Oral Kandidiyazis ve Diğer Fungal Hastalıklar
Özet
Oral mikrobiyom bakteriler, arkeler, mantarlar, protozoalar ve virüslerden oluşmaktadır. Genellikle kişiye özel olarak şekillenir ve genetik faktörler, beslenme, çevresel faktörler gibi bir çok parametreden etkilenir. Mantarlar, oral mikrobiyomda risk faktörlerinin varlığına ve yaşa göre değişken olarak yer alırlar. En sık yer alan matarlar Candida türleridir. Candidalar ağız içinde aşırı çoğaldığında, pseudomembranöz kandidiyazis en sık olmak üzere, eritematöz kandidiyazis, angular keilit, kronik hiperplastik kandidiyazis, kronik mukokutanöz kandidiyazis, median rhomboid glossit klinik tablolarına yol açar. Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Zygomycetes türleri gibi diğer funguslar ağız mokozasında nadiren infeksiyon etkeni olurlar. Genellikle bağışıklığı baskılanmış hastalar bu infeksiyonlar için risk grubunu oluştururlar. Bu yazıda, oral mukozada mantarların etken olduğu tüm klinik tablolar derlenmiştir.
The oral microbiome consists of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses. It is usually shaped individually and is affected by many parameters such as genetic factors, nutrition and environmental factors. Fungi are present in the oral microbiome variably depending on the presence of risk factors and age. The most common fungi are Candida species. When Candida overgrows in the mouth, it causes the clinical conditions of pseudomembranous candidiasis, most commonly erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and median rhomboid glossitis. Other fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Zygomycetes species rarely cause infection in the oral mucosa. Generally, immunocompromised patients are the risk group for these infections. In this article, all clinical conditions caused by fungi in the oral mucosa are discussed.
Referanslar
Samaranayake L, Matsubara VH. Normal oral flora and the oral ecosystem. Denth Clin North Am 2017;61(2):199-215. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.002.
Özdemir Ş, Bilen H. Oral kandidiyazis ve diğer fungal hastalıklar. Turkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol-Special Topics 2015;8(4):35-38.
Woods TR, White J, Koutlas I. Fungal lesions of the oral mucosa diagnosis and management. Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 2023;35 (2):271–28. doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.004.
Genç EG, Özel S, Erturan Z. Sağlıklı kişilerde oral Candida kolonizasyonu sıklığının araştırılması. ANKEM Derg 2014;28(1):26-31. doi:10.5222/ankem.2014.026.
Millsop JW, Fazel N. Oral candidiazis. Clinics in Dermatology 2016;34:487-94.
Çerikçioğlu N. Candida Türleri. Topçu AW, Söyletir G, Doğanay M(ed). Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi, 4 baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2017: 2115-2129.
Tahmasebi E, Keshvad A, Alam M et al. Current infections of the orofacial region: treatment, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Life 2023;13(2):269.doi.org/10.3390/life13020269.
Rai A, Misra SR, Panda S et al. Nystatin effectiveness in orak candidiasis treatment:a systematic review & meta-analysis of clinical trials. Life 2022; 12(11):1677 10.3390/life12111677.
Samaranayake LP, Leung WK, Jın L. Oral mucosal fungal infections. Periodontology 2000 2009;49(1):39-59.
Vazquez JA. Role of posaconazole in the management of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007;3(4):533-542.
Bandara HMHN, Samaranayake LP. Viral, bacterial and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management. Periodontology 2000 2019;80:148-176.
Bose D, Brizuela M. Fungal infections of the oral mucosa. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. Bookshelf ID: NBK585050.
Vučićević Boras V, Jurlina M, Brailo V et al. Oral Mucormycosis and Aspergillosis in the Patient with Acute Leukemia.Acta Stomatol Croat 2019;53(3):274-77.
Fiema M, Wlodarczyk A, Wojkowska-Mach J, Garlicki J, Gregorczyk-Maga I. Atypical Presentation of Aspergillus niger Infection in the Oral Cavity as a Prediction of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a Patient with COVID-19: Case Report and Literature Review. Microorganisms 2022;10(8):1630.doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081630.
Folk GA, Nelson BL. Oral histoplasmosis. Head Neck Pathol 2017;11(4):513-516.
Momesso GAC,Polo TOB, Lima VN et al. Oral histoplasmosis. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2017;29(3):394-396.
Tomo S, Silva RL, Miyahara GI, Stefanini AR, Simonato LE. Diagnosis and ttreatment of primary paracoccidiomycosis in oral mucosa. Dermatologic Therapy 2020;33:13314. doi.org/10.1111/dth.13314.
Reyes AJ, Ramcharan K, Aboh S, Giddings SL. Primary oral cryptococcosis in an HIV-positive women with supressed viral load and normal CD4 cout:a rare case. BMJ Case Report 2021;14(6): e242633. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242633.
Singh A, Atallah S, Al-Shyoukh A, DaCunha M, Mizusawa M. Localized Talaromyces marneffei infection presenting as a tonsillar mass mimicking malignancy. IDCases 2020;21:e00824. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00824.
Referanslar
Samaranayake L, Matsubara VH. Normal oral flora and the oral ecosystem. Denth Clin North Am 2017;61(2):199-215. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.002.
Özdemir Ş, Bilen H. Oral kandidiyazis ve diğer fungal hastalıklar. Turkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol-Special Topics 2015;8(4):35-38.
Woods TR, White J, Koutlas I. Fungal lesions of the oral mucosa diagnosis and management. Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 2023;35 (2):271–28. doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.004.
Genç EG, Özel S, Erturan Z. Sağlıklı kişilerde oral Candida kolonizasyonu sıklığının araştırılması. ANKEM Derg 2014;28(1):26-31. doi:10.5222/ankem.2014.026.
Millsop JW, Fazel N. Oral candidiazis. Clinics in Dermatology 2016;34:487-94.
Çerikçioğlu N. Candida Türleri. Topçu AW, Söyletir G, Doğanay M(ed). Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi, 4 baskı, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2017: 2115-2129.
Tahmasebi E, Keshvad A, Alam M et al. Current infections of the orofacial region: treatment, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Life 2023;13(2):269.doi.org/10.3390/life13020269.
Rai A, Misra SR, Panda S et al. Nystatin effectiveness in orak candidiasis treatment:a systematic review & meta-analysis of clinical trials. Life 2022; 12(11):1677 10.3390/life12111677.
Samaranayake LP, Leung WK, Jın L. Oral mucosal fungal infections. Periodontology 2000 2009;49(1):39-59.
Vazquez JA. Role of posaconazole in the management of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007;3(4):533-542.
Bandara HMHN, Samaranayake LP. Viral, bacterial and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management. Periodontology 2000 2019;80:148-176.
Bose D, Brizuela M. Fungal infections of the oral mucosa. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. Bookshelf ID: NBK585050.
Vučićević Boras V, Jurlina M, Brailo V et al. Oral Mucormycosis and Aspergillosis in the Patient with Acute Leukemia.Acta Stomatol Croat 2019;53(3):274-77.
Fiema M, Wlodarczyk A, Wojkowska-Mach J, Garlicki J, Gregorczyk-Maga I. Atypical Presentation of Aspergillus niger Infection in the Oral Cavity as a Prediction of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a Patient with COVID-19: Case Report and Literature Review. Microorganisms 2022;10(8):1630.doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081630.
Folk GA, Nelson BL. Oral histoplasmosis. Head Neck Pathol 2017;11(4):513-516.
Momesso GAC,Polo TOB, Lima VN et al. Oral histoplasmosis. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2017;29(3):394-396.
Tomo S, Silva RL, Miyahara GI, Stefanini AR, Simonato LE. Diagnosis and ttreatment of primary paracoccidiomycosis in oral mucosa. Dermatologic Therapy 2020;33:13314. doi.org/10.1111/dth.13314.
Reyes AJ, Ramcharan K, Aboh S, Giddings SL. Primary oral cryptococcosis in an HIV-positive women with supressed viral load and normal CD4 cout:a rare case. BMJ Case Report 2021;14(6): e242633. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242633.
Singh A, Atallah S, Al-Shyoukh A, DaCunha M, Mizusawa M. Localized Talaromyces marneffei infection presenting as a tonsillar mass mimicking malignancy. IDCases 2020;21:e00824. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00824.
