Yaşlılıkta Sık Görülen Sorunlar (Kronik Hastalıklar) ve Yönetimi
Özet
Yaşlılık, yaşamın kaçınılmaz bir evresidir ve bu dönem, genellikle sağlıkla ilgili birçok sorunun ortaya çıktığı bir dönemdir. Yaşlanma süreci, bireylerin fiziksel ve zihinsel kapasitelerinde azalmaya yol açar ve kronik hastalıkların görülme sıklığı artar. Yaşlı bireylerde kronik hastalıklar nedeniyle yaşam kalitesi ve bakım gücü olumsuz etkilenmekte ve ölüm riski artmaktadır. Kronik hastalıkların yönetimi hastalığı tedavi etmekle birlikte hastanın öz-yönetim becerisi kazanmasını, hastalık ile yaşamayı öğrenmesi için eğitim ve öğretimin planlanmasını kapsamaktadır. Ayrıca etkili yönetim stratejileri, bu nüfusun yaşam kalitesini ve sağlık sonuçlarını iyileştirmek için gereklidir.
Aging is an inevitable phase of life, often accompanied by various health-related issues. The aging process leads to a decline in individuals' physical and mental capacities, increasing the prevalence of chronic diseases. In elderly individuals, chronic diseases adversely affect quality of life and caregiving capacity, and increase the risk of death. Managing chronic diseases involves not only treating the illness but also helping patients develop self-management skills and planning education and training for living with the disease. Additionally, effective management strategies are necessary to improve the quality of life and health outcomes for this population.
Referanslar
Bakır GK, Akın S. Yaşlılıkta kronik hastalıkların yönetimi ile ilişkili faktörler. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2019; 29 (2): 17-25.
Bollyky TJ, Templin T, Cohen M, et al. Lower-income countries that face the most rapid shift in noncommunicable disease burden are also the least prepared. Health Affairs. 2017; 36(11): 1866-1875.
Fisher B, Lewith G, Falkenberg T, et al. Fostering health creation: Community development to address long-term conditions. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2014;3(5):29-36. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.037
Califf RM. Future of personalized cardiovascular medicine: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2018; 72(25): 3301-3309.
Strianese O, Rizzo F, Ciccarelli M, et al. Precision and personalized medicine: How genomic approach ımproves the management of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. Genes. 2020; 11(7): 747.
Patel T, Ivo J, Faisal S, et al. A prospective study of usability and workload of electronic medication adherence products by older adults, caregivers, and health care providers. Journal of Medical Internet Research.2020; 22(6): e18073.
World Health Organization. "Noncommunicable Diseases." World Health Organization (WHO), 2023, https://www.who.int/home/search-results?indexCatalogue=genericsearchindex1&searchQuery=chronic%20disease&wordsMode=AnyWord.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. "Ölüm ve Ölüm Nedeni İstatistikleri." 2023, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-ve-Olum-Nedeni-Istatistikleri-2023-53709&dil=1.
Bolluk AÇ, Özçakar N. Yaşlılarda kardiyovasküler sistem hastalıklarına yaklaşım. Turkiye Klinikleri J Fam Med-Special Topics. 2019; 10: 69-75.
American Heart Association (AHA). "Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2024 Update." 2024, https://www.heart.org.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. A guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 71(19): e127-e248.
Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019; 139 (10): e56-e528. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. Correction: 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2019; 74(10): 1429-1430.
Davies, M. J., D'Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018; 41 (12): 2669-2701. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0033
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (Supplement 1), S1-S291. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-Sintroduction
Sinclair AJ, Abdelhafiz AH, Dunning T. An ınternational position statement on the management of frailty in diabetes mellitus: Summary of recommendations 2017. Journal of Frailty & Aging. 2020; 9 (1); 18-22. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2019.46
Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Grunberger G. Et al. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm—2020 executive summary. Endocrine Practice.2020; 26 (1); 107-139. https://doi.org/10.4158/CS-2019-0472
American Thoracic Society. Management of chronic respiratory diseases in older adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2023; 207 (3): 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202202-0333ST
Kalpaklıoğlu F, Baççıoğlu A. Yaşlılarda Astım. In: Ertürk A, Bahadır A, Koşar F. Yaşlılık ve Solunum Hastalıkları. TÜSAD Eğitim Kitapları Serisi. 2018; p. 153-163.
Benfante A, Scichilone N. The geriatric asthma: Pitfalls and challenges. Asthma Research Prac. 2016; 2:1-4.
Yawn BP, Han MK. Practical considerations for the diagnosis and management of asthma in older adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017; 92: 1697-1705.
Biber Ç. Yaşlılık ve KOAH. In: Ertürk A, Bahadır A, Koşar F. Yaşlılık ve Solunum Hastalıkları. TÜSAD Eğitim Kitapları Serisi; 2018. p. 165-175.
Papi A, Vestbo J, Fabbri L, et al. Extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRIBUTE): A double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2018; 391 (10125): 1076-1084.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." 2022, https://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/.
World Health Organization. "World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention." International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2022, https://www.iarc.fr/world-cancer-report.
Davis AT, Graham MM, McKinnon RA. The Impact of Comorbidities on Cancer Outcomes in the Elderly. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2021; 39 (7): 715-723. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02809
Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW. (Eds.). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020.
Ferlay, J., Colombet, M., Soerjomataram, I., et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. International Journal of Cancer.2019; 144(8), 1941-1953.
United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021; 325 (19): 1909-1917. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3774
Kenny RA, Bell PR, Scott ML. Surgical management of cancer in the elderly: Current trends and future directions. Annals of Surgical Oncology.2021; 28 (5): 1980-1989. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09412-y
Kozak LJ, Patel HS, Garcia L. Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapy in Elderly Cancer Patients. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2022; 103: 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102346
Gonzalez LS, Kim JJ, Wang S. Advances in Radiation Therapy for Elderly Cancer Patients. Journal of Geriatric Oncology.2020; 11 (3): 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2020.01.003
Cherny NI, Fallon MT, Kaasa S, et al. (Eds.) Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. Oxford university press. 2021.
Seymour JE, Gysels M, Larkin P. Psychosocial Support in Cancer Care for the Elderly. Palliative Medicine.2020; 34(5): 586-595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216320903141
Zhang Y, Jordan JM, Mcalindon T. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America.2020; 46(3): 355-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2020.06.001
Sözen T, Özışık L, Başaran NÇ. An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology. 2017; 4(1): 46-56. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
Shafiee G, Keshtkar A, Soltani A, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: A systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 2017; 16(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-017-0302-x
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LSM, et al. Prevention of low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2018; 176(2): 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9045
Pighills A, Ballinger C, Pickering R, et al. A critical review of the effectiveness of environmental assessment and modification in the prevention of falls amongst community dwelling older people. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2016; 79(3): 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022615600181
Sherrington C, Michaleff ZA, Fairhall N, et al. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020; 54(10): 671-678. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101512
Beaudart C, Dawson A, Shaw SC, et al., Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review. Osteoporosis International.2017; 28(6): 1817-1833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-3980-9
Sahni, S., Mangano, K. M., Hannan, M. T., et al. Higher protein intake is associated with higher lean mass and quadriceps muscle strength in adult men and women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2017; 145 (7): 1569-1575. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.204925
Messier SP, Mihalko SL, Legault C, et al. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018; 310 (12): 1263-1273. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.277669
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, et al. Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017; 11: CD004959. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004959 .pub4
Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society guideline update. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2019; 104 (5): 1595-1622. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00221
Moyer VA. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020; 158 (9): 691-696. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00603
Tsekoura M, Billis E, Kastrinis A, et al. The effects of group and home-based exercise programs in elderly with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2017; 6(5): 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6050048
Alzheimer's Association. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2020; 16 (3): 391-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068
Dorsey ER, Elbaz A, Nichols E, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2018; 17 (11): 939-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30295
Birks J, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018; (6); 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3.
Holden E, Stoner CR, Spector A. Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: Provision in National Health Service settings in England, Scotland and Wales. Dementia. 2021; 20(5): 1553-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301220954611
Yiannopoulou KG, Papageorgiou SG. Current and future treatments in Alzheimer disease: An update. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 2020; 12: 1179573520907397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179573520907397
Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, et al. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2018; 33(8): 1248-1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27372
Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018; 49(3): e46-e110. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000158
Bahar-Fuchs A, Martyr A, Goh AM, et al. Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019; 3 (3): CD013069. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013069.pub2
Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA. Global burden of stroke. Circulation Research. 2016; 120 (3): 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413
Boots LM, de Vugt ME, van Knippenberg RJ, et al. A systematic review of Internet‐based supportive interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.2017; 29 (4): 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4041
Fox KE, Johnson ST, Berkman LF, Sianoja M, Soh Y, Kubzansky L. D&Kelly EL. Organisational-and group-level workplace interventions and their effect on multiple domains of worker well-being: A systematic review. Work & Stress. 2022; 36, (1): 30–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2021.1969476
Aisen ML, Sevilla D, Fox N. Rehabilitation therapies. In S. T. DeKosky & H. Chui (Eds.), “Geriatric Neurology”.2018; pp. 349-366. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68315-5_23
Referanslar
Bakır GK, Akın S. Yaşlılıkta kronik hastalıkların yönetimi ile ilişkili faktörler. Sağlık ve Toplum. 2019; 29 (2): 17-25.
Bollyky TJ, Templin T, Cohen M, et al. Lower-income countries that face the most rapid shift in noncommunicable disease burden are also the least prepared. Health Affairs. 2017; 36(11): 1866-1875.
Fisher B, Lewith G, Falkenberg T, et al. Fostering health creation: Community development to address long-term conditions. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2014;3(5):29-36. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2014.037
Califf RM. Future of personalized cardiovascular medicine: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2018; 72(25): 3301-3309.
Strianese O, Rizzo F, Ciccarelli M, et al. Precision and personalized medicine: How genomic approach ımproves the management of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. Genes. 2020; 11(7): 747.
Patel T, Ivo J, Faisal S, et al. A prospective study of usability and workload of electronic medication adherence products by older adults, caregivers, and health care providers. Journal of Medical Internet Research.2020; 22(6): e18073.
World Health Organization. "Noncommunicable Diseases." World Health Organization (WHO), 2023, https://www.who.int/home/search-results?indexCatalogue=genericsearchindex1&searchQuery=chronic%20disease&wordsMode=AnyWord.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. "Ölüm ve Ölüm Nedeni İstatistikleri." 2023, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-ve-Olum-Nedeni-Istatistikleri-2023-53709&dil=1.
Bolluk AÇ, Özçakar N. Yaşlılarda kardiyovasküler sistem hastalıklarına yaklaşım. Turkiye Klinikleri J Fam Med-Special Topics. 2019; 10: 69-75.
American Heart Association (AHA). "Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2024 Update." 2024, https://www.heart.org.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. A guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018; 71(19): e127-e248.
Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019; 139 (10): e56-e528. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. Correction: 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2019; 74(10): 1429-1430.
Davies, M. J., D'Alessio, D. A., Fradkin, J., et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018; 41 (12): 2669-2701. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0033
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (Supplement 1), S1-S291. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-Sintroduction
Sinclair AJ, Abdelhafiz AH, Dunning T. An ınternational position statement on the management of frailty in diabetes mellitus: Summary of recommendations 2017. Journal of Frailty & Aging. 2020; 9 (1); 18-22. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2019.46
Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Grunberger G. Et al. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm—2020 executive summary. Endocrine Practice.2020; 26 (1); 107-139. https://doi.org/10.4158/CS-2019-0472
American Thoracic Society. Management of chronic respiratory diseases in older adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2023; 207 (3): 279-296. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202202-0333ST
Kalpaklıoğlu F, Baççıoğlu A. Yaşlılarda Astım. In: Ertürk A, Bahadır A, Koşar F. Yaşlılık ve Solunum Hastalıkları. TÜSAD Eğitim Kitapları Serisi. 2018; p. 153-163.
Benfante A, Scichilone N. The geriatric asthma: Pitfalls and challenges. Asthma Research Prac. 2016; 2:1-4.
Yawn BP, Han MK. Practical considerations for the diagnosis and management of asthma in older adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017; 92: 1697-1705.
Biber Ç. Yaşlılık ve KOAH. In: Ertürk A, Bahadır A, Koşar F. Yaşlılık ve Solunum Hastalıkları. TÜSAD Eğitim Kitapları Serisi; 2018. p. 165-175.
Papi A, Vestbo J, Fabbri L, et al. Extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRIBUTE): A double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2018; 391 (10125): 1076-1084.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." 2022, https://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/.
World Health Organization. "World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention." International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2022, https://www.iarc.fr/world-cancer-report.
Davis AT, Graham MM, McKinnon RA. The Impact of Comorbidities on Cancer Outcomes in the Elderly. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2021; 39 (7): 715-723. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02809
Wild CP, Weiderpass E, Stewart BW. (Eds.). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2020.
Ferlay, J., Colombet, M., Soerjomataram, I., et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. International Journal of Cancer.2019; 144(8), 1941-1953.
United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021; 325 (19): 1909-1917. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3774
Kenny RA, Bell PR, Scott ML. Surgical management of cancer in the elderly: Current trends and future directions. Annals of Surgical Oncology.2021; 28 (5): 1980-1989. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09412-y
Kozak LJ, Patel HS, Garcia L. Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapy in Elderly Cancer Patients. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2022; 103: 102346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102346
Gonzalez LS, Kim JJ, Wang S. Advances in Radiation Therapy for Elderly Cancer Patients. Journal of Geriatric Oncology.2020; 11 (3): 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2020.01.003
Cherny NI, Fallon MT, Kaasa S, et al. (Eds.) Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. Oxford university press. 2021.
Seymour JE, Gysels M, Larkin P. Psychosocial Support in Cancer Care for the Elderly. Palliative Medicine.2020; 34(5): 586-595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216320903141
Zhang Y, Jordan JM, Mcalindon T. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America.2020; 46(3): 355-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2020.06.001
Sözen T, Özışık L, Başaran NÇ. An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology. 2017; 4(1): 46-56. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
Shafiee G, Keshtkar A, Soltani A, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: A systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. 2017; 16(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-017-0302-x
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LSM, et al. Prevention of low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2018; 176(2): 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9045
Pighills A, Ballinger C, Pickering R, et al. A critical review of the effectiveness of environmental assessment and modification in the prevention of falls amongst community dwelling older people. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2016; 79(3): 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022615600181
Sherrington C, Michaleff ZA, Fairhall N, et al. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020; 54(10): 671-678. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101512
Beaudart C, Dawson A, Shaw SC, et al., Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review. Osteoporosis International.2017; 28(6): 1817-1833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-3980-9
Sahni, S., Mangano, K. M., Hannan, M. T., et al. Higher protein intake is associated with higher lean mass and quadriceps muscle strength in adult men and women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2017; 145 (7): 1569-1575. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.204925
Messier SP, Mihalko SL, Legault C, et al. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018; 310 (12): 1263-1273. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.277669
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, et al. Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017; 11: CD004959. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004959 .pub4
Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, et al. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society guideline update. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2019; 104 (5): 1595-1622. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00221
Moyer VA. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020; 158 (9): 691-696. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00603
Tsekoura M, Billis E, Kastrinis A, et al. The effects of group and home-based exercise programs in elderly with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2017; 6(5): 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6050048
Alzheimer's Association. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2020; 16 (3): 391-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068
Dorsey ER, Elbaz A, Nichols E, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology. 2018; 17 (11): 939-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30295
Birks J, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018; (6); 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001190.pub3.
Holden E, Stoner CR, Spector A. Cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: Provision in National Health Service settings in England, Scotland and Wales. Dementia. 2021; 20(5): 1553-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301220954611
Yiannopoulou KG, Papageorgiou SG. Current and future treatments in Alzheimer disease: An update. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 2020; 12: 1179573520907397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179573520907397
Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, et al. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. 2018; 33(8): 1248-1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27372
Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018; 49(3): e46-e110. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000158
Bahar-Fuchs A, Martyr A, Goh AM, et al. Cognitive training for people with mild to moderate dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019; 3 (3): CD013069. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013069.pub2
Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA. Global burden of stroke. Circulation Research. 2016; 120 (3): 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413
Boots LM, de Vugt ME, van Knippenberg RJ, et al. A systematic review of Internet‐based supportive interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.2017; 29 (4): 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4041
Fox KE, Johnson ST, Berkman LF, Sianoja M, Soh Y, Kubzansky L. D&Kelly EL. Organisational-and group-level workplace interventions and their effect on multiple domains of worker well-being: A systematic review. Work & Stress. 2022; 36, (1): 30–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2021.1969476
Aisen ML, Sevilla D, Fox N. Rehabilitation therapies. In S. T. DeKosky & H. Chui (Eds.), “Geriatric Neurology”.2018; pp. 349-366. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68315-5_23
