Yapay Zeka, Yanlış Enformasyon ve Kültür
Özet
Yapay Zeka (YZ) ve yanlış enformasyon, günümüzde önemli bir araştırma alanı haline gelmiştir. İnternetin sağladığı kamusal alan, kullanıcıların yanlış bilgilere maruz kalmasını kolaylaştırmakta; bu durum, kültürel ve politik bakış açılarıyla şekillenmektedir. Online kullanıcılar çeşitli şekillerde yanlış enformasyon ile temas etmekte; bu temaslarını kültürel bakış açıları ve siyasi dünya görüşleri şekillendirmektedir. İnternetteki sosyal medya ortamının herkese açık kamusallığı ve geleneksel medyadaki enformasyon dolaşımını denetleyen profesyonel aracı aktörlerin olmaması, internette yanlış enformasyon dolaşımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. YZ teknolojileri, yanlış enformasyonun hızla yayılmasına katkıda bulunarak, sosyal medya algoritmaları aracılığıyla bu bilgilerin erişimini artırmaktadır. Yanlış bilginin tespiti ve azaltılması için YZ'nin kullanılması, araştırmalarda önemli bir odak noktası olmuştur. YZ destekli sistemler, yanlış enformasyonu belirlemede etkinliklerini artırmakta ve topluluk etiketleri ile algoritmik etiketlerin etkilerini incelemektedir. Ayrıca, YZ'nin sahte haber üretimindeki rolü, doğru ve yanlış bilgilendirme arasındaki sınırları bulanıklaştırmakta ve bu durum, gazeteciliğin geleneksel yapısını tehdit etmektedir. Dijitalleşme ve neoliberal politikalar, gazetecilerin bilgi üretimindeki merkezi rollerini zayıflatmış; bu da alternatif haber kanallarının ve sosyal medya kullanıcılarının bilgi yayımında daha etkili hale gelmesine yol açmıştır. Ancak, bu durum yanlış enformasyonun yayılmasını da artırmıştır. YZ'nin yanlış bilgiyi yaymadaki potansiyeli, toplum üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri azaltmak için güvenilir tespit sistemlerinin geliştirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, YZ ve yanlış enformasyon arasındaki etkileşim, bilgi güvenliğini artırmak ve medya okuryazarlığını teşvik etmek için disiplinler arası yaklaşımlar gerektirmektedir.
Referanslar
Airoldi, M. (2021). The techno-social reproduction of taste boundaries on digital platforms: Thecase of music on YouTube. Poetics, 89, 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101563
Airoldi, M. (2022). Machine Habitus: Toward a Sociology of Algorithms. Polity Press.
Aşık, O. (2017). The Fall of the Public and the Moral Contestation in the Journalistic Culture of Turkey. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 10, 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01001005
Aşık, O. (2024). Ideology, Polarization, and News Culture: The Secular-Islamist Tension in Turkish Journalism. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 29(2), 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221132716
Bai, H., Voelkel, J. G., Eichstaedt, J. C., & Willer, R. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Can Persuade Humans on Political Issues. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/stakv
Beer, D. (2009). Power through the algorithm? Participatory web cultures and the technological unconscious. New Media & Society, 11(6), 985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809336551
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press, 2018, ©2018.
Boczkowski, P. J. (2010). News at work: Imitation in an age of information abundance. University of Chicago Press.
Bozdağ, Ç., & Koçer, S. (2022). Skeptical Inertia in the Face of Polarization: News Consumption and Misinformation in Turkey. Media and Communication, 10(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i2.5057
Bruns, A. (2008). The Future Is User-Led: The Path towards Widespread Produsage. Fibreculture Journal, 11. http://eleven.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-066-the-future-is-user-led-the-path-towards-widespread-produsage/
Couldry, N. (2004). Theorising media as practice. Social Semiotics, 14(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035033042000238295
Dahlgren, P. (1988). What’s the meaning of this? Viewers’ plural sense-making of TV news. Media, Culture & Society, 10(3), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344388010003003
Fenton, N. (2010). New media, old news: Journalism and democracy in the digital age / edited by Natalie Fenton. SAGE.
Fenton, N. (2011). Deregulation or democracy? New media, news, neoliberalism and the public interest. Continuum, 25(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2011.539159
Gillespie, T. (2016). Algorithm. In B. Peters (Ed.), Digital Keywords (ss. 18–30). Princeton University Press.
Hall, S. (2005). Encoding/Decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (ss. 117–127). Routledge.
Jia, C., Boltz, A., Zhang, A., Chen, A., & Lee, M. K. (2022). Understanding Effects of Algorithmic vs. Community Label on Perceived Accuracy of Hyper-partisan Misinformation. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2203.00710
Joshi, G., Srivastava, A., Yagnik, B., Hasan, M., Saiyed, Z., Gabralla, L. A., Abraham, A., Walambe, R., & Kotecha, K. (2023). Explainable Misinformation Detection Across Multiple Social Media Platforms. IEEE Access, 11, 23634–23646. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3251892
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523.
Koçer, S. (2023). Yapay Zeka ve Doğrulama. REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2024.147
Kocer, S., & Bozdağ, Ç. (2020). News-Sharing Repertoires on Social Media in the Context of Networked Authoritarianism: The Case of Turkey. International Journal of Communication, 14, Article 0.
Koçer, S., Öz, B., Okçuoğlu, G., & Tapramaz, F. (2022). Folk theories of false information: A mixed-methods study in the context of Covid-19 in Turkey. New Media & Society, 14614448221142310. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142310
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.
Liebes, T., & Katz, E. (1990). The export of meaning: Cross-cultural readings of Dallas. Oxford University Press.
Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2013). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486
Michelle, C. (2007). Modes of Reception: A Consolidated Analytical Framework. The Communication Review, 10(3), 181–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420701528057
Morley, D. (1999). The Nationwide Television Studies. Routledge.
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.
Picone, I. (2016). Grasping the Digital News User: Conceptual and methodological advances in news use studies. Digital Journalism, 4(1), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096616
Rahwan, I., Cebrian, M., Obradovich, N., Bongard, J., Bonnefon, J.-F., Breazeal, C., Crandall, J. W., Christakis, N. A., Couzin, I. D., Jackson, M. O., Jennings, N. R., Kamar, E., Kloumann, I. M., Larochelle, H., Lazer, D., McElreath, R., Mislove, A., Parkes, D. C., Pentland, A. ‘Sandy,’ … Wellman, M. (2019). Machine behaviour. Nature, 568(7753), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1138-y
Rieder, B. (2020). Engines of Order: A Mechanology of Algorithmic Techniques. Amsterdam University Press.
Roshanaei, M., & Sywulak, G. (2022). Towards Immunizing Infodemic: Comprehensive Study on Assessing the Role of Artificial Intelligence and COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Intelligent Learning Systems and Applications, 14(03), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.4236/jilsa.2022.143003
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
Saka, E. (2024). Sosyal Fayda için Yapay Zeka. REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2024.146
Schrøder, K. C. (2000). Making sense of audience discourses: Towards a multidimensional model of mass media reception. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 3(2), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940000300205
Selbst, A. D., Boyd, D., Friedler, S. A., Venkatasubramanian, S., & Vertesi, J. (2019). Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287598
Seo, H., Lee, S., Lee, D., & Xiong, A. (2024). Reliability Matters: Exploring the Effect of AI Explanations on Misinformation Detection with a Warning. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 18, 1395–1407. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31397
Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004). Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet. Decision Sciences, 35(2), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.x
Thompson, J. B. (1995). The media and modernity: A social theory of the media. Polity Press.
Timisi, N. (2000). Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri ve Demokrasi. Dost.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2019). The Reception of Fake News: The Interpretations and Practices That Shape the Consumption of Perceived Misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208
Waisbord, S. (2018). Truth is What Happens to News: On journalism, fake news, and post-truth. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1866–1878. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making (Council of Europe Report DGI(2017)09; ss. 20–48). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c
Referanslar
Airoldi, M. (2021). The techno-social reproduction of taste boundaries on digital platforms: Thecase of music on YouTube. Poetics, 89, 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101563
Airoldi, M. (2022). Machine Habitus: Toward a Sociology of Algorithms. Polity Press.
Aşık, O. (2017). The Fall of the Public and the Moral Contestation in the Journalistic Culture of Turkey. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 10, 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01001005
Aşık, O. (2024). Ideology, Polarization, and News Culture: The Secular-Islamist Tension in Turkish Journalism. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 29(2), 530–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612221132716
Bai, H., Voelkel, J. G., Eichstaedt, J. C., & Willer, R. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Can Persuade Humans on Political Issues. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/stakv
Beer, D. (2009). Power through the algorithm? Participatory web cultures and the technological unconscious. New Media & Society, 11(6), 985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809336551
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press, 2018, ©2018.
Boczkowski, P. J. (2010). News at work: Imitation in an age of information abundance. University of Chicago Press.
Bozdağ, Ç., & Koçer, S. (2022). Skeptical Inertia in the Face of Polarization: News Consumption and Misinformation in Turkey. Media and Communication, 10(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i2.5057
Bruns, A. (2008). The Future Is User-Led: The Path towards Widespread Produsage. Fibreculture Journal, 11. http://eleven.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-066-the-future-is-user-led-the-path-towards-widespread-produsage/
Couldry, N. (2004). Theorising media as practice. Social Semiotics, 14(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/1035033042000238295
Dahlgren, P. (1988). What’s the meaning of this? Viewers’ plural sense-making of TV news. Media, Culture & Society, 10(3), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344388010003003
Fenton, N. (2010). New media, old news: Journalism and democracy in the digital age / edited by Natalie Fenton. SAGE.
Fenton, N. (2011). Deregulation or democracy? New media, news, neoliberalism and the public interest. Continuum, 25(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2011.539159
Gillespie, T. (2016). Algorithm. In B. Peters (Ed.), Digital Keywords (ss. 18–30). Princeton University Press.
Hall, S. (2005). Encoding/Decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (ss. 117–127). Routledge.
Jia, C., Boltz, A., Zhang, A., Chen, A., & Lee, M. K. (2022). Understanding Effects of Algorithmic vs. Community Label on Perceived Accuracy of Hyper-partisan Misinformation. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2203.00710
Joshi, G., Srivastava, A., Yagnik, B., Hasan, M., Saiyed, Z., Gabralla, L. A., Abraham, A., Walambe, R., & Kotecha, K. (2023). Explainable Misinformation Detection Across Multiple Social Media Platforms. IEEE Access, 11, 23634–23646. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3251892
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523.
Koçer, S. (2023). Yapay Zeka ve Doğrulama. REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2024.147
Kocer, S., & Bozdağ, Ç. (2020). News-Sharing Repertoires on Social Media in the Context of Networked Authoritarianism: The Case of Turkey. International Journal of Communication, 14, Article 0.
Koçer, S., Öz, B., Okçuoğlu, G., & Tapramaz, F. (2022). Folk theories of false information: A mixed-methods study in the context of Covid-19 in Turkey. New Media & Society, 14614448221142310. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142310
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.
Liebes, T., & Katz, E. (1990). The export of meaning: Cross-cultural readings of Dallas. Oxford University Press.
Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2013). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486
Michelle, C. (2007). Modes of Reception: A Consolidated Analytical Framework. The Communication Review, 10(3), 181–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420701528057
Morley, D. (1999). The Nationwide Television Studies. Routledge.
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.
Picone, I. (2016). Grasping the Digital News User: Conceptual and methodological advances in news use studies. Digital Journalism, 4(1), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096616
Rahwan, I., Cebrian, M., Obradovich, N., Bongard, J., Bonnefon, J.-F., Breazeal, C., Crandall, J. W., Christakis, N. A., Couzin, I. D., Jackson, M. O., Jennings, N. R., Kamar, E., Kloumann, I. M., Larochelle, H., Lazer, D., McElreath, R., Mislove, A., Parkes, D. C., Pentland, A. ‘Sandy,’ … Wellman, M. (2019). Machine behaviour. Nature, 568(7753), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1138-y
Rieder, B. (2020). Engines of Order: A Mechanology of Algorithmic Techniques. Amsterdam University Press.
Roshanaei, M., & Sywulak, G. (2022). Towards Immunizing Infodemic: Comprehensive Study on Assessing the Role of Artificial Intelligence and COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Intelligent Learning Systems and Applications, 14(03), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.4236/jilsa.2022.143003
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communication and Society, 3(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02
Saka, E. (2024). Sosyal Fayda için Yapay Zeka. REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2024.146
Schrøder, K. C. (2000). Making sense of audience discourses: Towards a multidimensional model of mass media reception. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 3(2), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940000300205
Selbst, A. D., Boyd, D., Friedler, S. A., Venkatasubramanian, S., & Vertesi, J. (2019). Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287598
Seo, H., Lee, S., Lee, D., & Xiong, A. (2024). Reliability Matters: Exploring the Effect of AI Explanations on Misinformation Detection with a Warning. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 18, 1395–1407. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31397
Stafford, T. F., Stafford, M. R., & Schkade, L. L. (2004). Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet. Decision Sciences, 35(2), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.x
Thompson, J. B. (1995). The media and modernity: A social theory of the media. Polity Press.
Timisi, N. (2000). Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri ve Demokrasi. Dost.
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Wagner, M. C., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2019). The Reception of Fake News: The Interpretations and Practices That Shape the Consumption of Perceived Misinformation. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 870–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1653208
Waisbord, S. (2018). Truth is What Happens to News: On journalism, fake news, and post-truth. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1866–1878. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making (Council of Europe Report DGI(2017)09; ss. 20–48). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c
