Sporcularda Kalp Hızı Değişkenliği
Özet
Günümüzde otonom sinir sistemi ile kardiyovasküler mortalite arasındaki ilişkinin özellikle egzersiz fizyolojisi ve spor alanında önem kazandığı bilinmektedir. Otonomik aktivitenin en çok tercih edilen nicel belirteçlerinden biri olan kalp hızı değişkenliği (KHD), ardışık kalp atışlarındaki dalgalanmaları yansıtır. KHD başlıca zaman ve frekans alanı analiz yöntemleri ile ölçülür. Vücut pozisyonu, kayıt penceresinin zamanlaması ve süresi, ortalama kalp atım hızı, cinsiyet, yaş, egzersiz yoğunluğu, süresi, yöntemi, yaşam tarzı gibi faktörler KHD’ yi etkilemektedir. Sporcularda KHD izlemi antrenmana adaptasyonun ve egzersiz etkinliğinin belirlenmesi, aşırı antrenman sendromu gibi komplikasyonların önlenmesinde önemli bir role sahiptir.
Referanslar
McCraty R, Shaffer F. Heart rate variability: new perspectives on physiological mechanisms, assessment of self-regulatory capacity, and health risk. Glob Adv Health Med; 2015;4: 46–61. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.073.
Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Front Psychol; 2014;5: 1040. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040.
Billman GE. Heart rate variability – a historical perspective. Front Physiol; 2011;2: 86. doi:10.3389/fphys.2011.00086.
Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation; 1996;93: 1043–1065.
Aubert AE, Seps B, Beckers F. Heart Rate Variability in Athletes. Sports Med; 2003;33(12): 889-919. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003.
Reyes del Paso GA, Langewitz W, Mulder LJ, et al. The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: a review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies. Psychophysiology; 2013;50: 477–87. doi:10.1111/psyp.12027.
Seely AJE, Macklem PT. Complex systems and the technology of variability analysis. Crit Care; 2004;8: R367–R384. doi:10.1186/cc2948.
Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bosner MS, et al. Time domain measurements of heart rate variability. Cardiol Clin; 1992;10(3): 487-98.
Nunan D, Sandercock GRH, Brodie DA. A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol; 2010;33: 1407–1417. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.
Plews D, Laursen P, Stanley J, et al. Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: Opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med; 2013;43: 773–781. doi:10.1007/s40279- 013-0071-8.
Rekawek J, Miszczak-Knecht M, Kawalec W, Mielniczuk J. Heart rate variability in healthy children. Folia Cardiol; 2003;10(2):203-211.
Peng CK, Havlin S, Stanley HE, et al. Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time series. Chaos; 1995;5: 82–87. doi:10.1063/1.166141.
AlQatari AA, Alturki AJ, Abdulali KA, et al. Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Baroreflex Sensitivity During Daytime Naps, Nat Sci Sleep; 2020;23(12): 661-669. doi:10.2147/NSS.S270191.
de Zambotti M, Cellini N, Baker FC, et al. Nocturnal cardiac autonomic profile in young primary insomniacs and good sleepers. Int J Psychophysiol; 2014;93(3): 332–339. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.014.
Busek P, Vanková J, Opavský J, et al. Spectral analysis of the heart rate variability in sleep. Physiol Res; 2005;54: 369–376.
Vaughn BV, Quint SR, Messenheimer JA, et al. Heart period variability in sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol; 1995;94(3): 155–162. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)00270-U.
Hnatkova K, Šišáková M, Smetana P, et al. Sex differences in heart rate responses to postural provocations. Int J Cardiol; 2019;297: 126–134. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.044.
Jarczok MN, Guendel H, McGrath J, et al. Circadian rhythms of the autonomic nervous system: scientific implication and practical implementation. In: Svorc P (Ed). Chronobiology - The Science of Biological Time Structure. London: IntechOpen; 2019. doi:10.5772/intechopen.8682.
Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Hynynen E, et al. Evaluation of nocturnal vs. morning measures of heart rate indices in young athletes. PLoS One; 2022;17: e0262333. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262333.
Koenig J, Thayer JF. Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev; 2016;64: 288–310. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007.
Kaikkonen P, Nummela A, Rusko H. Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol; 2007;102: 79–86. doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0559-8.
Hautala A, Tulppo MP, Mäkikallio TH, et al. Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation after prolonged maximal exercise. Clin Physiol; 2001;21: 238–245. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00309.x.
Myllymäki T, Rusko H, Syväoja H, et al. Effects of exercise intensity and duration on nocturnal heart rate variability and sleep quality. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012;112: 801–809. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2034-9.
Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, et al. Effects of different training interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health and risk factors in young and middle-aged adults: a systematic review. Front Physiol; 2021;12. 657274. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657274.
Solana-Tramunt M, Morales J, Buscà B, et al. Heart-rate variability in elite synchronized swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform; 2019;14: 464–471. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0538.
Bourdillon N, Jeanneret F, Nilchian M, et al. Sleep deprivation deteriorates heart rate variability and photoplethysmography. Front Neurosci; 2021;15: 642548. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.642548.
Chen C-L, Tang J-S, Li P-C, et al. Immediate effects of smoking on cardiorespiratory responses during dynamic exercise: arm vs. leg ergometry. Front Physiol; 2015;6: 376. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00376.
Vanoli E, Cerati D, Pedretti RF. Autonomic control of heart rate: pharmacological and nonpharmacological modulation. Basic Res Cardiol; 1998;93: 133–142. doi:10.1007/s00395005023.
Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Tollenaar MS, et al. Prolonged non-metabolic heart rate variability reduction as a physiological marker of psychological stress in daily life. Ann Behav Med; 2016;50: 704–714. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9795-7.
Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GMO. Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals–a review. Front Physiol; 2017;8: 301. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00301.
Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, et al. Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol; 1989;256(1Pt2): H132-41. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.1.H132.
Cataldo A, Bianco A, Paoli A, et al. Resting sympatho-vagal balance is related to 10 km running performance in master endurance athletes. Eur J Transl Myol; 2018;28: 1025–1033. doi:10.4081/ejtm.2018.7051.
Pagaduan JC, Chen Y-S, Fell JW, et al. A preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on heart rate variability and respiration of athletes. J Complement Integr Med; 2021. Online ahead of print. doi:10.1515/jcim-2020- 0528.
Düking P, Zinner C, Reed JL, et al. Predefined vs. data-guided training prescription based on autonomic nervous system variation: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports; 2020;30: 2291–2304. doi:10.1111/sms.13802.
Carrasco-Poyatos M, González-Quílez A, Altini M, et al. Heart rate variability-guided training in professional runners: effects on performance and vagal modulation. Physiol Behav; 2022; 244. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113654.
Düking P, Zinner C, Trabelsi K, et al. Monitoring and adapting endurance training on the basis of heart rate variability monitored by wearable technologies: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport; 2021;24: 1180–1192. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.012.
Esco MR, Flatt AA. Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations. J Sports Sci Med; 2014;13: 535–541.
Plews DJ, Scott B, Altini M, et al. Comparison of heart-rate-variability recording with smartphone photoplethysmography, Polar H7 chest strap, and electrocardiography. Int J Sports Physiol Perform; 2017;12: 1324–1328. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0668.
Kaewkannate K, Kim S. A comparison of wearable fitness devices. BMC Public Health; 2016;16: 433. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3059-0.
Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol; 2014;5: 73. doi:10.3389/ fphys.2014.00073.
Lehmann M, Foster C, Keul J. Overtraining in endurance athletes: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 1993;25: 854–862. doi:10.1249/00005768-199307000-00015.
Hedelin R, Wiklund U, Bjerle P, et al. Cardiac autonomic imbalance in an overtrained athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2000;32: 1531–1533. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200009000-00001.
Williams DP, Koenig J, Carnevali L, et al. Heart rate variability and inflammation: a meta-analysis of human studies. Brain Behav Immun; 2019;80: 219–226. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.009.
Hellard P, Guimaraes F, Avalos M, et al. Modeling the association between HR variability and illness in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2011;43: 1063–1070. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318204de1c.
Referanslar
McCraty R, Shaffer F. Heart rate variability: new perspectives on physiological mechanisms, assessment of self-regulatory capacity, and health risk. Glob Adv Health Med; 2015;4: 46–61. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.073.
Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Front Psychol; 2014;5: 1040. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040.
Billman GE. Heart rate variability – a historical perspective. Front Physiol; 2011;2: 86. doi:10.3389/fphys.2011.00086.
Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation; 1996;93: 1043–1065.
Aubert AE, Seps B, Beckers F. Heart Rate Variability in Athletes. Sports Med; 2003;33(12): 889-919. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003.
Reyes del Paso GA, Langewitz W, Mulder LJ, et al. The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: a review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies. Psychophysiology; 2013;50: 477–87. doi:10.1111/psyp.12027.
Seely AJE, Macklem PT. Complex systems and the technology of variability analysis. Crit Care; 2004;8: R367–R384. doi:10.1186/cc2948.
Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bosner MS, et al. Time domain measurements of heart rate variability. Cardiol Clin; 1992;10(3): 487-98.
Nunan D, Sandercock GRH, Brodie DA. A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol; 2010;33: 1407–1417. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02841.
Plews D, Laursen P, Stanley J, et al. Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: Opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med; 2013;43: 773–781. doi:10.1007/s40279- 013-0071-8.
Rekawek J, Miszczak-Knecht M, Kawalec W, Mielniczuk J. Heart rate variability in healthy children. Folia Cardiol; 2003;10(2):203-211.
Peng CK, Havlin S, Stanley HE, et al. Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time series. Chaos; 1995;5: 82–87. doi:10.1063/1.166141.
AlQatari AA, Alturki AJ, Abdulali KA, et al. Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Baroreflex Sensitivity During Daytime Naps, Nat Sci Sleep; 2020;23(12): 661-669. doi:10.2147/NSS.S270191.
de Zambotti M, Cellini N, Baker FC, et al. Nocturnal cardiac autonomic profile in young primary insomniacs and good sleepers. Int J Psychophysiol; 2014;93(3): 332–339. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.014.
Busek P, Vanková J, Opavský J, et al. Spectral analysis of the heart rate variability in sleep. Physiol Res; 2005;54: 369–376.
Vaughn BV, Quint SR, Messenheimer JA, et al. Heart period variability in sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol; 1995;94(3): 155–162. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)00270-U.
Hnatkova K, Šišáková M, Smetana P, et al. Sex differences in heart rate responses to postural provocations. Int J Cardiol; 2019;297: 126–134. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.044.
Jarczok MN, Guendel H, McGrath J, et al. Circadian rhythms of the autonomic nervous system: scientific implication and practical implementation. In: Svorc P (Ed). Chronobiology - The Science of Biological Time Structure. London: IntechOpen; 2019. doi:10.5772/intechopen.8682.
Mishica C, Kyröläinen H, Hynynen E, et al. Evaluation of nocturnal vs. morning measures of heart rate indices in young athletes. PLoS One; 2022;17: e0262333. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262333.
Koenig J, Thayer JF. Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev; 2016;64: 288–310. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007.
Kaikkonen P, Nummela A, Rusko H. Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol; 2007;102: 79–86. doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0559-8.
Hautala A, Tulppo MP, Mäkikallio TH, et al. Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation after prolonged maximal exercise. Clin Physiol; 2001;21: 238–245. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00309.x.
Myllymäki T, Rusko H, Syväoja H, et al. Effects of exercise intensity and duration on nocturnal heart rate variability and sleep quality. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012;112: 801–809. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2034-9.
Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, et al. Effects of different training interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health and risk factors in young and middle-aged adults: a systematic review. Front Physiol; 2021;12. 657274. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.657274.
Solana-Tramunt M, Morales J, Buscà B, et al. Heart-rate variability in elite synchronized swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform; 2019;14: 464–471. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0538.
Bourdillon N, Jeanneret F, Nilchian M, et al. Sleep deprivation deteriorates heart rate variability and photoplethysmography. Front Neurosci; 2021;15: 642548. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.642548.
Chen C-L, Tang J-S, Li P-C, et al. Immediate effects of smoking on cardiorespiratory responses during dynamic exercise: arm vs. leg ergometry. Front Physiol; 2015;6: 376. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00376.
Vanoli E, Cerati D, Pedretti RF. Autonomic control of heart rate: pharmacological and nonpharmacological modulation. Basic Res Cardiol; 1998;93: 133–142. doi:10.1007/s00395005023.
Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Tollenaar MS, et al. Prolonged non-metabolic heart rate variability reduction as a physiological marker of psychological stress in daily life. Ann Behav Med; 2016;50: 704–714. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9795-7.
Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GMO. Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals–a review. Front Physiol; 2017;8: 301. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00301.
Arai Y, Saul JP, Albrecht P, et al. Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise. Am J Physiol; 1989;256(1Pt2): H132-41. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.1.H132.
Cataldo A, Bianco A, Paoli A, et al. Resting sympatho-vagal balance is related to 10 km running performance in master endurance athletes. Eur J Transl Myol; 2018;28: 1025–1033. doi:10.4081/ejtm.2018.7051.
Pagaduan JC, Chen Y-S, Fell JW, et al. A preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on heart rate variability and respiration of athletes. J Complement Integr Med; 2021. Online ahead of print. doi:10.1515/jcim-2020- 0528.
Düking P, Zinner C, Reed JL, et al. Predefined vs. data-guided training prescription based on autonomic nervous system variation: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports; 2020;30: 2291–2304. doi:10.1111/sms.13802.
Carrasco-Poyatos M, González-Quílez A, Altini M, et al. Heart rate variability-guided training in professional runners: effects on performance and vagal modulation. Physiol Behav; 2022; 244. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113654.
Düking P, Zinner C, Trabelsi K, et al. Monitoring and adapting endurance training on the basis of heart rate variability monitored by wearable technologies: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport; 2021;24: 1180–1192. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.012.
Esco MR, Flatt AA. Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations. J Sports Sci Med; 2014;13: 535–541.
Plews DJ, Scott B, Altini M, et al. Comparison of heart-rate-variability recording with smartphone photoplethysmography, Polar H7 chest strap, and electrocardiography. Int J Sports Physiol Perform; 2017;12: 1324–1328. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0668.
Kaewkannate K, Kim S. A comparison of wearable fitness devices. BMC Public Health; 2016;16: 433. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3059-0.
Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Front Physiol; 2014;5: 73. doi:10.3389/ fphys.2014.00073.
Lehmann M, Foster C, Keul J. Overtraining in endurance athletes: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 1993;25: 854–862. doi:10.1249/00005768-199307000-00015.
Hedelin R, Wiklund U, Bjerle P, et al. Cardiac autonomic imbalance in an overtrained athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2000;32: 1531–1533. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200009000-00001.
Williams DP, Koenig J, Carnevali L, et al. Heart rate variability and inflammation: a meta-analysis of human studies. Brain Behav Immun; 2019;80: 219–226. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.009.
Hellard P, Guimaraes F, Avalos M, et al. Modeling the association between HR variability and illness in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2011;43: 1063–1070. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318204de1c.
