İklim Değişikliği ve Göçler
Özet
İklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan sıcaklık artışı, aşırı hava olayları ve deniz seviyesindeki yükselmeler nüfusun yer değiştirmesinde etkili olan faktörlerdir. İklim değişikliği, arazi verimliliği, yaşanabilirlik, gıda ve su güvenliği üzerinde olumsuz etkilere yol açar ve göçü artırabilecek demografik, ekonomik ve sosyal faktörlerle etkileşime girer. İklim değişikliği, insan göçü ve sağlık arasındaki karmaşık bağlantılara işaret eder ve halk sağlığı için büyük bir tehdit olarak kabul edilir. İklim değişikliği toplulukları yer değiştirmek zorunda bırakabilir. İklim değişikliği ve göç, ulusal ve uluslararası politika düzeylerinde ele alınmalıdır. Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, ekonomik kalkınma ve politika önlemleri, iklim değişikliğiyle başa çıkmak ve göçün etkilerini hafifletmek için gereklidir. Bu bölümde, iklim değişikliğinin göç ve sağlık üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır.
Referanslar
Burroughs WJ. Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
Black R, Arnell NW, Adger WN, Thomas D, Geddes A. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science & Policy. 2013;27(1): 32-43.
Government Office for Science. Foresight: Migration and global environmental change. Final Project Report. 2011.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Human Security. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2014; Chap. 12.
Scheffran J, Marmer E, Sow P. Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa. Application Geography. 2011; 33(1):119-27.
Tacoli C. Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility. Environment Urban. 2009; 21:513-25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182
Gray C, Bilsborrow R. Environmental influences on human migration in rural Ecuador. Demography. 2013; 50(4):1217-41; PMID:23319207; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0192-y
Schwerdtle PN, McMichael C, Mank I, et al. Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment. Environmental Research Letters. 2020;15(10):103006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ece.
Black R, Adger WN, Arnell NW, et al. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change. 2011;21:S3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001.
Schütte S, Gemenne F, Zaman M, et al. Connecting planetary health, climate change, and migration. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(2):e58–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30004-4.
Balsari S, Dresser C, Leaning J. Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife. Current environmental health Reports. 2020;7(4):404-414. doi: 10.1007/s40572-020-00291-4. PMID: 33048318; PMCID: PMC7550406.
Mc Michael C. Climate change-related migration and infectious disease. Virulence. 2015;6(6):548-53.
Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Tignor M, et al. Health, wellbeing, and the changing structure of communities. In: Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Tignor M, et al., eds. Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press, 2022:1041-170. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, et al, eds. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2021:3-32. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf
Silenzi A, Marotta C, Caredda E, et al. Climate change, human migration and health nexus: what do we know about public health implications on a global scale? Epidemiogicall Previous. 2023 May-Jun;47(3):39-43. English. doi: 10.19191/EP23.3.S1.A559.037.
Brown O. Climate change and forced migration: Observations, projections and implications. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper. Geneva: UNDP; 2007.
Myers N. Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century. Philos Trans R Soc 2002; 357(1420):609-13; PMID:12028796; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1098/rstb.2001.0953
Renaud F, Bogardi JJ, Dun O, et al. Control, adapt or flee: How to face environmental migration? InterSecTions 2007; No. 5: United Nations University: Institute for Environment and Human Security.
Warner K, Afifi T, Dun O, et al. Human security, climate change and environmentally induced migration. Bonn: United Nations University; 2008.
Kniveton D, Schmidt-Verkerk K, Smith C, et al. Climate change and migration: Improving methodologies to estimate flows. 2008; International Organization for Migration. Migration Research Series No. 33.
Oliver-Smith A. Climate change and population displacement: disasters and diasporas in the twenty-first century. In: Anthropology and climate change. Crate S, Nuttall M. eds. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press Inc; 2009.
E, Pécoud A, de Guchteneire D, Eds. Migration and Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
Bellizzi S, Popescu C, Panu Napodano CM, et al. Global health, climate change and migration: The need for recognition of “climate refugees”. Journal of Global Health. 2023 Mar 24;13:03011. doi: 10.7189/jogh.13.03011.
Schütte S, Gemenne F, Zaman M, et al. Connecting planetary health, climate change, and migration. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(2):e58–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30004-4.
Bush E, Lemmen DS. Canada’s changing climate report. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2019. https://doi.org/10.4095/314614.
Ford JD, Berrang-Ford L, King M, et al. Vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change. Global Environmental Change. 2010;20(4):668–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.003.
Ebi KL, Prats EV. Health in National Climate Change Adaptation Planning. Global Health. 2015;81(3):418–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.07.001.
Eckstein D. Global Climate Risk Index 2020: who suffers Most from extreme weather events? Weather-related loss events in 2018 and 1999 to 2018 2019. Bonn: Germanwatch e.V; 2020.
Sarkodie SA, Strezov V. Economic, social and governance adaptation readiness for mitigation of climate change vulnerability: evidence from 192 countries. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;656:150–164.
Semenza JC, Ebi KL. Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2019;26(5):taz026. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz026.
Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Hess JJ, et al. Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Climate Change. 2019;153:1-14. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02382-0
Ebi KL, McLeman R. Climate related migration and displacement BMJ. 2022; 379 :o2389 doi:10.1136/bmj.o2389
Referanslar
Burroughs WJ. Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
Black R, Arnell NW, Adger WN, Thomas D, Geddes A. Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events. Environmental Science & Policy. 2013;27(1): 32-43.
Government Office for Science. Foresight: Migration and global environmental change. Final Project Report. 2011.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Human Security. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2014; Chap. 12.
Scheffran J, Marmer E, Sow P. Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa. Application Geography. 2011; 33(1):119-27.
Tacoli C. Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility. Environment Urban. 2009; 21:513-25; http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182
Gray C, Bilsborrow R. Environmental influences on human migration in rural Ecuador. Demography. 2013; 50(4):1217-41; PMID:23319207; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0192-y
Schwerdtle PN, McMichael C, Mank I, et al. Health and migration in the context of a changing climate: a systematic literature assessment. Environmental Research Letters. 2020;15(10):103006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9ece.
Black R, Adger WN, Arnell NW, et al. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change. 2011;21:S3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001.
Schütte S, Gemenne F, Zaman M, et al. Connecting planetary health, climate change, and migration. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(2):e58–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30004-4.
Balsari S, Dresser C, Leaning J. Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife. Current environmental health Reports. 2020;7(4):404-414. doi: 10.1007/s40572-020-00291-4. PMID: 33048318; PMCID: PMC7550406.
Mc Michael C. Climate change-related migration and infectious disease. Virulence. 2015;6(6):548-53.
Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Tignor M, et al. Health, wellbeing, and the changing structure of communities. In: Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Tignor M, et al., eds. Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press, 2022:1041-170. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, et al, eds. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2021:3-32. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf
Silenzi A, Marotta C, Caredda E, et al. Climate change, human migration and health nexus: what do we know about public health implications on a global scale? Epidemiogicall Previous. 2023 May-Jun;47(3):39-43. English. doi: 10.19191/EP23.3.S1.A559.037.
Brown O. Climate change and forced migration: Observations, projections and implications. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper. Geneva: UNDP; 2007.
Myers N. Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century. Philos Trans R Soc 2002; 357(1420):609-13; PMID:12028796; http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1098/rstb.2001.0953
Renaud F, Bogardi JJ, Dun O, et al. Control, adapt or flee: How to face environmental migration? InterSecTions 2007; No. 5: United Nations University: Institute for Environment and Human Security.
Warner K, Afifi T, Dun O, et al. Human security, climate change and environmentally induced migration. Bonn: United Nations University; 2008.
Kniveton D, Schmidt-Verkerk K, Smith C, et al. Climate change and migration: Improving methodologies to estimate flows. 2008; International Organization for Migration. Migration Research Series No. 33.
Oliver-Smith A. Climate change and population displacement: disasters and diasporas in the twenty-first century. In: Anthropology and climate change. Crate S, Nuttall M. eds. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press Inc; 2009.
E, Pécoud A, de Guchteneire D, Eds. Migration and Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
Bellizzi S, Popescu C, Panu Napodano CM, et al. Global health, climate change and migration: The need for recognition of “climate refugees”. Journal of Global Health. 2023 Mar 24;13:03011. doi: 10.7189/jogh.13.03011.
Schütte S, Gemenne F, Zaman M, et al. Connecting planetary health, climate change, and migration. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(2):e58–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30004-4.
Bush E, Lemmen DS. Canada’s changing climate report. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2019. https://doi.org/10.4095/314614.
Ford JD, Berrang-Ford L, King M, et al. Vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change. Global Environmental Change. 2010;20(4):668–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.003.
Ebi KL, Prats EV. Health in National Climate Change Adaptation Planning. Global Health. 2015;81(3):418–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.07.001.
Eckstein D. Global Climate Risk Index 2020: who suffers Most from extreme weather events? Weather-related loss events in 2018 and 1999 to 2018 2019. Bonn: Germanwatch e.V; 2020.
Sarkodie SA, Strezov V. Economic, social and governance adaptation readiness for mitigation of climate change vulnerability: evidence from 192 countries. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;656:150–164.
Semenza JC, Ebi KL. Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2019;26(5):taz026. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz026.
Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Hess JJ, et al. Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Climate Change. 2019;153:1-14. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02382-0
Ebi KL, McLeman R. Climate related migration and displacement BMJ. 2022; 379 :o2389 doi:10.1136/bmj.o2389
