Sporcu Kalbinde Egzersiz Stres Testi
Özet
Egzersiz stres testi, pediatrik yaş grubundaki bireylerde koroner anomaliler, Kawasaki hastalığında koroner tutulum, aritmiler, göğüs ağrısı, çarpıntı ve senkop durumlarının altında yatan nedenlerin ortaya çıkarılması amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Sadece semptomu olan hastaların değerlendirilmesinde değil, sporcuların spor katılımı öncesinde değerlendirilmesi için de egzersiz stres testi yapılmaktadır. Testin uygulanmasının yüksek riskli olduğu hasta grupları göz önüne alındığında, hasta seçimi dikkatlice yapılmalıdır. Egzersiz stres testinin güvenli bir şekilde uygulanabilmesi için değerlendiren hekimin, çocukluk dönemine özgü fizyolojik ve patolojik elektrokardiyografik değişiklikler hakkında bilgi sahibi olması, aynı zamanda egzersizin bu verilere nasıl etki edebileceğini anlaması da önemlidir.
Referanslar
Lee L, Addetia K, Singh A. Echocardiographic evaluation of the athlete’s heart: Focused review and update. Current Cardiology Reports. 2022;24(12):1907-16.
Paterick TE, Gordon T, Spiegel D. Echocardiography: profiling of the athlete’s heart. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2014;27(9):940-8.
Maron B. Distinguishing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athlete’s heart: a clinical problem of increasing magnitude and significance. Heart. 2005;91(11):1380.
Baggish AL, Wood MJ. Athlete's heart and cardiovascular care of the athlete: scientific and clinical update. Circulation. 2011;123(23):2723-35.
Baggish AL, Battle RW, Beaver TA, Border WL, Douglas PS, Kramer CM, et al. Recommendations on the use of multimodality cardiovascular imaging in young adult competitive athletes: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2020;33(5):523-49.
D’Andrea A, Sperlongano S, Russo V, D’Ascenzi F, Benfari G, Renon F, et al. The role of multimodality imaging in athlete’s heart diagnosis: current status and future directions. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(21):5126.
Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes. European heart journal. 2018;39(16):1466-80.
Sumitomo N, Baba R, Doi S, Higaki T, Horigome H, Ichida F, et al. Guidelines for Heart Disease Screening in Schools (JCS 2016/JSPCCS 2016)―Digest Version―. Circulation Journal. 2018;82(9):2385-444.
Koyama Y, Miura M, Maeda J, Morikawa Y, Yamagishi H. Exercise stress electrocardiography using the two-minute jump test in children. Pediatric Cardiology. 2022:1-7.
Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;42(11):1959-63.
Stephens P. Sudden cardiac death in the young: the value of exercise testing. Cardiology in the Young. 2017;27(S1):S10-S8.
Bruce R, Blackmon J, Jones J, Strait G. Exercising testing in adult normal subjects and cardiac patients. Pediatrics. 1963;32(4):742-56.
Kang J, Chaloupka EC, Mastrangelo MA, Biren GB, Robertson RJ. Physiological comparisons among three maximal treadmill exercise protocols in trained and untrained individuals. European journal of applied physiology. 2001;84(4):291-5.
Åstrand P-O, Saltin B. Oxygen uptake during the first minutes of heavy muscular exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1961;16(6):971-6.
Costill DL. Energetics of marathon running. Med Sci Sports. 1969;1:81-6.
McKay GA, Banister E. A comparison of maximum oxygen uptake determination by bicycle ergometry at various pedaling frequencies and by treadmill running at various speeds. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1976;35(3):191-200.
Lear SA, Brozic A, Myers JN, Ignaszewski A. Exercise stress testing: an overview of current guidelines. Sports medicine. 1999;27:285-312.
Parizher G, Emery MS. Exercise Stress Testing in Athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2022;41(3):441-54.
Van Brussel M, Bongers BC, Hulzebos EH, Burghard M, Takken T. A systematic approach to interpreting the cardiopulmonary exercise test in pediatrics. Pediatric exercise science. 2019;31(2):194-203.
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G. Athlete's heart in women: echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. Jama. 1996;276(3):211-5.
Utomi V, Oxborough D, Whyte GP, Somauroo J, Sharma S, Shave R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of training mode, imaging modality and body size influences on the morphology and function of the male athlete's heart. Heart. 2013;99(23):1727-33.
Caselli S, Maron MS, Urbano-Moral JA, Pandian NG, Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. Differentiating left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes from that in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology. 2014;114(9):1383-9.
Kouidi E, Fahadidou-Tsiligiroglou A, Tassoulas E, Deligiannis A, Coats A. White coat hypertension detected during screening of male adolescent athletes. American journal of hypertension. 1999;12(2):223-6.
Baker-Smith CM, Pietris N, Jinadu L. Recommendations for exercise and screening for safe athletic participation in hypertensive youth. Pediatric Nephrology. 2020;35(5):743-52.
Paridon SM, Alpert BS, Boas SR, Cabrera ME, Caldarera LL, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical stress testing in the pediatric age group: a statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth. Circulation. 2006;113(15):1905-20.
Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1085-92.
Baker-Smith C, Vashist S. Cardiac arrest and sudden death in the pediatric population. J Clin Exp Cardiol. 2012;3(7).
Link M, Estes N, Maron B. American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in Young, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and American College of Cardiology. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 13: Commotio Cordis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132(22):e339-42.
Referanslar
Lee L, Addetia K, Singh A. Echocardiographic evaluation of the athlete’s heart: Focused review and update. Current Cardiology Reports. 2022;24(12):1907-16.
Paterick TE, Gordon T, Spiegel D. Echocardiography: profiling of the athlete’s heart. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2014;27(9):940-8.
Maron B. Distinguishing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athlete’s heart: a clinical problem of increasing magnitude and significance. Heart. 2005;91(11):1380.
Baggish AL, Wood MJ. Athlete's heart and cardiovascular care of the athlete: scientific and clinical update. Circulation. 2011;123(23):2723-35.
Baggish AL, Battle RW, Beaver TA, Border WL, Douglas PS, Kramer CM, et al. Recommendations on the use of multimodality cardiovascular imaging in young adult competitive athletes: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2020;33(5):523-49.
D’Andrea A, Sperlongano S, Russo V, D’Ascenzi F, Benfari G, Renon F, et al. The role of multimodality imaging in athlete’s heart diagnosis: current status and future directions. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(21):5126.
Sharma S, Drezner JA, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson MG, Prutkin JM, et al. International recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes. European heart journal. 2018;39(16):1466-80.
Sumitomo N, Baba R, Doi S, Higaki T, Horigome H, Ichida F, et al. Guidelines for Heart Disease Screening in Schools (JCS 2016/JSPCCS 2016)―Digest Version―. Circulation Journal. 2018;82(9):2385-444.
Koyama Y, Miura M, Maeda J, Morikawa Y, Yamagishi H. Exercise stress electrocardiography using the two-minute jump test in children. Pediatric Cardiology. 2022:1-7.
Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003;42(11):1959-63.
Stephens P. Sudden cardiac death in the young: the value of exercise testing. Cardiology in the Young. 2017;27(S1):S10-S8.
Bruce R, Blackmon J, Jones J, Strait G. Exercising testing in adult normal subjects and cardiac patients. Pediatrics. 1963;32(4):742-56.
Kang J, Chaloupka EC, Mastrangelo MA, Biren GB, Robertson RJ. Physiological comparisons among three maximal treadmill exercise protocols in trained and untrained individuals. European journal of applied physiology. 2001;84(4):291-5.
Åstrand P-O, Saltin B. Oxygen uptake during the first minutes of heavy muscular exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1961;16(6):971-6.
Costill DL. Energetics of marathon running. Med Sci Sports. 1969;1:81-6.
McKay GA, Banister E. A comparison of maximum oxygen uptake determination by bicycle ergometry at various pedaling frequencies and by treadmill running at various speeds. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1976;35(3):191-200.
Lear SA, Brozic A, Myers JN, Ignaszewski A. Exercise stress testing: an overview of current guidelines. Sports medicine. 1999;27:285-312.
Parizher G, Emery MS. Exercise Stress Testing in Athletes. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2022;41(3):441-54.
Van Brussel M, Bongers BC, Hulzebos EH, Burghard M, Takken T. A systematic approach to interpreting the cardiopulmonary exercise test in pediatrics. Pediatric exercise science. 2019;31(2):194-203.
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G. Athlete's heart in women: echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. Jama. 1996;276(3):211-5.
Utomi V, Oxborough D, Whyte GP, Somauroo J, Sharma S, Shave R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of training mode, imaging modality and body size influences on the morphology and function of the male athlete's heart. Heart. 2013;99(23):1727-33.
Caselli S, Maron MS, Urbano-Moral JA, Pandian NG, Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. Differentiating left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes from that in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology. 2014;114(9):1383-9.
Kouidi E, Fahadidou-Tsiligiroglou A, Tassoulas E, Deligiannis A, Coats A. White coat hypertension detected during screening of male adolescent athletes. American journal of hypertension. 1999;12(2):223-6.
Baker-Smith CM, Pietris N, Jinadu L. Recommendations for exercise and screening for safe athletic participation in hypertensive youth. Pediatric Nephrology. 2020;35(5):743-52.
Paridon SM, Alpert BS, Boas SR, Cabrera ME, Caldarera LL, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical stress testing in the pediatric age group: a statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth. Circulation. 2006;113(15):1905-20.
Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1085-92.
Baker-Smith C, Vashist S. Cardiac arrest and sudden death in the pediatric population. J Clin Exp Cardiol. 2012;3(7).
Link M, Estes N, Maron B. American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in Young, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and American College of Cardiology. Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 13: Commotio Cordis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132(22):e339-42.
