Cerrahi Hastasında Biyokimyasal Parametrelerin Değerlendirilmesi
Özet
Biyokimyasal parametreler cerrahi öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında hastaların metabolik durumlarını ve sistemik yanıtlarını izlemek, komplikasyonları önlemek ve gerekli tedaviyi belirlemek için kritik öneme sahip veriler bütünüdür. Bu veriler tam kan sayımı, koagülasyon testleri, şeker testleri, enzim testleri, hormon testleri, ELISA testi, gaita testi ve idrar testinden elde edilmektedir. Her bir test, hastanın cerrahiye hazırlanma sürecinden iyileşmenin tamamlanması aşamasına kadar geçen süreçte hayati öneme sahiptir. Test sonuçları, cerrahi müdahale öncesinde risk sınıflandırmasına olanak sağlar ve hastanın genel durumu hakkında detaylı bilgiler sunar. Benzer bir şekilde, cerrahi müdahale sonrasında hastanın mevcut durumu bu parametreler ışığında yakından izlenerek herhangi bir komplikasyona anında müdahale edilmesini mümkün kılar. Bu durum, daha sorunsuz ve daha güvenli bir iyileşme süreci sağlamak için bakım ekibine uygun tedavi stratejilerini belirlemede yardımcı olur. Ek olarak, bu testler sayesinde bireysel hasta ihtiyaçlarına göre kişiselleştirilmiş tedavi yaklaşımları geliştirilebilir ve böylece daha hızlı ve etkili bir iyileşme süreci desteklenir. Bu bölümde, cerrahi hastasında biyokimyasal parametreler, bu parametrelerin önemi ve değerlerin hastalıklarla olan ilişkisi sistematik olarak ele alınmıştır.
Biochemical parameters are a set of critically important data to monitor the metabolic status and systemic responses of patients before, during and after surgery, to prevent complications and to determine the necessary treatment. These data are obtained from complete blood count, coagulation tests, sugar tests, enzyme tests, hormone tests, ELISA test, stool test and urine test. Each test is vital in the process from the patient's preparation for surgery to the completion of recovery. Test results allow risk stratification before surgical intervention and provide detailed information about the patient's general condition. Similarly, after surgical intervention, the patient's current condition is closely monitored in the light of these parameters, making it possible to intervene immediately in case of any complications. This helps the care team determine appropriate treatment strategies to ensure a smoother and safer recovery process. In addition, thanks to these tests, personalized treatment approaches can be developed according to individual patient needs, thus supporting a faster and more effective recovery process. In this section, biochemical parameters in surgical patients, the importance of these parameters and the relationship between the values and the diseases are systematically discussed.
Referanslar
MacPherson RD, Reeve SA, Stewart TV, Cunningham AE, Craven ML, Fox G, et al. Effective strategy to guide pathology test ordering in surgical patients. ANZ journal of surgery; 2005;75(3): 138-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03316.x
Roizen MF. More preoperative assessment by physicians and less by laboratory tests. Mass Medical Soc; 2000. p. 204-5.
Ferrando A, Ivaldi C, Buttiglieri A, Pagano E, Bonetto C, Arione R, et al. Guidelines for preoperative assessment: impact on clinical practice and costs. International Journal for Quality in Health Care; 2005;17(4): 323-9. doi: doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzi039
Ripoll JG, Warner MA, Hanson AC, Marquez A, Dearani JA, Nuttall GA, et al. Coagulation tests and bleeding classification after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective study. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia; 2023;37(6): 933-41.
Elisa Apaza-Avila R. Telemedicine and its Impact on the Preoperative Period: A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications; 2024;15(1).
George J, Sharma V, Farooque K, Mittal S, Trikha V, Malhotra R. Pre-operative Anemia and Hyponatremia Increase the Risk of Mortality in Elderly Hip Fractures. Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery; 2024;12(5): 342. doi: 10.22038/ABJS.2024.76024.3512
George-Gay B, Parker K. Understanding the complete blood count with differential. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing; 2003;18(2): 96-117. doi: 10.1053/jpan.2003.50013
Zhao G, Liu S-j, Gan X-y, Li J-r, Wu X-x, Liu S-y, et al. Analysis of whole blood and urine trace elements in children with autism spectrum disorders and autistic behaviors. Biological trace element research; 2023;201(2): 627-35. doi: 10.1007/s12011-022-03197-4
Bain BJ. Blood cells: a practical guide: John Wiley & Sons; 2021.
George EL, Panos A. Does a high WBC count signal infection? Nursing2024; 2005;35(1): 20-1.
Ohya A, Ohtake M, Kawamura Y, Akimoto T, Iwashita M, Yamamoto T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment approaches for simultaneous onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm: a case report. International Journal of Emergency Medicine; 2023;16(1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s12245-023-00490-4
Catalano P. White blood cell count with differential. Clinical Medical-Surgical Nursing Saunders; 2002: 282-90.
Sadovsky R. WBC count predicts increased mortality in acute MI. American Family Physician; 2001;64(7): 1261.
Younis M, Iqbal M, Shoukat N, Nawaz B, Watto F, Shahzad KA. Effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on red blood cells and haemoglobin in cancer patients. Sci Lett; 2014;2(1): 15-8.
Kaestner L, Bogdanova A, Egee S. Calcium channels and calcium-regulated channels in human red blood cells. Calcium signaling; 2020: 625-48.
Aoki T. A comprehensive review of our current understanding of red blood cell (RBC) glycoproteins. Membranes; 2017;7(4): 56. doi: 10.3390/membranes7040056
Pieczyńska J, Płaczkowska S, Sozański R, Skórska K, Sołtysik M. Effect of nickel on red blood cell parameters and on serum vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine concentrations during pregnancy with and without anemia. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology; 2021;68: 126839. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126839
Hudnall SD. Hematology E-Book: A Pathophysiologic Approach: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2023.
Zhang R, Yu X, Shen Y, Yang C, Liu F, Ye S, et al. Correlation between RBC changes and coagulation parameters in high altitude population. Hematology; 2019;24(1): 325-30. doi: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1568658
Fidan A, Tokmak M, Kıral N, Cömert SŞ, Saraç G, Salepçi B, et al. Bir sistemik hastalık olarak KOAH ile anemi birlikteliği. Solunum; 2012;14(1): 18-26. doi: 10.5505/solunum.2012.30092
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Malenica M, Prnjavorac B, Bego T, Dujic T, Semiz S, Skrbo S, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on haematological parameters in healthy population. Medical Archives; 2017;71(2): 132. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136
Shastry I, Belurkar S. The spectrum of red blood cell parameters in chronic kidney disease: A study of 300 cases. Journal of Applied Hematology; 2019;10(2): 61-6. doi: 10.4103/joah.joah_13_19
Oğuz F, Uzunhan TA, Binnetoğlu FK, Vehid HE. Hipokrom mikrositer anemide demir eksikliği anemisi ve talasemi taşıyıcılığı oranları. Journal of Child; 2009;9(3): 116-22.
Obeid R, Jung J, Falk J, Herrmann W, Geisel J, Friesenhahn-Ochs B, et al. Serum vitamin B12 not reflecting vitamin B12 status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biochimie; 2013;95(5): 1056-61. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.028
Kujovich JL. Evaluation of anemia. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics; 2016;43(2): 247-64.
Fujiwara H, Ishikawa T, Lima R, Matsuki N, Imai Y, Kaji H, et al. Red blood cell motions in high-hematocrit blood flowing through a stenosed microchannel. Journal of biomechanics; 2009;42(7): 838-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.01.026
Holinstat M. Normal platelet function. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews; 2017;36: 195-8.
Holmsen H. Physiological functions of platelets. Annals of medicine; 1989;21(1): 23-30.
Daly ME. Determinants of platelet count in humans. Haematologica; 2011;96(1): 10. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2010.035287
Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2004;103(5 Part 1): 981-91.
Akbayram S, Dogan M, Akgun C, Peker E, Parlak M, Oner AF. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a case of brucellosis. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis; 2011;17(6): E10-E2. doi: 10.1177/1076029610378501
Bougatef H, Volpi N, Amor IB, Capitani F, Maccari F, Gargouri J, et al. Chondroitin Sulfate from Heads of Corb: Recovery, Structural Analysis and Assessment of Anticoagulant Activity. Carbohydrate Research; 2024: 109163. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109163
Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D, Peng L, Rizzo M, Gatcliffe C, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes care; 2010;33(8): 1783-8. doi: 10.2337/dc10-0304
Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes care; 2011;34(Supplement_1): S11-S61. doi: 10.2337/dc19-S008
Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; 2002;87(3): 978-82.
Joshi GP, Chung F, Vann MA, Ahmad S, Gan TJ, Goulson DT, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in diabetic patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia; 2010;111(6): 1378-87. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181f9c288
Noordzij PG, Boersma E, Schreiner F, Kertai MD, Feringa HH, Dunkelgrun M, et al. Increased preoperative glucose levels are associated with perioperative mortality in patients undergoing noncardiac, nonvascular surgery. European journal of endocrinology; 2007;156(1): 137-42.
El Hadi H, Di Vincenzo A, Vettor R, Rossato M. Relationship between heart disease and liver disease: a two-way street. Cells; 2020;9(3): 567. doi: 10.3390/cells9030567
Lefkowitch JH. Scheuer's liver biopsy interpretation E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020.
Qaseem A, Snow V, Fitterman N, Hornbake ER, Lawrence VA, Smetana GW, et al. Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine; 2006;144(8): 575-80.
Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Understanding renal functional reserve. Intensive care medicine; 2017;43: 917-20. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4691-6
Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I. Renal function tests. 2018.
Oh MS, Briefel G, Pincus MR. Evaluation of renal function, water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods E-Book; 2021: 182.
Gowda S, Desai PB, Hull VV, Avinash AK, Vernekar SN, Kulkarni SS. A review on laboratory liver function tests. The Pan african medical journal; 2009;3.
Members WC, Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation; 2011;124(23): e652-e735.
Naruse M, Katabami T, Shibata H, Sone M, Takahashi K, Tanabe A, et al. Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism 2021. Endocrine journal; 2022;69(4): 327-59. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ21-0508
Salmon MK, Fritz CG, Barrette L-X, Romeo D, Suresh NV, Ng JJ, et al. Quality appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine; 2024: 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12020-024-03790-8
Peipert BJ, Harris BS, Selter JH, Ramey-Collier K, Blenden R, Unnithan S, et al. Direct-to-consumer fertility testing: utilization and perceived utility among fertility patients and reproductive endocrinologists. Reproductive BioMedicine Online; 2023;46(3): 642-50. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.11.007
Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures–2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, The Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases; 2020;16(2): 175-247. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.10.025
Nahvi N, Farooq S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV 1/2 in patients undergoing surgery in a tertiary care hospital in north India (a hospital based study). Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health; 2020;8(1): 45-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.04.004
Türkoğlu E, Konuk ŞG. Assessment of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus screening results performed before elective eye surgery. The Medical Journal of Mustafa Kemal University; 2022;13(47): 303-8.
He Z, Tang D. Perioperative predictors of outcome of hepatectomy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in Oncology; 2023;13. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230164
Hanje AJ, Patel T. Preoperative evaluation of patients with liver disease. Nature clinical practice Gastroenterology & hepatology; 2007;4(5): 266-76.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG; 2016;111(4): 459-74.
Lochs H, Dejong C, Hammarqvist F, Hébuterne X, Leon-Sanz M, Schütz T, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: gastroenterology. Clinical nutrition; 2006;25(2): 260-74.
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Referanslar
MacPherson RD, Reeve SA, Stewart TV, Cunningham AE, Craven ML, Fox G, et al. Effective strategy to guide pathology test ordering in surgical patients. ANZ journal of surgery; 2005;75(3): 138-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03316.x
Roizen MF. More preoperative assessment by physicians and less by laboratory tests. Mass Medical Soc; 2000. p. 204-5.
Ferrando A, Ivaldi C, Buttiglieri A, Pagano E, Bonetto C, Arione R, et al. Guidelines for preoperative assessment: impact on clinical practice and costs. International Journal for Quality in Health Care; 2005;17(4): 323-9. doi: doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzi039
Ripoll JG, Warner MA, Hanson AC, Marquez A, Dearani JA, Nuttall GA, et al. Coagulation tests and bleeding classification after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective study. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia; 2023;37(6): 933-41.
Elisa Apaza-Avila R. Telemedicine and its Impact on the Preoperative Period: A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications; 2024;15(1).
George J, Sharma V, Farooque K, Mittal S, Trikha V, Malhotra R. Pre-operative Anemia and Hyponatremia Increase the Risk of Mortality in Elderly Hip Fractures. Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery; 2024;12(5): 342. doi: 10.22038/ABJS.2024.76024.3512
George-Gay B, Parker K. Understanding the complete blood count with differential. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing; 2003;18(2): 96-117. doi: 10.1053/jpan.2003.50013
Zhao G, Liu S-j, Gan X-y, Li J-r, Wu X-x, Liu S-y, et al. Analysis of whole blood and urine trace elements in children with autism spectrum disorders and autistic behaviors. Biological trace element research; 2023;201(2): 627-35. doi: 10.1007/s12011-022-03197-4
Bain BJ. Blood cells: a practical guide: John Wiley & Sons; 2021.
George EL, Panos A. Does a high WBC count signal infection? Nursing2024; 2005;35(1): 20-1.
Ohya A, Ohtake M, Kawamura Y, Akimoto T, Iwashita M, Yamamoto T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment approaches for simultaneous onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm: a case report. International Journal of Emergency Medicine; 2023;16(1): 15. doi: 10.1186/s12245-023-00490-4
Catalano P. White blood cell count with differential. Clinical Medical-Surgical Nursing Saunders; 2002: 282-90.
Sadovsky R. WBC count predicts increased mortality in acute MI. American Family Physician; 2001;64(7): 1261.
Younis M, Iqbal M, Shoukat N, Nawaz B, Watto F, Shahzad KA. Effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on red blood cells and haemoglobin in cancer patients. Sci Lett; 2014;2(1): 15-8.
Kaestner L, Bogdanova A, Egee S. Calcium channels and calcium-regulated channels in human red blood cells. Calcium signaling; 2020: 625-48.
Aoki T. A comprehensive review of our current understanding of red blood cell (RBC) glycoproteins. Membranes; 2017;7(4): 56. doi: 10.3390/membranes7040056
Pieczyńska J, Płaczkowska S, Sozański R, Skórska K, Sołtysik M. Effect of nickel on red blood cell parameters and on serum vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine concentrations during pregnancy with and without anemia. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology; 2021;68: 126839. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126839
Hudnall SD. Hematology E-Book: A Pathophysiologic Approach: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2023.
Zhang R, Yu X, Shen Y, Yang C, Liu F, Ye S, et al. Correlation between RBC changes and coagulation parameters in high altitude population. Hematology; 2019;24(1): 325-30. doi: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1568658
Fidan A, Tokmak M, Kıral N, Cömert SŞ, Saraç G, Salepçi B, et al. Bir sistemik hastalık olarak KOAH ile anemi birlikteliği. Solunum; 2012;14(1): 18-26. doi: 10.5505/solunum.2012.30092
Büchler M, Caillard S, Barbier S, Thervet E, Toupance O, Mazouz H, et al. Sirolimus versus cyclosporine in kidney recipients receiving Thymoglobulin®, mycophenolate mofetil and a 6‐month course of steroids. American Journal of Transplantation; 2007;7(11): 2522-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01976.x
Malenica M, Prnjavorac B, Bego T, Dujic T, Semiz S, Skrbo S, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on haematological parameters in healthy population. Medical Archives; 2017;71(2): 132. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136
Shastry I, Belurkar S. The spectrum of red blood cell parameters in chronic kidney disease: A study of 300 cases. Journal of Applied Hematology; 2019;10(2): 61-6. doi: 10.4103/joah.joah_13_19
Oğuz F, Uzunhan TA, Binnetoğlu FK, Vehid HE. Hipokrom mikrositer anemide demir eksikliği anemisi ve talasemi taşıyıcılığı oranları. Journal of Child; 2009;9(3): 116-22.
Obeid R, Jung J, Falk J, Herrmann W, Geisel J, Friesenhahn-Ochs B, et al. Serum vitamin B12 not reflecting vitamin B12 status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biochimie; 2013;95(5): 1056-61. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.028
Kujovich JL. Evaluation of anemia. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics; 2016;43(2): 247-64.
Fujiwara H, Ishikawa T, Lima R, Matsuki N, Imai Y, Kaji H, et al. Red blood cell motions in high-hematocrit blood flowing through a stenosed microchannel. Journal of biomechanics; 2009;42(7): 838-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.01.026
Holinstat M. Normal platelet function. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews; 2017;36: 195-8.
Holmsen H. Physiological functions of platelets. Annals of medicine; 1989;21(1): 23-30.
Daly ME. Determinants of platelet count in humans. Haematologica; 2011;96(1): 10. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2010.035287
Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2004;103(5 Part 1): 981-91.
Akbayram S, Dogan M, Akgun C, Peker E, Parlak M, Oner AF. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a case of brucellosis. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis; 2011;17(6): E10-E2. doi: 10.1177/1076029610378501
Bougatef H, Volpi N, Amor IB, Capitani F, Maccari F, Gargouri J, et al. Chondroitin Sulfate from Heads of Corb: Recovery, Structural Analysis and Assessment of Anticoagulant Activity. Carbohydrate Research; 2024: 109163. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109163
Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D, Peng L, Rizzo M, Gatcliffe C, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes care; 2010;33(8): 1783-8. doi: 10.2337/dc10-0304
Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes care; 2011;34(Supplement_1): S11-S61. doi: 10.2337/dc19-S008
Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; 2002;87(3): 978-82.
Joshi GP, Chung F, Vann MA, Ahmad S, Gan TJ, Goulson DT, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in diabetic patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia; 2010;111(6): 1378-87. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181f9c288
Noordzij PG, Boersma E, Schreiner F, Kertai MD, Feringa HH, Dunkelgrun M, et al. Increased preoperative glucose levels are associated with perioperative mortality in patients undergoing noncardiac, nonvascular surgery. European journal of endocrinology; 2007;156(1): 137-42.
El Hadi H, Di Vincenzo A, Vettor R, Rossato M. Relationship between heart disease and liver disease: a two-way street. Cells; 2020;9(3): 567. doi: 10.3390/cells9030567
Lefkowitch JH. Scheuer's liver biopsy interpretation E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020.
Qaseem A, Snow V, Fitterman N, Hornbake ER, Lawrence VA, Smetana GW, et al. Risk assessment for and strategies to reduce perioperative pulmonary complications for patients undergoing noncardiothoracic surgery: a guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine; 2006;144(8): 575-80.
Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Understanding renal functional reserve. Intensive care medicine; 2017;43: 917-20. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4691-6
Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I. Renal function tests. 2018.
Oh MS, Briefel G, Pincus MR. Evaluation of renal function, water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods E-Book; 2021: 182.
Gowda S, Desai PB, Hull VV, Avinash AK, Vernekar SN, Kulkarni SS. A review on laboratory liver function tests. The Pan african medical journal; 2009;3.
Members WC, Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation; 2011;124(23): e652-e735.
Naruse M, Katabami T, Shibata H, Sone M, Takahashi K, Tanabe A, et al. Japan Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism 2021. Endocrine journal; 2022;69(4): 327-59. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ21-0508
Salmon MK, Fritz CG, Barrette L-X, Romeo D, Suresh NV, Ng JJ, et al. Quality appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine; 2024: 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s12020-024-03790-8
Peipert BJ, Harris BS, Selter JH, Ramey-Collier K, Blenden R, Unnithan S, et al. Direct-to-consumer fertility testing: utilization and perceived utility among fertility patients and reproductive endocrinologists. Reproductive BioMedicine Online; 2023;46(3): 642-50. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.11.007
Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures–2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, The Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases; 2020;16(2): 175-247. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.10.025
Nahvi N, Farooq S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV 1/2 in patients undergoing surgery in a tertiary care hospital in north India (a hospital based study). Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health; 2020;8(1): 45-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.04.004
Türkoğlu E, Konuk ŞG. Assessment of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus screening results performed before elective eye surgery. The Medical Journal of Mustafa Kemal University; 2022;13(47): 303-8.
He Z, Tang D. Perioperative predictors of outcome of hepatectomy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in Oncology; 2023;13. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230164
Hanje AJ, Patel T. Preoperative evaluation of patients with liver disease. Nature clinical practice Gastroenterology & hepatology; 2007;4(5): 266-76.
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