Badem Budaması
Özet
Türkiye, bademin gen merkezleri içerisinde yer alır ve 40’a yakın badem türünden 9 adedinin doğal olarak yetişebilmesine olanak sağlayan bir iklime sahiptir. Son 10 yılda Türkiye badem üretim alanı Dünya ortalamasının çok üzerinde bir artış ile 270.203 da’dan 686.966 da’a, üretim ise 73.230 ton’dan 170.000 ton’a yükselmiştir. Badem üretiminde çeşit ve anaç seçimi, yer seçimi, dikim sistemleri, sulama ve gübreleme uygulamaları, hastalık ve zararlılar ile mücadele ile terbiye ve budama uygulamalarının özenle yapılması gerekmektedir. Diğer türlerde olduğu gibi bademde de şekil, verim ve gençleştirme budamaları zamanında yapılmalıdır. Badem yetiştiriciliğinde, ekolojiye uygun çeşitlerle tesis edilen bahçelerde modern yetiştirme tekniklerinin kullanılması oldukça önemlidir.
Referanslar
Abbey, M., Noakes, M., Belling, G. B., & Nestel, P. J. 1994. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 59 (5), 995-999.
Arquero, O., Jarvis-Shean, K. 2017. 11 Orchard Management. Almonds: botany, production and uses, 240.s.
Arus, P., Gradziel, T., Oliveira, M.M., Tao, R., 2009. Genomics of Almond. In Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae. Folta, K.M and Gardiner, S.E. (eds), Springer, 187-219, New York.
Atlı, H.S. 2013. Bademde Budama ve Terbiye. Antepfıstığı Araştırma Dergisi, Sayı 2, s: 22-26, Gaziantep.
Banta, E.S., Howlett, S.F., Hill, R.G., 1970. Pruning and Training Fruit Trees. Ohio State University, Bulletin: 528, 24 s.
Barreca, D., Nabavi, S. M., Sureda, A., Rasekhian, M., Raciti, R., Silva, A. S., Mandalari, G. 2020. Almonds (Prunus dulcis Mill. DA webb): A source of nutrients and health-promoting compounds. Nutrients, 12 (3), 672.
Bayazıt, S., Küden A., 2023. Yabani Badem Türlerinin Badem Üretimi ve Islah Açısından Önemi. Küden, A., (Editör), Badem ve Ceviz Yetiştiriciliği. Nobel Yayıncılık, 2023, ISBN: 978-625-397-853-2, İzmir.s:64-69.
Bernad D, Socias i Company R., 1998. Bud Density and Shoot Morphology of Some Self-Compatible Almond Selections, Acta Hortic. 470: 273–279.
Bolling, B. W. 2017. Almond polyphenols: Methods of analysis, contribution to food quality, and health promotion. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 346-368.
Duval, H., Holland, D., Arus, P., Vargas, F. J., Batlle, I., 2021. Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars. Horticulture Research, 8 (1): 11.
FAO, 2022. Statistical Database. https://www.fao.org/statistics/en. Accessed 22.05.2024.
Esfahlan, A. J., Jamei, R., Esfahlan, R. J. 2010. The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products. Food chemistry, 120(2), 349-360.
Fernandez i Marti, A., Alonso, J. M., Espiau, M.T., Rubio-Cabetas, M.J., Socias I Company, R., 2009. Genetic Diversity in Spanish and Foreign Almond Germplasm Assessed by Molecular Characterization with Simple Sequence Repeats. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 134(5): 535-542.
FÜAB, 2022. Fidan Üreticileri Alt Birliği Fidancilik Sektör Analizi ve Geliştirme Raporu. 44s, Ankara. https://fuab.org.tr/yukleme/fidancilik-sektor-analiz-ve-gelistirme-raporu-2022.pdf.
Gomez, E. M., Dicenta, F., Batlle, I., Romero, A., Ortega, E., 2019. Crossincompatibility in The Cultivated Almond (Prunus dulcis): Updating, Revision And Correction. Sci. Hortic. 245, 218–223.
Gülcan, R., 1985. Descriptor List for Almond International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Publication. AGP: IBPGR –Rome.
Hussain, S.Z., Naseer, B., Qadri, T., Fatima, T., Bhat, T.A., 2021. Almond (Prunus dulcis)Morphology, Taxonomy, Composition and Health Benefits. In: Fruits Grown in Highland Regions of the Himalayas. Springer, Cham.
Ingels, C., Geisel, P., Unruh, C. 2002. Fruit trees: Training and pruning deciduous trees. UCANR Publications.
İkinci, A. 2023 Bademde terbiye ve budama teknikleri. Modern Badem Yetiştiriciliği; İksad Yayınları, Ankara s;189-213.
Khalil, A., Mir, M., Nabi, S., Mir, M. M., Iqbal, U., Nazir, N., Wani, T. F. 2023. Canopy Management. In Temperate Nuts (pp. 209-245). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Kester, D.E., Martin, G.C., Labavitch, J.M. 1996. Growth and Development. in Almond Production Manual. Ed Micke W.C. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. S: 90-97.
Kodad, O., Alonso, J.M., Espiau, M.T., Estopanan, G., Juan, T., Socias I Company, R., 2011. Chemometric Characterization of Almond Germplasm: Compositional Aspects Involved in Quality and Breeding. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 136 (4):273–281.
Lampinen, B.D., Tombesi, S., Metcalf, S.G., DeJong, T.M.. 2011. Spur Behaviour in Almond Trees: Relationships Between Previous Year Spur Leaf Area, Fruit Bearing And Mortality. Tree Physiol. 31:700–706.
Maldera, F., Vivaldi, G. A., Iglesias-Castellarnau, I., Camposeo, S. 2021. Two almond cultivars trained in a super-high density orchard show different growth, yield efficiencies and damages by mechanical harvesting. Agronomy, 11(7), 1406.
Mohamed, A. R. M., Sayed, H., Sas-Paszt, L., & Mika, A. 2021. A modification in an open centre training system for increasing the crotch angles of peach scaffold branches. Horticultural Science, 48 (3), 117-125.
Mougiou, N., Maletsika, P., Konstantinidis, A., Grigoriadou, K., Nanos, G., Argiriou, A., 2023. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Self-Compatible Almond Variety. Agriculture, 13: 1362.
Negron, C., Contador, L., Lampinen, B. D., Metcalf, S. G., DeJong, T. M., Guedon, Y., Costes, E. 2013. Systematic analysis of branching patterns of three almond cultivars with different tree architectures. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 138 (6), 407-415.
Özçağıran, R., Ünal, A., Özeker, E. & İsfendiyaroğlu, M. (2007). Badem. Ilıman İklim Meyve Türleri. Sert Kabuklu Meyveler. Cilt-III. Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No:566, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevei, Bornova, İzmir, s: 211-267.
Özkan, Y., Gerçekcioğlu, R. 2009. Meyve Ağaçlarının Budanması. ss 385-450. Gerçekcioğlu, R., Bilginer, Ş., Soylu, A., ed. Genel Meyvecilik, Nobel Yayınları, 480s.
Perez de los Cobos, F., Martínez-García, P.J., Romero, A., Miarnau, X., Eduardo, I., Howad, W., Mnejja, M., Dicenta, F., Socias i Company, R., Rubio-Cabetas, M.J., 2021. Pedigree Analysis of 220 Almond Genotypes Reveals Two World Mainstream Breeding Lines Based on Only Three Different Cultivars. Hortic. Res., 8, 11.
Rubio Cabetas, M.J., 2017. Almond Rootstocks: Overview. Options Medit. A 119, 133–143.
Socias i Company, R. 1990. Breeding Self-Compatible Almonds. Plant Breed. Rev. 8: 313–338.
Tombesi, S., Lampinen, B. D., Metcalf, S., DeJong, T. M. 2015. Spur fruit set is negatively related with current-year spur leaf area in almond. HortScience, 50 (2), 322-325.
TUİK, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2024.
Valdebenito, D., Tombesi, S., Tixier, A., Lampinen, B., Brown, P., Saa, S. 2017. Spur behavior in Almond trees (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] DAWebb): effects of flowers, fruit, and “June drop” on leaf area, leaf nitrogen, spur survival and return bloom. Scientia horticulturae, 215, 15-19.
Yada, S., Lapsley, K., Huang, G. 2011. A review of composition studies of cultivated almonds: Macronutrients and micronutrients. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24 (4-5), 469-480.
Yıldırım, A. N., Akıncı- Yıldırım, F., San, B., Sesli, Y. 2016a. Total oil content and fatty acid profile of some almond (Amygdalus communis L.) cultivars. Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences, 66(3), 173-178.
Yıldırım, A. N., Yıldırım, F., Şan, B., Polat, M., Sesli, Y. 2016b. Variability of phenolic composition and tocopherol content of some commercial Almond cultivars. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 89.
Yıldırım F., Yıldırım A. N., Şan B., Karakurt Y., Dilmaçünal T. 2020. Identification of S-Alleles in Selected Almond Genotypes by PCR Based Markers. Acta Horticulturae, 667-674.
Referanslar
Abbey, M., Noakes, M., Belling, G. B., & Nestel, P. J. 1994. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 59 (5), 995-999.
Arquero, O., Jarvis-Shean, K. 2017. 11 Orchard Management. Almonds: botany, production and uses, 240.s.
Arus, P., Gradziel, T., Oliveira, M.M., Tao, R., 2009. Genomics of Almond. In Genetics and Genomics of Rosaceae. Folta, K.M and Gardiner, S.E. (eds), Springer, 187-219, New York.
Atlı, H.S. 2013. Bademde Budama ve Terbiye. Antepfıstığı Araştırma Dergisi, Sayı 2, s: 22-26, Gaziantep.
Banta, E.S., Howlett, S.F., Hill, R.G., 1970. Pruning and Training Fruit Trees. Ohio State University, Bulletin: 528, 24 s.
Barreca, D., Nabavi, S. M., Sureda, A., Rasekhian, M., Raciti, R., Silva, A. S., Mandalari, G. 2020. Almonds (Prunus dulcis Mill. DA webb): A source of nutrients and health-promoting compounds. Nutrients, 12 (3), 672.
Bayazıt, S., Küden A., 2023. Yabani Badem Türlerinin Badem Üretimi ve Islah Açısından Önemi. Küden, A., (Editör), Badem ve Ceviz Yetiştiriciliği. Nobel Yayıncılık, 2023, ISBN: 978-625-397-853-2, İzmir.s:64-69.
Bernad D, Socias i Company R., 1998. Bud Density and Shoot Morphology of Some Self-Compatible Almond Selections, Acta Hortic. 470: 273–279.
Bolling, B. W. 2017. Almond polyphenols: Methods of analysis, contribution to food quality, and health promotion. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(3), 346-368.
Duval, H., Holland, D., Arus, P., Vargas, F. J., Batlle, I., 2021. Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars. Horticulture Research, 8 (1): 11.
FAO, 2022. Statistical Database. https://www.fao.org/statistics/en. Accessed 22.05.2024.
Esfahlan, A. J., Jamei, R., Esfahlan, R. J. 2010. The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products. Food chemistry, 120(2), 349-360.
Fernandez i Marti, A., Alonso, J. M., Espiau, M.T., Rubio-Cabetas, M.J., Socias I Company, R., 2009. Genetic Diversity in Spanish and Foreign Almond Germplasm Assessed by Molecular Characterization with Simple Sequence Repeats. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 134(5): 535-542.
FÜAB, 2022. Fidan Üreticileri Alt Birliği Fidancilik Sektör Analizi ve Geliştirme Raporu. 44s, Ankara. https://fuab.org.tr/yukleme/fidancilik-sektor-analiz-ve-gelistirme-raporu-2022.pdf.
Gomez, E. M., Dicenta, F., Batlle, I., Romero, A., Ortega, E., 2019. Crossincompatibility in The Cultivated Almond (Prunus dulcis): Updating, Revision And Correction. Sci. Hortic. 245, 218–223.
Gülcan, R., 1985. Descriptor List for Almond International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Publication. AGP: IBPGR –Rome.
Hussain, S.Z., Naseer, B., Qadri, T., Fatima, T., Bhat, T.A., 2021. Almond (Prunus dulcis)Morphology, Taxonomy, Composition and Health Benefits. In: Fruits Grown in Highland Regions of the Himalayas. Springer, Cham.
Ingels, C., Geisel, P., Unruh, C. 2002. Fruit trees: Training and pruning deciduous trees. UCANR Publications.
İkinci, A. 2023 Bademde terbiye ve budama teknikleri. Modern Badem Yetiştiriciliği; İksad Yayınları, Ankara s;189-213.
Khalil, A., Mir, M., Nabi, S., Mir, M. M., Iqbal, U., Nazir, N., Wani, T. F. 2023. Canopy Management. In Temperate Nuts (pp. 209-245). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Kester, D.E., Martin, G.C., Labavitch, J.M. 1996. Growth and Development. in Almond Production Manual. Ed Micke W.C. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. S: 90-97.
Kodad, O., Alonso, J.M., Espiau, M.T., Estopanan, G., Juan, T., Socias I Company, R., 2011. Chemometric Characterization of Almond Germplasm: Compositional Aspects Involved in Quality and Breeding. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 136 (4):273–281.
Lampinen, B.D., Tombesi, S., Metcalf, S.G., DeJong, T.M.. 2011. Spur Behaviour in Almond Trees: Relationships Between Previous Year Spur Leaf Area, Fruit Bearing And Mortality. Tree Physiol. 31:700–706.
Maldera, F., Vivaldi, G. A., Iglesias-Castellarnau, I., Camposeo, S. 2021. Two almond cultivars trained in a super-high density orchard show different growth, yield efficiencies and damages by mechanical harvesting. Agronomy, 11(7), 1406.
Mohamed, A. R. M., Sayed, H., Sas-Paszt, L., & Mika, A. 2021. A modification in an open centre training system for increasing the crotch angles of peach scaffold branches. Horticultural Science, 48 (3), 117-125.
Mougiou, N., Maletsika, P., Konstantinidis, A., Grigoriadou, K., Nanos, G., Argiriou, A., 2023. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Self-Compatible Almond Variety. Agriculture, 13: 1362.
Negron, C., Contador, L., Lampinen, B. D., Metcalf, S. G., DeJong, T. M., Guedon, Y., Costes, E. 2013. Systematic analysis of branching patterns of three almond cultivars with different tree architectures. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 138 (6), 407-415.
Özçağıran, R., Ünal, A., Özeker, E. & İsfendiyaroğlu, M. (2007). Badem. Ilıman İklim Meyve Türleri. Sert Kabuklu Meyveler. Cilt-III. Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No:566, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevei, Bornova, İzmir, s: 211-267.
Özkan, Y., Gerçekcioğlu, R. 2009. Meyve Ağaçlarının Budanması. ss 385-450. Gerçekcioğlu, R., Bilginer, Ş., Soylu, A., ed. Genel Meyvecilik, Nobel Yayınları, 480s.
Perez de los Cobos, F., Martínez-García, P.J., Romero, A., Miarnau, X., Eduardo, I., Howad, W., Mnejja, M., Dicenta, F., Socias i Company, R., Rubio-Cabetas, M.J., 2021. Pedigree Analysis of 220 Almond Genotypes Reveals Two World Mainstream Breeding Lines Based on Only Three Different Cultivars. Hortic. Res., 8, 11.
Rubio Cabetas, M.J., 2017. Almond Rootstocks: Overview. Options Medit. A 119, 133–143.
Socias i Company, R. 1990. Breeding Self-Compatible Almonds. Plant Breed. Rev. 8: 313–338.
Tombesi, S., Lampinen, B. D., Metcalf, S., DeJong, T. M. 2015. Spur fruit set is negatively related with current-year spur leaf area in almond. HortScience, 50 (2), 322-325.
TUİK, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2024.
Valdebenito, D., Tombesi, S., Tixier, A., Lampinen, B., Brown, P., Saa, S. 2017. Spur behavior in Almond trees (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] DAWebb): effects of flowers, fruit, and “June drop” on leaf area, leaf nitrogen, spur survival and return bloom. Scientia horticulturae, 215, 15-19.
Yada, S., Lapsley, K., Huang, G. 2011. A review of composition studies of cultivated almonds: Macronutrients and micronutrients. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24 (4-5), 469-480.
Yıldırım, A. N., Akıncı- Yıldırım, F., San, B., Sesli, Y. 2016a. Total oil content and fatty acid profile of some almond (Amygdalus communis L.) cultivars. Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences, 66(3), 173-178.
Yıldırım, A. N., Yıldırım, F., Şan, B., Polat, M., Sesli, Y. 2016b. Variability of phenolic composition and tocopherol content of some commercial Almond cultivars. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 89.
Yıldırım F., Yıldırım A. N., Şan B., Karakurt Y., Dilmaçünal T. 2020. Identification of S-Alleles in Selected Almond Genotypes by PCR Based Markers. Acta Horticulturae, 667-674.
