Oral Mukozanın Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonları
Özet
Ağız boşluğunun mikrobiyal florası oldukça çeşitlidir. İnsanların yaşam tarzlarındaki farklılıklara ek olarak, diyet, sigara içme alışkanlıkları, bağışıklık sistemini baskılayan durumlar ve mesleki maruziyetler florayı etkileyerek oral mukozada enfeksiyona yatkınlık oluşturur. Bazı bakteriyel, viral ve fungal ajanlar orofasiyal bölgedeki cildi ve mukoza zarlarını etkileyebilir. Bu faktörler doğal bariyerleri aşabilir ve çeşitli derecelerde lezyonlara neden olabilir. Oral mukozada gelişen enfeksiyonlar genelde bakteriyel etyolojiye bağlı olmakla birlikte odontojenik enfeksiyonlar veya sistemik enfeksiyon hastalıklarının oral tutulumları şeklinde de görülebilir. Bu enfeksiyonlar ayrıca yakındaki dokulara yayılabilir ve sistemik enfeksiyonlara dönüşebilir. Bu nedenle, klinisyenlerin oral mukozanın bakteriyel enfeksiyonlarının klinik bulguları konusunda dikkatli olmaları, şüpheli hastaları mümkün olan en kısa sürede teşhis etmeleri ve tedaviye erken aşamada başlamaları gerekir. Bu çalışma, oral mukozanın sık görülen bakteriyel enfeksiyonlarının etiyolojisini, klinik, tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerini gözden geçirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
The microbial flora of the oral cavity is quite diverse. In addition, differences in people's lifestyles, diet, smoking habits, immunosuppressive conditions, and occupational exposures affect the flora, creating a predisposition to infection in the oral mucosa. Some bacterial, viral, and fungal agents can affect the skin and mucosal membranes in the orofacial region. These factors can overcome natural barriers and cause lesions of varying degrees. Infections developing in the oral mucosa are generally due to bacterial etiology, but can also be seen as odontogenic infections or oral involvements of systemic infectious diseases. These infections can also spread to nearby tissues and develop into systemic infections. Therefore, clinicians need to be careful about the clinical findings of bacterial infections of the oral mucosa, diagnose suspected patients as soon as possible, and start treatment at an early stage. This study aims to review the etiology, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment methods of common bacterial infections of the oral mucosa.
Referanslar
Tahmasebi E, Keshvad A, Alam M, et al. Current Infections of the Orofacial Region : Treatment , Diagnosis , and Epidemiology. Life; 2023;13(2): 169.
Hoerter JE, Malkin BD. Odontogenic Orofacial Space Infections. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Minhas S, Sajjad A, Kashif M, et al. Oral Ulcers Presentation in Systemic Diseases: An Update. Open Access Maced J Med Sci; 2019;7(19): 3341-47.
Saini M, Brizuela M. Bacterial Infections of the Oral Mucosa. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Dani S, Prabhu A, Chaitra KR, et al. Assessment of Streptococcus mutans in healthy versus gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: A clinico-microbiological study. Contemp Clin Dent; 2016;7(4): 529–34.
Irani S. Orofacial Bacterial Infectious Diseases: An Update. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent; 2017;7(2): 61-67.
Groeger SE, Meyle J. Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection. Periodontol 2000; 2015;69(1): 46–67.
Jain P, Jain I. Oral Manifestations of Tuberculosis: Step towards Early Diagnosis. J Clin Diagn Res; 2014;8(12): ZE18-21.
Stahlman S, Williams VF, Oh GT, Millar EV, Bennett JW. Skin and soft tissue infections, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013-2016. MSMR; 2017;24(7): 2-11.
Santosh ABR, Reddy BVR. Oral Mucosal Infections: Insights into Specimen Collection and Medication Management. Dent Clin North Am; 2017;61(2): 283–304.
Gopalakrishnan U, Murthy RT, Felicita AS, et al. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment. Int. Dent. J; 2023;73(2): 274-9.
Coll PP, Lindsay A, Meng J, et al. The Prevention of Infections in Older Adults: Oral Health. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc; 2020;68(2): 411–6.
Irani S. Oral health and related factors: An update. J Int Oral Health; 2016;8(2): 1140–4.
Shyam R, Manjunath BC, Kumar A, et al. Assessment of dental caries spectrum among 11 to 14-year-old school going children in India. J Clin Diagn Res; 2017;11(6): ZC78–81.
Ramalho KM, de Souza LM, Tortamano IP, et al. A randomized placebo-blind study of the effect of low power laser on pain caused by irreversible pulpitis. Lasers Med Sci; 2016;31(9): 1899–905.
Simón-Soro A, Mira A. Solving the etiology of dental caries. Trends Microbiol; 2015;23(2): 76–82.
Gupta S, Jain PK, Kumra M, et al. Bacterial viability within dental calculus: An untrodden, inquisitive clinico-patho-microbiological research. J Clin Diagn Res; 2016;10(7): ZC71–5.
Chen H, Peng S, Dai L, et al. Oral microbial community assembly under the influence of periodontitis. PLoS One; 2017;12(8): e0182259.
Neville BD, Allen C, Chi A. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 4th ed. China: Elsevier; 2016.
Santosh P. Impacted mandibular third molars: Review of literature and a proposal of a combined clinical and radiological classification. Ann Med Health Sci Res; 2015;5(4): 229–34.
Jakovljevic A, Andric M, Knezevic A, et al. Herpesviral-bacterial co-infection in mandibular third molar pericoronitis. Clin Oral Investig; 2017;21(5): 1639–46.
Smeets R, Henningsen A, Jung O, et al. Definition, etiology, prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis – A review. Head Face Med; 2014;10: 34.
Konstantinidis IK, Kotsakis GA, Gerdes S, Walter MH. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases. Eur J Oral Implantol; 2015;8(1): 75–88.
Schwarz F, Becker K, Sahm N, et al. The prevalence of peri-implant diseases for two-piece implants with an internal tube-in-tube connection: A cross-sectional analysis of 512 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res; 2017;28(1): 24–8.
Poli PP, Beretta M, Grossi GB, Maiorana C. Risk indicators related to peri-implant disease: An observational retrospective cohort study. J Periodontal Implant Sci; 2016;46(4): 266–76.
Poli PP, Cicciu M, Beretta M, Maiorana C. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: A Current understanding of their diagnosis, clinical implications, and a report of treatment using a combined therapy approach. J Oral Implantol; 2017;43(1): 45–50.
De Waal YC, Eijsbouts HV, Winkel EG, van Winkelhoff AJ. Microbial characteristics of peri-implantitis: A Case-control study. J Periodontol; 2017;88(2): 209–17.
Cabido LF, Romañach MJ. Bacterial Lesions of the Oral Mucosa. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am; 2023;35(2): 159-173.
Akyol D, Işıkgöz Taşbakan M, Taşbakan MS, et al. Difficult Diagnosis Easy Treatment: Actinomycosis. Flora; 2016;21(4): 169–75.
Sharma S, Bajpai J, Pathak PK, et al. Oral tuberculosis - Current concepts. J Family Med Prim Care; 2019;8(4): 1308-12.
Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, Clark AN. Ulcerated Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical and Histologic Review. Head Neck Pathol; 2019;13(1): 91-102.
Thums MA, Koth VS, de Figueiredo M, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Oral manifestations of syphilis: an epidemiological study in southern Brazil. Aust Dent J; 2021;66(3): 289-94.
Mortazavi H, Safi Y, Baharvand M, Rahmani S. Diagnostic Features of Common Oral Ulcerative Lesions: An Updated Decision Tree. Int J Dent; 2016;2016: 7278925.
de Andrade RS, de Freitas EM, Rocha BA, et al. Oral findings in secondary syphilis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal; 2018;23(2): e138-e143.
Karakuzu A, Özçelik S. Oral Mukozanın Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol-Special Topics; 2015;8(4): 29-34.
Tudor ME, Al Aboud AM, Leslie SW, Gossman W. Syphilis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing: 2023.
Nissanka-Jayasuriya EH, Odell EW, Phillips C. Dental Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis: A Historic Review With Present Day Relevance. Head Neck Pathol; 2016;10(3): 327-31.
Springer C, Salen P. Gonorrhea Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Unemo M. Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea - the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge. BMC Infect Dis; 2015;15: 364.
Pardo S, Perera TB. Scarlet Fever. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Barnett TC, Bowen AC, Carapetis JR. The fall and rise of Group A Streptococcus diseases. Epidemiol Infect; 2018;147: e4.
Zhang Q, Liu W, Ma W, et al. Impact of meteorological factors on scarlet fever in Jiangsu province, China. Public Health; 2018;161: 59-66.
Referanslar
Tahmasebi E, Keshvad A, Alam M, et al. Current Infections of the Orofacial Region : Treatment , Diagnosis , and Epidemiology. Life; 2023;13(2): 169.
Hoerter JE, Malkin BD. Odontogenic Orofacial Space Infections. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Minhas S, Sajjad A, Kashif M, et al. Oral Ulcers Presentation in Systemic Diseases: An Update. Open Access Maced J Med Sci; 2019;7(19): 3341-47.
Saini M, Brizuela M. Bacterial Infections of the Oral Mucosa. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Dani S, Prabhu A, Chaitra KR, et al. Assessment of Streptococcus mutans in healthy versus gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: A clinico-microbiological study. Contemp Clin Dent; 2016;7(4): 529–34.
Irani S. Orofacial Bacterial Infectious Diseases: An Update. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent; 2017;7(2): 61-67.
Groeger SE, Meyle J. Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection. Periodontol 2000; 2015;69(1): 46–67.
Jain P, Jain I. Oral Manifestations of Tuberculosis: Step towards Early Diagnosis. J Clin Diagn Res; 2014;8(12): ZE18-21.
Stahlman S, Williams VF, Oh GT, Millar EV, Bennett JW. Skin and soft tissue infections, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2013-2016. MSMR; 2017;24(7): 2-11.
Santosh ABR, Reddy BVR. Oral Mucosal Infections: Insights into Specimen Collection and Medication Management. Dent Clin North Am; 2017;61(2): 283–304.
Gopalakrishnan U, Murthy RT, Felicita AS, et al. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment. Int. Dent. J; 2023;73(2): 274-9.
Coll PP, Lindsay A, Meng J, et al. The Prevention of Infections in Older Adults: Oral Health. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc; 2020;68(2): 411–6.
Irani S. Oral health and related factors: An update. J Int Oral Health; 2016;8(2): 1140–4.
Shyam R, Manjunath BC, Kumar A, et al. Assessment of dental caries spectrum among 11 to 14-year-old school going children in India. J Clin Diagn Res; 2017;11(6): ZC78–81.
Ramalho KM, de Souza LM, Tortamano IP, et al. A randomized placebo-blind study of the effect of low power laser on pain caused by irreversible pulpitis. Lasers Med Sci; 2016;31(9): 1899–905.
Simón-Soro A, Mira A. Solving the etiology of dental caries. Trends Microbiol; 2015;23(2): 76–82.
Gupta S, Jain PK, Kumra M, et al. Bacterial viability within dental calculus: An untrodden, inquisitive clinico-patho-microbiological research. J Clin Diagn Res; 2016;10(7): ZC71–5.
Chen H, Peng S, Dai L, et al. Oral microbial community assembly under the influence of periodontitis. PLoS One; 2017;12(8): e0182259.
Neville BD, Allen C, Chi A. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 4th ed. China: Elsevier; 2016.
Santosh P. Impacted mandibular third molars: Review of literature and a proposal of a combined clinical and radiological classification. Ann Med Health Sci Res; 2015;5(4): 229–34.
Jakovljevic A, Andric M, Knezevic A, et al. Herpesviral-bacterial co-infection in mandibular third molar pericoronitis. Clin Oral Investig; 2017;21(5): 1639–46.
Smeets R, Henningsen A, Jung O, et al. Definition, etiology, prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis – A review. Head Face Med; 2014;10: 34.
Konstantinidis IK, Kotsakis GA, Gerdes S, Walter MH. Cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk indicators of peri-implant diseases. Eur J Oral Implantol; 2015;8(1): 75–88.
Schwarz F, Becker K, Sahm N, et al. The prevalence of peri-implant diseases for two-piece implants with an internal tube-in-tube connection: A cross-sectional analysis of 512 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res; 2017;28(1): 24–8.
Poli PP, Beretta M, Grossi GB, Maiorana C. Risk indicators related to peri-implant disease: An observational retrospective cohort study. J Periodontal Implant Sci; 2016;46(4): 266–76.
Poli PP, Cicciu M, Beretta M, Maiorana C. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: A Current understanding of their diagnosis, clinical implications, and a report of treatment using a combined therapy approach. J Oral Implantol; 2017;43(1): 45–50.
De Waal YC, Eijsbouts HV, Winkel EG, van Winkelhoff AJ. Microbial characteristics of peri-implantitis: A Case-control study. J Periodontol; 2017;88(2): 209–17.
Cabido LF, Romañach MJ. Bacterial Lesions of the Oral Mucosa. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am; 2023;35(2): 159-173.
Akyol D, Işıkgöz Taşbakan M, Taşbakan MS, et al. Difficult Diagnosis Easy Treatment: Actinomycosis. Flora; 2016;21(4): 169–75.
Sharma S, Bajpai J, Pathak PK, et al. Oral tuberculosis - Current concepts. J Family Med Prim Care; 2019;8(4): 1308-12.
Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, Clark AN. Ulcerated Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical and Histologic Review. Head Neck Pathol; 2019;13(1): 91-102.
Thums MA, Koth VS, de Figueiredo M, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Oral manifestations of syphilis: an epidemiological study in southern Brazil. Aust Dent J; 2021;66(3): 289-94.
Mortazavi H, Safi Y, Baharvand M, Rahmani S. Diagnostic Features of Common Oral Ulcerative Lesions: An Updated Decision Tree. Int J Dent; 2016;2016: 7278925.
de Andrade RS, de Freitas EM, Rocha BA, et al. Oral findings in secondary syphilis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal; 2018;23(2): e138-e143.
Karakuzu A, Özçelik S. Oral Mukozanın Bakteriyel Enfeksiyonları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol-Special Topics; 2015;8(4): 29-34.
Tudor ME, Al Aboud AM, Leslie SW, Gossman W. Syphilis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing: 2023.
Nissanka-Jayasuriya EH, Odell EW, Phillips C. Dental Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis: A Historic Review With Present Day Relevance. Head Neck Pathol; 2016;10(3): 327-31.
Springer C, Salen P. Gonorrhea Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Unemo M. Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea - the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge. BMC Infect Dis; 2015;15: 364.
Pardo S, Perera TB. Scarlet Fever. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Barnett TC, Bowen AC, Carapetis JR. The fall and rise of Group A Streptococcus diseases. Epidemiol Infect; 2018;147: e4.
Zhang Q, Liu W, Ma W, et al. Impact of meteorological factors on scarlet fever in Jiangsu province, China. Public Health; 2018;161: 59-66.
