İklim Değişikliğinin Kadın Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri
Özet
İklim değişikliği, doğada normal zaman dilimlerinde görülen doğal değişikliklere ilave olarak, doğrudan ve dolaylı insan faaliyetleri nedeniyle gözlemlenen değişiklikler olarak tanımlanır. İklim değişikliğinin insan sağlığına oldukça geniş etkileri bulunmaktadır ve pek çok farklı sağlık sorununa yol açan uzun vadeli bir süreç olduğu bilinmektedir. Bazı gruplar, yaşları (çocuk, yaşlı), cinsiyetleri (kadın, özellikle gebeler) ve sosyal statüleri (bazı bölgelerdeki yerli halk, göç edenler ve yoksullar) gibi özellikleri nedeniyle iklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerindeki etkilerine karşı daha hassas ve savunmasızdır. Kadın yaşamının farklı dönemlerinde iklim değişikliği, doğrudan ve dolaylı etikleri aracılığıyla birtakım sağlık sorunlarına neden olabilir. Bu bölümde iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığı üzerine etkileri ele alınacaktır.
Referanslar
World Health Organization. Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s. 2014. (08/07/2023 tarihinde http://www. who.int/globalchange/publications/quantitative-riskassessment/en/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Crimmins AJ, Balbus JL, Gamble CB, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the united states: a scientific assessment. Washington, DC; 2016;332. doi:10.1007/BF00635537.
Kaddo JR. Climate change: causes, effects and solutions. A with Honors Projects, 164. 2016. (08/07/2023 tarihinde http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/164 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Olson DM, Metz GAS. Climate change is a major stressor causing poor pregnancy outcomes and child development. F1000Res; 2020;9;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1222. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.27157.1.
World Health Organization. Climate change. (08/07/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change#tab=tab_1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Sorensen C, Murray V, Lemery J, et al. Climate change and women’s health: Impacts and policy directions. PLoS Med; 2018;15(7): e1002603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002603
Giudice LC, Llamas-Clark EF, DeNicola N, et al. Climate change, women’s health, and the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in leadership. International Journal of Gynaecol Obstetry; 2021;155(3): 345-356. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13958
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Environmental and nutritional diseases. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK (eds.) Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 9th ed. Elseiver; 2015. p. 403-450.
United Nations Framework. Convention on Climate Change. Climate change ımpacts human health. 2017. (08/07/2023 tarihinde https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-impacts-human-health adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Xie E, Howard C, Buchman S, et al. Acting on climate change for a healthier future: Critical role for primary care in Canada. Canadian Family Physician. 2021;67(10): 725-730.
Diouf K, Nour NM. Mosquito-borne diseases as a global health problem: ımplications for pregnancy and travel. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2017;72: 309–318.
Mian LH, Namasivayam M. Sex, rights, gender in the age of climate change. Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre For Women (Arrow). 2017;58.
Dündar T, Özsoy S. İklim değişikliğinin kadın üreme sağlığına etkileri. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi. 2020;29(3): 190-198. doi:10.17827/aktd.721528
Rylander C, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable_the mother, fetus, and newborn child. Global Heath. Action. 2013;1: 1–9.
Dönmez RÖ, Kurt Ş. İklim değişikliğinin anne ve yenidoğan sağlığı üzerine etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2023;16(1): 105-113.
Chersich MF, Pham MD, Areal A, et al. Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirths: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;371: m3811. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3811.
Lin Y, Hu W, Xu J, et al. Association between temperature and maternal stress during pregnancy. Environmental Research. 2017;158: 421–430. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.034.
Shashar S, Kloog I, Erez O, et al. Temperature and preeclampsia: epidemiological evidence that perturbation in maternal heat homeostasis affects pregnancy outcome. PLoS One. 2020;15(5): e0232877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232877
Molina O, Saldarriaga V. The perils of climate change : ın utero exposure to temperature variability and birth outcomes in the andean region the perils of climate change : ın utero exposure to temperature variability and birth outcomes in the andean region. Economics & Human Biology. 2016;24: 111-124.
Lin S, Lin Z, Ou Y, et al. Maternal ambient heat exposure during early pregnancy in summer and spring and congenital heart defects–A large US population-based, case- control study. Environment International. 2018;118: 211–221.
Zhang W, Spero TL, Nolte CG, et al. Projected changes in maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019; 1–12. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.010995.
Wang J, Williams G, Guo Y, et al. Maternal exposure to heatwave and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia. BJOG; 2013;20: 1631–1641.
Amjad S, Chojecki D, Osornio-Vargas A, et al. Wildfire exposure during pregnancy and the risk of adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review. Environment International. 2021;156: 106644. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106644
CDC. Climate change ındicators: heat waves. climate change ındicators 2021. (11.07.2023 tarihinde https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climatechange-indicators-heat-waves adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Silveira S, Kornbluh M, Withers MC, et al. Chronic mental health sequelae of climate change extremes: a case study of the deadliest Californian wildfire. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2021;18(4): 1487. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041487.
Pun VC, Dowling R, Mehta S. Ambient and household air pollution on early-life determinants of stunting-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(21): 26404–26412. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13719-7.
Lakshmanan A, Chiu YM, Coull BA, et al. Associations between prenatal traffic-related air pollution exposure and birth weight : Modi fi cation by sex and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Environmental. Research. 2015;137: 268–277. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.035.
Diouf K, Nour NM. Mosquito-borne diseases as a global health problem: Implications for pregnancy and travel. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2017;72: 309–318. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000433.
Karimova A. Dengue virus during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, 2019. (11.07.2023 tarihinde http://wwwpersonal.umich.edu/~akarimov/AlfiaKarimova_dengue_paper.pdf. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Paixão ES, Teixeira MG, Costa MCN, et al. Dengue during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2016;16: 857–65. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00088-8.
McCarthy M. Severe eye damage in infants with microcephaly is presumed to be due to Zika virus. BMJ; 2016;352. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i855
de Paula F, de Oliveira Dias J, Prazeres J, et al. Ocular findings in ınfants with microcephaly associated with presumed zika virus congenital ınfection in salvador, Brazil. Physiology & Behavior. 2017;176: 139–48. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267.
Adamson GD, Mouzon JD, Ishihara O, et al. The international committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology ( icmart ) and the world health organization (WHO) revised glossary on ART terminology, 2009. Human Reproduction. 2009;24: 2683–2687. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009.
Carré J, Gatimel N, Moreau J, et al. Does air pollution play a role in infertility ?: A systematic review. Environmental Health. 2017;16: 1–16. doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0291-8.
Vizcaíno MAC, Mireia Gonzalez-Comadran BJ. Outdoor air pollution and human infertility: a systematic review. Fertility and Sterility. 2016;106(4): 897–904. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1110.
Conforti A, Mascia M, Cioffi G, et al. Air pollution and female fertility: a systematic review of literature. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2018;16: 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0433-z
Danilenko KV, Sergeeva OY, Verevkin EG. Menstrual cycles are influenced by sunshine. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2011;27: 711–716. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2010.521266.
Merklinger-Gruchala A, Jasienska G, Kapiszewska M. Effect of air pollution on menstrual cycle length-a prognostic factor of women’s reproductive health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14: 816. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14070816.
Giorgis-Allemand L, Thalabard JC, Rosetta L, et al. Can atmospheric pollutants influence menstrual cycle function? Environmental Pollution. 2019;257: 113605. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113605.
Şahin NH. Klimakteryum dönemi ve menopoz. In: Beji NK (ed.) Ebelere ve Hemşirelere Yönelik Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2015. p. 135-142.
Kronberg F, Barnard RM. Modulation of menopausal hot flashes by ambient temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology. 1992;17(1): 43–49.
Hunter MS, Gupta P, Chedraui P, et al. The international menopause study of climate, altitude, temperature and vasomotor symptoms. Climacteric. 2013;16(1): 8-16. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2012.699563.
Triebner K, Markevych I, Hustad S, et al. Residential surrounding greenspace and age at menopause : A 20-year European study. Environment International. 2019;132: 105088. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105088.
Canadian Nursing Association. The role of nurses in addressing climate change. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2008; 1-24.
World Health Organization. Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2, 2016. (20.07.2023 tarihinde http:// apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/250368/1/978924 1511131-eng. pdf?ua=1. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Referanslar
World Health Organization. Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s. 2014. (08/07/2023 tarihinde http://www. who.int/globalchange/publications/quantitative-riskassessment/en/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Crimmins AJ, Balbus JL, Gamble CB, et al. The impacts of climate change on human health in the united states: a scientific assessment. Washington, DC; 2016;332. doi:10.1007/BF00635537.
Kaddo JR. Climate change: causes, effects and solutions. A with Honors Projects, 164. 2016. (08/07/2023 tarihinde http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/164 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Olson DM, Metz GAS. Climate change is a major stressor causing poor pregnancy outcomes and child development. F1000Res; 2020;9;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1222. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.27157.1.
World Health Organization. Climate change. (08/07/2023 tarihinde https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change#tab=tab_1 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Sorensen C, Murray V, Lemery J, et al. Climate change and women’s health: Impacts and policy directions. PLoS Med; 2018;15(7): e1002603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002603
Giudice LC, Llamas-Clark EF, DeNicola N, et al. Climate change, women’s health, and the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in leadership. International Journal of Gynaecol Obstetry; 2021;155(3): 345-356. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13958
Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Environmental and nutritional diseases. In: Kumar V, Abbas AK (eds.) Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 9th ed. Elseiver; 2015. p. 403-450.
United Nations Framework. Convention on Climate Change. Climate change ımpacts human health. 2017. (08/07/2023 tarihinde https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-impacts-human-health adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Xie E, Howard C, Buchman S, et al. Acting on climate change for a healthier future: Critical role for primary care in Canada. Canadian Family Physician. 2021;67(10): 725-730.
Diouf K, Nour NM. Mosquito-borne diseases as a global health problem: ımplications for pregnancy and travel. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2017;72: 309–318.
Mian LH, Namasivayam M. Sex, rights, gender in the age of climate change. Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre For Women (Arrow). 2017;58.
Dündar T, Özsoy S. İklim değişikliğinin kadın üreme sağlığına etkileri. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi. 2020;29(3): 190-198. doi:10.17827/aktd.721528
Rylander C, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable_the mother, fetus, and newborn child. Global Heath. Action. 2013;1: 1–9.
Dönmez RÖ, Kurt Ş. İklim değişikliğinin anne ve yenidoğan sağlığı üzerine etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2023;16(1): 105-113.
Chersich MF, Pham MD, Areal A, et al. Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirths: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;371: m3811. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3811.
Lin Y, Hu W, Xu J, et al. Association between temperature and maternal stress during pregnancy. Environmental Research. 2017;158: 421–430. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.034.
Shashar S, Kloog I, Erez O, et al. Temperature and preeclampsia: epidemiological evidence that perturbation in maternal heat homeostasis affects pregnancy outcome. PLoS One. 2020;15(5): e0232877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232877
Molina O, Saldarriaga V. The perils of climate change : ın utero exposure to temperature variability and birth outcomes in the andean region the perils of climate change : ın utero exposure to temperature variability and birth outcomes in the andean region. Economics & Human Biology. 2016;24: 111-124.
Lin S, Lin Z, Ou Y, et al. Maternal ambient heat exposure during early pregnancy in summer and spring and congenital heart defects–A large US population-based, case- control study. Environment International. 2018;118: 211–221.
Zhang W, Spero TL, Nolte CG, et al. Projected changes in maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019; 1–12. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.010995.
Wang J, Williams G, Guo Y, et al. Maternal exposure to heatwave and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia. BJOG; 2013;20: 1631–1641.
Amjad S, Chojecki D, Osornio-Vargas A, et al. Wildfire exposure during pregnancy and the risk of adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review. Environment International. 2021;156: 106644. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106644
CDC. Climate change ındicators: heat waves. climate change ındicators 2021. (11.07.2023 tarihinde https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climatechange-indicators-heat-waves adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Silveira S, Kornbluh M, Withers MC, et al. Chronic mental health sequelae of climate change extremes: a case study of the deadliest Californian wildfire. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2021;18(4): 1487. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041487.
Pun VC, Dowling R, Mehta S. Ambient and household air pollution on early-life determinants of stunting-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(21): 26404–26412. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13719-7.
Lakshmanan A, Chiu YM, Coull BA, et al. Associations between prenatal traffic-related air pollution exposure and birth weight : Modi fi cation by sex and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Environmental. Research. 2015;137: 268–277. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.035.
Diouf K, Nour NM. Mosquito-borne diseases as a global health problem: Implications for pregnancy and travel. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2017;72: 309–318. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000433.
Karimova A. Dengue virus during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, 2019. (11.07.2023 tarihinde http://wwwpersonal.umich.edu/~akarimov/AlfiaKarimova_dengue_paper.pdf. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Paixão ES, Teixeira MG, Costa MCN, et al. Dengue during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2016;16: 857–65. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00088-8.
McCarthy M. Severe eye damage in infants with microcephaly is presumed to be due to Zika virus. BMJ; 2016;352. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i855
de Paula F, de Oliveira Dias J, Prazeres J, et al. Ocular findings in ınfants with microcephaly associated with presumed zika virus congenital ınfection in salvador, Brazil. Physiology & Behavior. 2017;176: 139–48. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267.
Adamson GD, Mouzon JD, Ishihara O, et al. The international committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology ( icmart ) and the world health organization (WHO) revised glossary on ART terminology, 2009. Human Reproduction. 2009;24: 2683–2687. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009.
Carré J, Gatimel N, Moreau J, et al. Does air pollution play a role in infertility ?: A systematic review. Environmental Health. 2017;16: 1–16. doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0291-8.
Vizcaíno MAC, Mireia Gonzalez-Comadran BJ. Outdoor air pollution and human infertility: a systematic review. Fertility and Sterility. 2016;106(4): 897–904. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1110.
Conforti A, Mascia M, Cioffi G, et al. Air pollution and female fertility: a systematic review of literature. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2018;16: 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0433-z
Danilenko KV, Sergeeva OY, Verevkin EG. Menstrual cycles are influenced by sunshine. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2011;27: 711–716. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2010.521266.
Merklinger-Gruchala A, Jasienska G, Kapiszewska M. Effect of air pollution on menstrual cycle length-a prognostic factor of women’s reproductive health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14: 816. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14070816.
Giorgis-Allemand L, Thalabard JC, Rosetta L, et al. Can atmospheric pollutants influence menstrual cycle function? Environmental Pollution. 2019;257: 113605. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113605.
Şahin NH. Klimakteryum dönemi ve menopoz. In: Beji NK (ed.) Ebelere ve Hemşirelere Yönelik Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2015. p. 135-142.
Kronberg F, Barnard RM. Modulation of menopausal hot flashes by ambient temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology. 1992;17(1): 43–49.
Hunter MS, Gupta P, Chedraui P, et al. The international menopause study of climate, altitude, temperature and vasomotor symptoms. Climacteric. 2013;16(1): 8-16. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2012.699563.
Triebner K, Markevych I, Hustad S, et al. Residential surrounding greenspace and age at menopause : A 20-year European study. Environment International. 2019;132: 105088. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105088.
Canadian Nursing Association. The role of nurses in addressing climate change. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2008; 1-24.
World Health Organization. Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2, 2016. (20.07.2023 tarihinde http:// apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/250368/1/978924 1511131-eng. pdf?ua=1. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
