saarel EV, Silvetti MS, Stephenson EA, Tan RB, Triedman J, Bergen NHV, Wackel PL. 2021 PACES Expert Consensus Statement on the Indications and Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Pediatric Patients: Executive Summary. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2022 May-Jun;15(3):323-346. doi: 10.4103/0974-2069.361245. Epub 2022 Nov 16. PMID: 36589659; PMCID: PMC9802608.
Carrington M, Providência R, Chahal CAA, D'Ascenzi F, Cipriani A, Ricci F, Khanji MY. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Defibrillator Use in Sports. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Feb 15;9: 819609. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.819609. PMID: 35242826; PMCID: PMC8885805.
Levine B, Baggish A, Kovacs R, Link M, Maron M. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular of sports : dynamic, static, and impact and American College of Cardiology. Circulation. (2015) 132:262–6. 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000237
Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. (2021) 42:3427–520. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364
Heidbuchel H, Arbelo E, D'ascenzi F, Borjesson M, Boveda S, Castelletti S, et al. Recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activity and competitive sports of patients with arrhythmias and potentially arrhythmogenic conditions Part 2: Ventricular arrhythmias, channelopathies, and implantable defibrillators Europace. (2021) 23:147–8. 10.1093/europace/euaa106
Referanslar
Mitten, Matthew J et al. “Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 15: Legal Aspects of Medical Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology.” Circulation vol. 132,22 (2015): e346-9. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000251
Kochi, Adriano Nunes et al. “Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes: From the Basics to the Practical Work-Up.” Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) vol. 57,2 168. 14 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3390/medicina57020168
Han, J.; Lalario, A.; Merro, E.; Sinagra, G.; Sharma, S.; Papadakis, M.; Finocchiaro, G. Sporcularda Ani Kardiyak Ölüm: Gerçekler ve Yanılgılar. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10020068
Katja Zeppenfeld, Jacob Tfelt-Hansen, Marta de Riva et al.ESC Scientific Document Group , 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: Developed by the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), European Heart Journal, Volume 43, Issue 40, 21 October 2022, Pages 3997–4126, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262
Risgaard, B.; Gregers Winkel, B.; Jabbari, R.; Glinge, C.; Ingemann-Hansen, O.; Large Thomsen, J.; Lolk Ottesen, G.; Haunsø, S.; Gaarsdal Holst, A.; Tfelt-Hansen, J. Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a noncompetitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: Data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark. Heart Rhythm 2014, 11, 1673–1681.
Roberts, WO; Stovitz, SD Incidence of sudden cardiac death in Minnesota high school athletes 1993–2012 screened with standardized pre-participation evaluation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013, 62, 1298–1301
Gaarsdal Holst, A.; Gregers Winkel, B.; Theilade, J.; Bayer Kristensen, I.; Large Thomsen, J.; Lolk Ottesen, G.; Hastrup Svendsen, J.; Haunsø, S.; Prescott, E.; Tfelt-Hansen, J. Incidence and etiology of sports-related sudden cardiac death in Denmark—Implications for preparticipation screening. Heart Rhythm 2010, 7, 1365–1371.
Corrado, D.; Basso, C.; Pavei, A.; Michieli, P.; Schiavon, M.T.G. Trends in Sudden Cardiovascular Death in Young Competitive Athletes. JAMA 2006, 296, 1593–1601.
Malhotra, A.; Dhutia, H.; Finocchiaro, G.; Gati, S.; Beasley, I.; Clift, P.; Cowie, C.; Kenny, A.; Mayet, J.; Oxborough, D.; et al. Outcomes of Cardiac Screening in Adolescent Soccer Players. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 379, 524–534
Maron, BJ; Doerer, JJ; Haas, TS; Tierney, DM; Mueller, FO F.O. Sudden Deaths in Young Competitive Athletes Analysis of 1866 Deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 2009, 119, 1085–1092.
Finocchiaro, G.; Westaby, J.; Bhatia, R.; Malhotra, A.; Behr, Acil Servis; Papadakis, M.; Sharma, S.; Sheppard, M.N. Sudden Death in Female Athletes: Insights From a Large Regional Registry in the United Kingdom. Circulation 2021, 144, 1827–1829.
Maron, BJ; Haas, TS; Murphy, CJ; Ahluwalia, A.; Rutten-Ramos, S. Incidence and causes of sudden death in U.S. college athletes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014, 63, 1636–1643.
Sollazzo, F.; Palmieri, V.; Gervasi, SF; Cuccaro, F.; Modica, G.; Narducci, ML; Pelargonio, G.; Zeppilli, P.; Bianco, M. Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes in Italy during 2019: Internet-based epidemiological research. Medicina 2021, 57 -61
Corrado, D.; Basso, C.; Rizzoli, G.; Schiavon, M.; Thiene, G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003, 42, 1959–1963.
Barry J. Maron, Milind Y. Desai, Rick A. Nishimura, Paolo Spirito, Harry Rakowski, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Ethan J. Rowin, Martin S. Maron, Mark V. Sherrid, Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review,Journal of the American College of Cardiology,Volume79,Issue4,2022, Pages372-389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.002.
Albert, CM; Mittleman, MA; Chae, CU; Lee, I.-M.; Hennekens, CH; Manson, J.E. Triggering of Sudden Death from Cardiac Causes by Vigorous Exertion. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343, 1355–1361.
Steve R. Ommen, Seema Mital, Michael A. Burke, Sharlene M. Day, Anita Deswal, Perry Elliott, Lauren L. Evanovich, Judy Hung, José A. Joglar, Paul Kantor, Carey Kimmelstiel, Michelle Kittleson, Mark S. Link, Martin S. Maron, Matthew W. Martinez, Christina Y. Miyake, Hartzell V. Schaff, Christopher Semsarian, Paul Sorajja, 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Journal of the American College of Cardiology,Volume 76, Issue 25,2020,Pages e159-e240,ISSN 0735-1097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.045.
Maron, B J et al. “Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related death: revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population.” Circulation vol. 102,8 (2000): 858-64. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.8.858
Stroumpoulis KI, Pantazopoulos IN, Xanthos TT. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. World J Cardiol. 2010 Sep 26;2(9):289-98. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v 2.i9.289. PMID: 21160605; PMCID: PMC2998829.
De Noronha, S.V.; Sharma, S.; Papadakis, M.; Desai, S.; Whyte, G.; Sheppard, M.N. Aetiology of Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes in the United Kingdom: A Pathological Study. Heart 2009, 95, 1409–1414.
Marcus F.I.McKenna W.J.Sherrill D.et al.Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria.Circulation. 2010; 121: 1533-1541
Towbin, Jeffrey A et al. “2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.” Heart rhythm vol. 16,11 (2019): e301-e372. doi:10.1016/j. hrthm.2019.05.007
James, CA; Bhonsale, A.; Tichnell, C.; Murray, B.; Russell, SD; Tandri, H.; Tedford, RJ; Hakim, DP; Calkins, H. Exercise Increases Age-Related Penetrance and Arrhythmic Risk in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy-Associated Desmosomal Mutation Carriers. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013, 62, 1290–1297.
Sawant, AC; Bhonsale, A.; te Riele, ASJM; Tichnell, C.; Murray, B.; Russell, SD; Tandri, H.; Tedford, RJ; Hakim, DP; Calkins, H. et al.; Exercise Has a Disproportionate Role in the Pathogenesis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy in Patients without Desmosomal Mutations. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2014, 3, 1–10.
Finocchiaro, G.; Behr, Acil Servis; Tanzarella, G.; Papadakis, M.; Malhotra, A.; Dhutia, H.; Miles, C.; Diemberger, I.; Sharma, S.; Sheppard, MN Anormal Koroner Arter Kökeni ve Ani Kardiyak Ölüm: Ulusal Patoloji Kayıtlarından Klinik ve Patolojik Bilgiler. JACC Kliniği. Elektrofizyol. 2019, 5, 516–522.
Koester, Michael C. “A Review of Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes and Strategies for Preparticipation Cardiovascular Screening.” Journal of athletic training vol. 36,2 (2001): 197-204.
Behr, Acil Servis; Dalageorgou, C.; Christiansen, M.; Syrris, P.; Hughes, S.; Tome Esteban, MT; Rowland, E.; Jeffery, S.; McKenna, WJ Ani aritmik ölüm sendromu: Ailesel değerlendirme, ailelerin çoğunda kalıtsal kalp hastalığını tanımlar. Avro. Heart J. 2008, 29, 1670–1680.
Papadakis, M.; Papatheodorou, E.; Mellor, G.; Raju, H.; Bastiaenen, R.; Wijeyeratne, Y.; Wasim, S.; Ensam, B.; Finocchiaro, G.; Gri, B.; et al. The Diagnostic Yield of Brugada Syndrome After Sudden Death With Normal Autopsy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018, 71, 1204–1214.
Finocchiaro, G.; Dhutia, H.; Gri, B.; Ensam, B.; Papatheodorou, S.; Miles, C.; Malhotra, A.; Fanton, Z.; Bulleros, P.; Homfray, T.; et al. Diagnostic yield of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in first-degree relatives of decedents with idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy. Europace 2020, 22, 632–642.
Ferreira, VM; Schulz-Menger, J.; Holmvang, G.; Kramer, CM; Carbone, I.; Sechtem, U.; Kindermann, I.; Gutberlet, M.; Cooper, LT; Liu, P.; et al. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Nonischemic Myocardial Inflammation: Expert Recommendations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2018, 72, 3158–3176.
Eichhorn, C.; Bière, L.; Schnell, F.; Schmied, C.; Wilhelm, M.; Kwong, RY; Gräni, C. Myocarditis in Athletes Is a Challenge: Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Uncertainties. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2020, 13 , 494–507.
Maron, BJ; Harris, KM; Thompson, PDF; Eichner, Acil Servis; Steinberg, MH M.H. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 14: Sickle Cell Trait: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015, 66, 2444–2446
Pelliccia, A.; Sharma, S.; Gati, S.; Geri, M.; Börjesson, M.; Caselli, S.; Collet Jean-Philippe Corrado, D.; Drezner, JA; Halle, M.; Hansen, D.; et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease: The Task Force on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J.2021, 42, 17–96.
Maron, BJ; Levine, BD; Washington, RL; Baggish, AL; Kovacs, RJ; Maron M.S. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 2: Preparticipation Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Competitive Athletes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015, 66, 2356–2361.
Lluís Mont, Antonio Pelliccia, Sanjay Sharma, Alessandro Biffi, Mats Borjesson et al. Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: Position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1 January 2017, Pages 41–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316676042
Besenius, E.; Cabri, J.; Delagardelle, C.; Stammett, P.; Urhausen, A. Five Years-Results of a Nationwide Database on Sudden Cardiac Events in Sports Practice in Luxembourg. Dtsch Z. Sportmed. 2022, 73, 24–29.
Ursaru AM, Petris AO, Costache II, Nicolae A, Crisan A, Tesloianu ND. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Primary and Secondary Prevention of SCD-What We Still Don't Know. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022 Apr 16;9(4):120. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9040120. PMID: 35448096; PMCID: PMC9028370.
Writing Committee Members; Silka MJ, Shah MJ, Silva JNA, Balaji S, Beach CM, Benjamin MN, Berul CI, Cannon B, Cecchin F, Cohen MI, Dalal AS, Dechert BE, Foster A, Gebauer R, Corcia MCG, Kannankeril PJ, Karpawich PP, Kim JJ, Krishna MR, Kubuš P, LaPage MJ, Mah DY, Malloy-Walton L, Miyazaki A, Motonaga KS, Niu MC, Olen M, Paul T, Rosenthal E, Saarel EV, Silvetti MS, Stephenson EA, Tan RB, Triedman J, Bergen NHV, Wackel PL. 2021 PACES Expert Consensus Statement on the Indications and Management of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Pediatric Patients: Executive Summary. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2022 May-Jun;15(3):323-346. doi: 10.4103/0974-2069.361245. Epub 2022 Nov 16. PMID: 36589659; PMCID: PMC9802608.
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