Oral Kavitenin Sık Görülen Benign Durumları
Özet
Fordyce granülleri veya ektopik yağ bezleri, ağızda bulunan en yaygın yapısal anomalidir. Fordyce granülleri normal bir anatomik varyant olduğundan herhangi bir tedavi gerekliliği yoktur. Coğrafik dil, dilde tekrarlama eğilimi gösteren benign inflamatuar bir durumdur. Rutin oral mukoza muayenesinde tesadüfi bir bulgu olarak fark edilir. Genellikle herhangi bir tedavi gerektirmez, semptom tarif eden hastalara tedavi verilebilir. Dilin dorsal yüzeyinde çok sayıda küçük oluk veya fissürlerin görüldüğü skrotal dil benign bir lezyondur. Etkili bir tedavisi yoktur ancak fırçalama ve ağız hijyeni önerilmektedir. Santral papiller atrofi, dorsal dilin orta hattında, sirkumvallat papillaların anteriorunda değişken semptomatik, iyi sınırlı, rhomboid veya oval şekilli eritem ve atrofik alan olarak görülür. Kandidiyazisin bir komplikasyonu olarak değerlendirilse de günümüzde filiform papillaların kaybından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Siyah kıllı dil, dorsal dili etkileyen, koyu renkli, filiform papillalar ile karakterize, iyi huylu, edinsel bir durumdur. Etiyolojisinde kötü ağız hijyeni, ağız kuruluğu, antibiyotikler, immunsupresif ilaçlar, sistemik hastalıklar, radyasyon tedavisi, peroksidaz içeren gargaraların aşırı kullanımı ve kandidiyazis yer almaktadır. Tedavisinde, predispozan faktörlerin azaltılması ve ağız hijyeni yer almaktadır.
Fordyce granules or ectopic sebaceous glands are the most common structural abnormality found in the mouth. Since Fordyce granules are a normal anatomical variant, there is no need for treatment. Geographic tongue is a benign inflammatory condition that tends to recur in the tongue. It is noticed as an incidental finding during routine oral mucosal examination. It does not require any treatment, patients who describe symptoms can be treated. Scrotal tongue is a benign lesion with small grooves or fissures on the dorsal surface of the tongue. There is no effective treatment, but brushing and oral hygiene are recommended. Central papillary atrophy appears as a variably symptomatic, well-circumscribed, rhomboid or oval-shaped area of erythema and atrophic area in the midline of the dorsal tongue, anterior to the circumvallate papillae. Although it is considered a complication of candidiasis, it is now thought to be caused by the loss of filiform papillae. Black hairy tongue is a benign, acquired condition characterized by dark, filiform papillae that affects the dorsal tongue. Its etiology includes poor oral hygiene, dry mouth, antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, systemic diseases, radiation therapy, excessive use of mouthwashes containing peroxidase, and candidiasis. Treatment includes reducing predisposing factors and oral hygiene.
Referanslar
Jessri M, McNamara KK, Treister N. Oral Diseases In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L (eds) Dermatology. 5th ed. Poland: Elsevier; 2024. p. 1232-1254.e6
Madani FM, Kuperstein AS. Normal variations of oral anatomy and common oral soft tissue lesions: evaluation and management. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(6):1281-98.
Fordyce J. A peculiar affection of the mucous membrane of the lip and oral cavity. J Cutan Genito-Urin Dis 1896;14:413–9.
Vigarios E, de Bataille C, Boulanger M, Fricain JC, Sibaud V. Variations physiologiques de la langue [Normal variations in lingual soft tissue]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2015;142(10):583-92; quiz 581-2, 593-4.
Daley TD. Pathology of intraoral sebaceous glands. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22:241–245.
Akintoye SO, Mupparapu M. Clinical Evaluation and Anatomic Variation of the Oral Cavity. Dermatol Clin. 2020;38(4):399-411.
Gorsky M, Buchner A, Fundoianu-Dayan D, et al. Fordyce’s granules in the oral mucosa of adult Israeli Jews. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1986;14(4): 231–2.
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, et al. Oral & maxillofacial pathology. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 677–9.
Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS 3rd. Diseases of the tongue. Clin Dermatol. 2016;34(4):458-69.
Halperin V, Kolas S, Jefferis KR, et al. The occurrence of Fordyce spots, benign migratory glossitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and fissured tongue in 2,478 dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1953;6:1072-1077.
Meskin LH, Redman RS, Gorlin RJ. Incidence of geographic tongue among 3,668 students at the University of Minnesota. J Dent Res. 1963;42:895.
Redman RS. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, and hairy tongue among 3,611 Minnesota schoolchildren. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970;30:390-395.
AssimakopoulosD, PatrikakosG, Fotika C, et al. Benignmigratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmatic oral lesion. Am J Med. 2002;113:751-755.
Daneshpazhooh M, Moslehi H, AkhyaniM, et al. Tongue lesions in psoriasis: a controlled study. BMC Dermatol. 2004;4:16.
Bruce AJ, Rogers III RS. Oral psoriasis. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21: 99-104.
Dreyer LN, Brown GC. Oralmanifestations of psoriasis. Clinical presentation and management. N Y State Dent J. 2012;78:14-18.
Weathers DR, Baker G, Archard HO, et al. Psoriasiform lesions of the oral mucosa (with emphasis on "ectopic geographic tongue"). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;37:872-888.
Ishibashi M, Tojo G, Watanabe M, et al. Geographic tongue treated with topical tacrolimus. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2010;4:57-59.
Abe M, Sogabe Y, Syuto T, et al. Successful treatment with cyclosporin administration for persistent benign migratory glossitis. J Dermatol. 2007;34:340-343.
Bakshi SS. Fissured tongue. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019;86(11):714.
Liu R, Yu S. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a review of seven patients. J Clin Neurosci 2013;20(7):993–5.
Dar-Odeh NS, Hayajneh WA, Abu-Hammad OA, et al. Orofacial findings in chronic granulomatous disease: report of twelve patients and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes 2010;3(1):37.
Eidelman E, Chosack A, Cohen T. Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: poly- genic and associated traits. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;42(5):591–6.
Stein SL, Mancini AJ. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome in childhood: successful management with combination steroid and minocycline therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:746–8.
Alioglu Z, Caylan R, Adanir M, et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: report of three cases. Neurol Sci 2000;21(1):57–60.
Nakane T, Hatakeyama K, Nakamura K, et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome with isolated immunoglobulin E hypogammaglobulinaemia. J Int Med Res 2007; 35(6):922–5.
Germi L, De Giorgi V, Bergamo F, et al. Psoriasis and oral lesions: mul- ticentric study of Oral Mucosa Diseases Italian Group (GIPMO). Dermatol Online J. 2012;18:11.
Greene RM, Rogers III RS. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a review of 36 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:1263-1270.
Daneshpazhooh M, Nazemi TM, Bigdeloo L, et al. Mucocutaneous find- ings in 100 children with Down syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24: 317-320.
Mukamal LV, Ferreira AF, Jacques Cde M, et al. Cowden syndrome: re- view and report of a case of late diagnosis. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51: 1494-1499.
Du ZF, Xu CM, Zhao Y, et al. Two novel de novo mutations of KRT6 A and KRT16 genes in two Chinese pachyonychia congenita pedigrees with fissured tongue or diffuse plantar keratoderma. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22:476-480.
Yarom N, Cantony U, Gorsky M. Prevalence of fissured tongue, geo- graphic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis among Israeli adults of different ethnic origins. Dermatology. 2004;209:88-94.
Jarvinen J, Mikkonen JJ, Kullaa AM. Fissured tongue: a sign of tongue edema? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82:709-712.
D’Erme AM, Agnoletti AF, Prignano F. Fissured tongue responding to biologics during the treatment of psoriasis: the importance of detecting oral involvement of psoriasis. Dermatol Ther 2013;26(4):364–6.
Ogus HD, Bennett MH:Carcinoma of the dorsum of the tongue: a rarity or misdiagnosis.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1978,16:115-24.
Sivapathasundharam B: Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology . Elsevier, New Delhi; 2020.
Soysa NS, Ellepola AN: The impact of cigarette/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview.Oral Dis. 2005, 11:268-73.
John HA, Ahuja K, Dakhale R, Heda K, Sedani S. Median Rhomboid Glossitis: A Developmental Disorder Involving the Central Part of the Tongue. Cureus. 2023, 16;15(11):e48908.
Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. Black and Brown: Non-neoplastic Pigmentation of the Oral Mucosa. Head Neck Pathol. 2019;13(1):47-55.
Nally F. Diseases of the tongue. Practitioner. 1991;235(1498):65-71.
Avcu N, Kanli A. The prevalence of tongue lesions in 5150 Turkish dental outpatients. Oral Dis. 2003;9(4):188–95.
Shulman JD, Beach MM, Rivera-Hidalgo F. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in U.S. adults: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(9):1279–86.
Kullaa-Mikkonen A, Mikkonen M, Kotilainen R. Prevalence of different morphologic forms of the human tongue in young Finns. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1982;53(2):152–6.
Motallebnejad M, Babaee N, Sakhdari S, Tavasoli M. An epidemi- ologic study of tongue lesions in 1901 Iranian dental outpatients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008;9(7):73–80.
Luigi G. Clinical statistical study on the incidence of fissured tongue, geographic tongue, black tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, tonguetie and torus palatinus in 3274 patients with stomatologic patients. Rass Int Stomatol Prat. 1968;19(4):261-8.
Jhaj R, Gour PR, Asati DP. Black hairy tongue with a fixed dose combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016;48(3):318–20.
Cheshire WP. Unilateral black hairy tongue in trigeminal neuralgia. Headache. 2004;44(9):908–10.Heymann WR. Psychotropic agent-induced black hairy tongue. Cutis. 2000;66(1):25–6.
Erriu M, Pili FM, Denotti G, Garau V. Black hairy tongue in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent. 2016;6(1):80–3.
Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Chi A. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.
Schlager E, St Claire C, Ashack K, Khachemoune A. Black hairy tongue: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(4):563–9.
Gurvits GE, Tan A. Black hairy tongue syndrome. World J Gas- troenterol. 2014;20(31):10845–50.
Van der Waal I, Van der Kwast WA. Various tongue diseases. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1982;126(21):957-62.
Nisa L, Giger R. Black hairy tongue. Am J Med. 2011;124(9):816–7.
Arab JP, Vargas JI, Morales C, Arrese M. Black hairy tongue during interferon therapy for hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol. 2015;14(3):414–5Nisa L, Giger R. Black hairy tongue. Am J Med. 2011;124(9):816–7.
Aijazi I, Abdulla FM. Linezolid induced black hairy tongue: a rare side effect. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014;26(3):401–3.
Schlager E, St Claire C, Ashack K, Khachemoune A. Black Hairy Tongue: Predisposing Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(4):563-569.
Yuca K, Calka O, Kiroglu AF, Akdeniz N, Cankaya H. Hairy tongue: a case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2004;58(4):161-3.
Pigatto PD, Spadari F, Meroni L, Guzzi G. Black hairy tongue associated with long-term oral erythromycin use. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(10):1269–70.
Sheikh Z, Khan AS, Khan S. Lingua villosa nigra. Lancet. 2011;377(9772):1183.
Refaat M, Hyle E, Malhotra R, Seidman D, Dey B. Linezolid- induced lingua villosa nigra. Am J Med. 2008;121(6):e1.
Tamam L, Annagur BB. Black hairy tongue associated with olanzapine treatment: a case report. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73(6):891–4.
Poulopoulos AK, Antoniades DZ, Epivatianos A, Grivea IN, Syrogiannopoulos GA. Black hairy tongue in a 2-month-old infant. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44(6):377–9.
Heymann WR. Psychotropic agent-induced black hairy tongue. Cutis. 2000;66(1):25–6.
Camkurt M, Metin M, Sonmez E. A case of probable paroxetine induced black hairy tongue. Klin Psikofarmakol Bulteni. 2015;25:403–6.
Akcaboy M, Sahin S, Zorlu P, Senel S. Ranitidine-induced black tongue: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017;34(6):e334–6.
Farinha H, Martins V. Lingua villosa nigra associated with the use of electronic cigarette. Acta Med Port. 2015; 28(3):393.
Lawoyin D, Brown RS. Drug-induced black hairy tongue: diagno- sis and management challenges. Dent Today 2008;27(1):60, 62,3; quiz 93, 58.
Thompson DF, Kessler TL. Drug-induced black hairy tongue. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(6):585-93.
Referanslar
Jessri M, McNamara KK, Treister N. Oral Diseases In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L (eds) Dermatology. 5th ed. Poland: Elsevier; 2024. p. 1232-1254.e6
Madani FM, Kuperstein AS. Normal variations of oral anatomy and common oral soft tissue lesions: evaluation and management. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(6):1281-98.
Fordyce J. A peculiar affection of the mucous membrane of the lip and oral cavity. J Cutan Genito-Urin Dis 1896;14:413–9.
Vigarios E, de Bataille C, Boulanger M, Fricain JC, Sibaud V. Variations physiologiques de la langue [Normal variations in lingual soft tissue]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2015;142(10):583-92; quiz 581-2, 593-4.
Daley TD. Pathology of intraoral sebaceous glands. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22:241–245.
Akintoye SO, Mupparapu M. Clinical Evaluation and Anatomic Variation of the Oral Cavity. Dermatol Clin. 2020;38(4):399-411.
Gorsky M, Buchner A, Fundoianu-Dayan D, et al. Fordyce’s granules in the oral mucosa of adult Israeli Jews. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1986;14(4): 231–2.
Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, et al. Oral & maxillofacial pathology. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p. 677–9.
Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS 3rd. Diseases of the tongue. Clin Dermatol. 2016;34(4):458-69.
Halperin V, Kolas S, Jefferis KR, et al. The occurrence of Fordyce spots, benign migratory glossitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and fissured tongue in 2,478 dental patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1953;6:1072-1077.
Meskin LH, Redman RS, Gorlin RJ. Incidence of geographic tongue among 3,668 students at the University of Minnesota. J Dent Res. 1963;42:895.
Redman RS. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, and hairy tongue among 3,611 Minnesota schoolchildren. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970;30:390-395.
AssimakopoulosD, PatrikakosG, Fotika C, et al. Benignmigratory glossitis or geographic tongue: an enigmatic oral lesion. Am J Med. 2002;113:751-755.
Daneshpazhooh M, Moslehi H, AkhyaniM, et al. Tongue lesions in psoriasis: a controlled study. BMC Dermatol. 2004;4:16.
Bruce AJ, Rogers III RS. Oral psoriasis. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21: 99-104.
Dreyer LN, Brown GC. Oralmanifestations of psoriasis. Clinical presentation and management. N Y State Dent J. 2012;78:14-18.
Weathers DR, Baker G, Archard HO, et al. Psoriasiform lesions of the oral mucosa (with emphasis on "ectopic geographic tongue"). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1974;37:872-888.
Ishibashi M, Tojo G, Watanabe M, et al. Geographic tongue treated with topical tacrolimus. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2010;4:57-59.
Abe M, Sogabe Y, Syuto T, et al. Successful treatment with cyclosporin administration for persistent benign migratory glossitis. J Dermatol. 2007;34:340-343.
Bakshi SS. Fissured tongue. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019;86(11):714.
Liu R, Yu S. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a review of seven patients. J Clin Neurosci 2013;20(7):993–5.
Dar-Odeh NS, Hayajneh WA, Abu-Hammad OA, et al. Orofacial findings in chronic granulomatous disease: report of twelve patients and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes 2010;3(1):37.
Eidelman E, Chosack A, Cohen T. Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: poly- genic and associated traits. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;42(5):591–6.
Stein SL, Mancini AJ. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome in childhood: successful management with combination steroid and minocycline therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:746–8.
Alioglu Z, Caylan R, Adanir M, et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: report of three cases. Neurol Sci 2000;21(1):57–60.
Nakane T, Hatakeyama K, Nakamura K, et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome with isolated immunoglobulin E hypogammaglobulinaemia. J Int Med Res 2007; 35(6):922–5.
Germi L, De Giorgi V, Bergamo F, et al. Psoriasis and oral lesions: mul- ticentric study of Oral Mucosa Diseases Italian Group (GIPMO). Dermatol Online J. 2012;18:11.
Greene RM, Rogers III RS. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a review of 36 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:1263-1270.
Daneshpazhooh M, Nazemi TM, Bigdeloo L, et al. Mucocutaneous find- ings in 100 children with Down syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007;24: 317-320.
Mukamal LV, Ferreira AF, Jacques Cde M, et al. Cowden syndrome: re- view and report of a case of late diagnosis. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51: 1494-1499.
Du ZF, Xu CM, Zhao Y, et al. Two novel de novo mutations of KRT6 A and KRT16 genes in two Chinese pachyonychia congenita pedigrees with fissured tongue or diffuse plantar keratoderma. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22:476-480.
Yarom N, Cantony U, Gorsky M. Prevalence of fissured tongue, geo- graphic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis among Israeli adults of different ethnic origins. Dermatology. 2004;209:88-94.
Jarvinen J, Mikkonen JJ, Kullaa AM. Fissured tongue: a sign of tongue edema? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82:709-712.
D’Erme AM, Agnoletti AF, Prignano F. Fissured tongue responding to biologics during the treatment of psoriasis: the importance of detecting oral involvement of psoriasis. Dermatol Ther 2013;26(4):364–6.
Ogus HD, Bennett MH:Carcinoma of the dorsum of the tongue: a rarity or misdiagnosis.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1978,16:115-24.
Sivapathasundharam B: Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology . Elsevier, New Delhi; 2020.
Soysa NS, Ellepola AN: The impact of cigarette/tobacco smoking on oral candidosis: an overview.Oral Dis. 2005, 11:268-73.
John HA, Ahuja K, Dakhale R, Heda K, Sedani S. Median Rhomboid Glossitis: A Developmental Disorder Involving the Central Part of the Tongue. Cureus. 2023, 16;15(11):e48908.
Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. Black and Brown: Non-neoplastic Pigmentation of the Oral Mucosa. Head Neck Pathol. 2019;13(1):47-55.
Nally F. Diseases of the tongue. Practitioner. 1991;235(1498):65-71.
Avcu N, Kanli A. The prevalence of tongue lesions in 5150 Turkish dental outpatients. Oral Dis. 2003;9(4):188–95.
Shulman JD, Beach MM, Rivera-Hidalgo F. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in U.S. adults: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(9):1279–86.
Kullaa-Mikkonen A, Mikkonen M, Kotilainen R. Prevalence of different morphologic forms of the human tongue in young Finns. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1982;53(2):152–6.
Motallebnejad M, Babaee N, Sakhdari S, Tavasoli M. An epidemi- ologic study of tongue lesions in 1901 Iranian dental outpatients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008;9(7):73–80.
Luigi G. Clinical statistical study on the incidence of fissured tongue, geographic tongue, black tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, tonguetie and torus palatinus in 3274 patients with stomatologic patients. Rass Int Stomatol Prat. 1968;19(4):261-8.
Jhaj R, Gour PR, Asati DP. Black hairy tongue with a fixed dose combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016;48(3):318–20.
Cheshire WP. Unilateral black hairy tongue in trigeminal neuralgia. Headache. 2004;44(9):908–10.Heymann WR. Psychotropic agent-induced black hairy tongue. Cutis. 2000;66(1):25–6.
Erriu M, Pili FM, Denotti G, Garau V. Black hairy tongue in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent. 2016;6(1):80–3.
Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Chi A. Oral and maxillofacial pathology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2016.
Schlager E, St Claire C, Ashack K, Khachemoune A. Black hairy tongue: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(4):563–9.
Gurvits GE, Tan A. Black hairy tongue syndrome. World J Gas- troenterol. 2014;20(31):10845–50.
Van der Waal I, Van der Kwast WA. Various tongue diseases. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1982;126(21):957-62.
Nisa L, Giger R. Black hairy tongue. Am J Med. 2011;124(9):816–7.
Arab JP, Vargas JI, Morales C, Arrese M. Black hairy tongue during interferon therapy for hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol. 2015;14(3):414–5Nisa L, Giger R. Black hairy tongue. Am J Med. 2011;124(9):816–7.
Aijazi I, Abdulla FM. Linezolid induced black hairy tongue: a rare side effect. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014;26(3):401–3.
Schlager E, St Claire C, Ashack K, Khachemoune A. Black Hairy Tongue: Predisposing Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(4):563-569.
Yuca K, Calka O, Kiroglu AF, Akdeniz N, Cankaya H. Hairy tongue: a case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2004;58(4):161-3.
Pigatto PD, Spadari F, Meroni L, Guzzi G. Black hairy tongue associated with long-term oral erythromycin use. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(10):1269–70.
Sheikh Z, Khan AS, Khan S. Lingua villosa nigra. Lancet. 2011;377(9772):1183.
Refaat M, Hyle E, Malhotra R, Seidman D, Dey B. Linezolid- induced lingua villosa nigra. Am J Med. 2008;121(6):e1.
Tamam L, Annagur BB. Black hairy tongue associated with olanzapine treatment: a case report. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73(6):891–4.
Poulopoulos AK, Antoniades DZ, Epivatianos A, Grivea IN, Syrogiannopoulos GA. Black hairy tongue in a 2-month-old infant. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008;44(6):377–9.
Heymann WR. Psychotropic agent-induced black hairy tongue. Cutis. 2000;66(1):25–6.
Camkurt M, Metin M, Sonmez E. A case of probable paroxetine induced black hairy tongue. Klin Psikofarmakol Bulteni. 2015;25:403–6.
Akcaboy M, Sahin S, Zorlu P, Senel S. Ranitidine-induced black tongue: a case report. Pediatr Dermatol. 2017;34(6):e334–6.
Farinha H, Martins V. Lingua villosa nigra associated with the use of electronic cigarette. Acta Med Port. 2015; 28(3):393.
Lawoyin D, Brown RS. Drug-induced black hairy tongue: diagno- sis and management challenges. Dent Today 2008;27(1):60, 62,3; quiz 93, 58.
Thompson DF, Kessler TL. Drug-induced black hairy tongue. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(6):585-93.
