İklim Değişikliğinin Sağlık Harcamalarına Etkisi
Özet
Sıcaklıkların artışı, aşırı hava olayları nedeniyle ortaya çıkan afetler, hava kirliliği gibi iklim krizine yol açan faktörler, hem ekonomik büyümede sorunlar yaşanmasına hem de ölümleri artırarak ve yaşam süresini, kalitesini azaltarak sağlık harcamalarının artmasına sebep olmaktadır.
Referanslar
Romanello M, Napoli C, Green C, Kennard H, et al. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet; 2023; baskıda. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01859-7
Republic of Türkiye Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-04/T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YE_UPDATED%201st%20NDC_EN.pdf
Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, İklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması ulusal programı ve eylem planı. 2015. (20/10/2023 tarihinde https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/Yayinlarimiz/Eylem_Planlari/Iklim_Degisikligi_Eylem_Plani.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Wondmagegn BY, Xiang J, Williams S, Pisaniello D, & Bi P. What do we know about the healthcare costs of extreme heat exposure? A comprehensive literature review. The Science of the Total Environment; 2019; 657: 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.479
Houghton A, Austin J, Beerman A, & Horton C. An approach to developing local climate change environmental public health ındicators in a rural district. Journal of Environmental and Public Health; 2017: 3407325. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3407325
Schmitt LH, Graham HM, White PC. Economic evaluations of the health impacts of weather-related extreme events: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; 2016; 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111105.
Anwar A, Hyder S, Bennett R, Younis M. Impact of environmental quality on healthcare expenditures in developing countries: A panel data approach. Healthcare Basel;. 2022; 10(9): 1608. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10091608.
Sağlık ve Çevre Birliği (HEAL-Health and Environment Alliance). Türkiye’de kronik kömür kirliliği. Kömürün sağlık yükü ve kömür bağımlılığını sonlandırmak 2021. (25/11/2023 tarihinde https://www.envhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Chronic-Coal-Pollution-Turkey-TR.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Air pollution. 2023. (25/11/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_2 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Landrigan PJ. Air pollution and health. Lancet Public Health; 2017;2: e4–e5. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8.
Jerrett M, Eyles J, Dufournaud C, Birch S. Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: An exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health; 2003;57: 334–338. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.5.334
Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP & Mickley LJ. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environmental Research; 2021; 195: 110754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
Canadian Institute for Climate Choices. The health costs of climate change, How Canada can adapt, prepare, and save lives. 2021. (25/11/2023 tarihinde https://climatechoices.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ClimateChoices_Health-report_Final_June2021.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Watts N, Adger WN, Agnolucci P, Blackstock J, Byass P, Cai W, Chaytor S, Colbourn T, Collins M, Cooper A, et al. Health and climate change: Policy responses to protect public health. Lancet; 2015;386: 1861–1914. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6.
Güzel Ş, Özer P. Türkiye’de Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Harcamaları. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2022; 4(2): 186-202. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2518111
İlkılıç C, Behçet R. Hava kirliliğinin insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerindeki etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2006;5(1):66-72.
Avrupa Çevre Ajansı, Air pollution: How it affects our health. 2023 (24/11/2023 tarihinde https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/health-impacts-of-air-pollution adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Lilienfeld E, Nicholas PK, Breakey S, Corless IB. Addressing climate change through a nursing lens within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: a scoping review. Nursing Outlook; 2018: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. outlook.2018.06.010
Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, et al. Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: A review by the forum of ınternational respiratory societies' environmental committee, Part 2: Air pollution and organ systems. Chest; 2019;155(2): 417-426. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.041
United Nations. (n.d.). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. (1/12/2023 tarihinde https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Referanslar
Romanello M, Napoli C, Green C, Kennard H, et al. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms, The Lancet; 2023; baskıda. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01859-7
Republic of Türkiye Updated First Nationally Determined Contribution https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-04/T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YE_UPDATED%201st%20NDC_EN.pdf
Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, İklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması ulusal programı ve eylem planı. 2015. (20/10/2023 tarihinde https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/Yayinlarimiz/Eylem_Planlari/Iklim_Degisikligi_Eylem_Plani.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Wondmagegn BY, Xiang J, Williams S, Pisaniello D, & Bi P. What do we know about the healthcare costs of extreme heat exposure? A comprehensive literature review. The Science of the Total Environment; 2019; 657: 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.479
Houghton A, Austin J, Beerman A, & Horton C. An approach to developing local climate change environmental public health ındicators in a rural district. Journal of Environmental and Public Health; 2017: 3407325. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3407325
Schmitt LH, Graham HM, White PC. Economic evaluations of the health impacts of weather-related extreme events: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; 2016; 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111105.
Anwar A, Hyder S, Bennett R, Younis M. Impact of environmental quality on healthcare expenditures in developing countries: A panel data approach. Healthcare Basel;. 2022; 10(9): 1608. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10091608.
Sağlık ve Çevre Birliği (HEAL-Health and Environment Alliance). Türkiye’de kronik kömür kirliliği. Kömürün sağlık yükü ve kömür bağımlılığını sonlandırmak 2021. (25/11/2023 tarihinde https://www.envhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Chronic-Coal-Pollution-Turkey-TR.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Air pollution. 2023. (25/11/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_2 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Landrigan PJ. Air pollution and health. Lancet Public Health; 2017;2: e4–e5. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8.
Jerrett M, Eyles J, Dufournaud C, Birch S. Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: An exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health; 2003;57: 334–338. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.5.334
Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP & Mickley LJ. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environmental Research; 2021; 195: 110754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754
Canadian Institute for Climate Choices. The health costs of climate change, How Canada can adapt, prepare, and save lives. 2021. (25/11/2023 tarihinde https://climatechoices.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ClimateChoices_Health-report_Final_June2021.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Watts N, Adger WN, Agnolucci P, Blackstock J, Byass P, Cai W, Chaytor S, Colbourn T, Collins M, Cooper A, et al. Health and climate change: Policy responses to protect public health. Lancet; 2015;386: 1861–1914. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6.
Güzel Ş, Özer P. Türkiye’de Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Harcamaları. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2022; 4(2): 186-202. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2518111
İlkılıç C, Behçet R. Hava kirliliğinin insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerindeki etkisi. Fırat Üniversitesi Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2006;5(1):66-72.
Avrupa Çevre Ajansı, Air pollution: How it affects our health. 2023 (24/11/2023 tarihinde https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/health-impacts-of-air-pollution adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Lilienfeld E, Nicholas PK, Breakey S, Corless IB. Addressing climate change through a nursing lens within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: a scoping review. Nursing Outlook; 2018: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. outlook.2018.06.010
Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, et al. Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: A review by the forum of ınternational respiratory societies' environmental committee, Part 2: Air pollution and organ systems. Chest; 2019;155(2): 417-426. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.041
United Nations. (n.d.). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. (1/12/2023 tarihinde https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
