Candida auris’in Oluşturduğu Klinik Tablolar Cerrahi Bilimler
Özet
Candida enfeksiyonları; sağlık bakımı ilişkili enfeksiyonlar (SBİE) içinde en sık karşılaşılan mantar enfeksiyonudur. Özellikle cerrahi yoğun bakım ünitelerinde; cerrahi alan enfeksiyonları (CAE) ve kandidemiye sebep olabilirler. Candida auris 2009’da tanımlanan önemli bir maya mantarıdır. Cerrahi yoğun bakım ünitelerindeki hastalar, kandidemi gelişmesi açısından en yüksek riske sahip olan hasta grubudur. Yoğun bakım hastalarında C. auris kandidemisi riskini artıran bazı faktörler mevcuttur. Hastada santral venöz veya arteryal kateter bulunması, diyabet, kronik böbrek hastalığı, sürekli venö-venöz hemodiyaliz uygulanması (CVVHD), mekanik ventilasyon, cerrahi müdahele geçirmiş olması, yoğun antibiyotik ve antifungal maruziyeti bu riski artıran faktörlerdir. Cerrahların son yıllarda cerrahi yoğun bakım ünitelerinde görülme sıklığı artan, yüksek mortalite ve morbidite oranlarına sahip C. auris enfeksiyonlarıyla ilgili farkındalıklarının ve bilgi düzeylerinin artması, kritik hastaların tedavi süreçlerinde bu patojeni her zaman göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekmektedir.
Candida infections are most common fungal infection among healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Especially in surgical intensive care units; They can cause surgical site infections (SSI) and candidemia. Candida auris is an important yeast fungus that was identified in 2009. Patients in surgical intensive care units are under highest risk of developing candidemia. There are some factors that increase the risk of C. auris candidemia in intensive care patients. The presence of a central venous or arterial catheter in the patient, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD), mechanical ventilation, surgical intervention, and intense antibiotic and antifungal exposure are factors that increase this risk. Surgeons' awareness and knowledge about C. auris infections should always be taken into consideration during the treatment processes of critically ill patients since the increased infections in frequency in surgical intensive care units in recent years and have high mortality and morbidity rates.
Referanslar
Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species. Clinical Infectious Disases. 1995; 20:1526-30. doi:10.1093/clinids/20.6.1526
Giamarellou H, Antoniadou A. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of fungal infections in surgery. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiol. 1996; 17: 558-64. doi: 10.1086/647373
Pfaller MA. Nosocomial candidiasis: emerging species, reservoirs, and modes of transmission. Clinical Infectious Disease. 1996; 22 (Suppl 2): S89-94. doi: 10.1093/clinids/22.supplement_2.s89
Henderson VJ, Hirvela ER. Emerging and reemerging microbial threats: nosocomial fungal infections. Archives of Surgery. 1996; 131: 330-7. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430150108020
Parry MF, Grant B, Yukna M, Adler-Klein D, McLeod GX, Taddonio R, Rosenstein C. Candida osteomyelitis and diskitis after spinal surgery: an outbreak that implicates artificial nail use. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001; 32 (3): 352-7. doi: 10.1086/318487
Voss A, Pfaller MA, Hollis RJ, Rhine-Chalberg J, Doebbeling BN. Investigation of Candida albicans transmission in a surgical intensive care unit cluster by using genomic DNA typing methods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995; 33: 576-80. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.3.576-580.1995
Vincent JL, Anaissie E, Bruining H, Demajo W, el-Ebiary M, Haber J, Hiramatsu Y, Nitenberg G, Nyström PO, Pittet D, Rogers T, Sandven P, Sganga G, Schaller MD, Solomkin J. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of systemic candidal infection in surgical patients under intensive care. Intensive Care Medicine. 1998; 24: 206-16. doi: 10.1007/s001340050552
Welbel SF, McNeil MM, Kuykendall RJ, Lott TJ, Pramanik A, Silberman R, Oberle AD, Bland LA, Aguero S, Arduino M, Crow S, Jarvis WR. Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: epidemiologic and laboratory confirmation of a common source outbreak. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. 1996; 15: 998-1002. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199611000-00013
Isenberg HD, Tucci V, Cintron F, Singer C, Weinstein GS, Tyras DH. Single-source outbreak of Candida tropicalis complicating coronary bypass surgery. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989; 27: 2426-8. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.11.2426-2428.1989
Pertowski CA, Baron RC, Lasker BA, Werner SB, Jarvis WR. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida albicans sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery traced to a scrub nurse. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 172: 817-22. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.3.817
Gyoten K, Kato H, Hayasaki A, et al. Association between gastric Candida colonization and surgical site infections after high-level hepatobiliary pancreatic surgeries: the results of prospective observational study. Langenbecks Archives Surgery. 2021; 406 (1): 109-119. doi:10.1007/s00423-020-02006-7
Iida H, Kaibori M, Maehira H, et al. Colonization of the gastric juice by Candida spp. promotes surgical site infection after hepatectomy. Langenbecks Archives Surgery. 2023; 408 (1): 240. doi:10.1007/s00423-023-02978-2
Theodoropoulos NM, Bolstorff B, Bozorgzadeh A, et al. Candida auris outbreak involving liver transplant recipients in a surgical intensive care unit. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020; 20 (12): 3673-3679. doi:10.1111/ajt.16144
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tracking Candida auris: Candida auris Fungal Diseases CDC. Centers Diseases Control https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/index.html
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiology Immunology. 2009; 53: 41-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x
Azar MM, Turbett SE, Fishman JA, Pierce VM. Donor-derived transmission of Candida auris during lung transplantation. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 65 (6): 1040-1042. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix460
Sarma S, Kumar N, Sharma S, et al. Candidemia caused by amphotericin B and fluconazole resistant Candida auris. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2013; 31 (1): 90-91. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.108746
Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Paul RA, Sood P, Kaur H, Capoor MR, et al. Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: analysis of risk factors. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2017; 72: 1794-801. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx034.
Garcia-Bustos V, Salavert M, Ruiz-Gaitán AC, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Sigona-Giangreco IA, Pemán J. A clinical predictive model of candidaemia by Candida auris in previously colonized critically ill patients. Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2020; 26 (11): 1507-1513. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.001
Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (2): 134-140. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw691
Iinuma Y, Senda K, Fujihara N, et al. Surgical site infection in living-donor liver transplant recipients: a prospective study. Transplantation. 2004; 78 (5): 704-709. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000130178.17216.28
Cortegiani A, Misseri G, Fasciana T, Giammanco A, Giarratano A, Chowdhary A. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, resistance, and treatment of infections by Candida auris. Journal of Intensive Care. 2018; 6: 69. doi:10.1186/s40560-018-0342-4
Referanslar
Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species. Clinical Infectious Disases. 1995; 20:1526-30. doi:10.1093/clinids/20.6.1526
Giamarellou H, Antoniadou A. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of fungal infections in surgery. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiol. 1996; 17: 558-64. doi: 10.1086/647373
Pfaller MA. Nosocomial candidiasis: emerging species, reservoirs, and modes of transmission. Clinical Infectious Disease. 1996; 22 (Suppl 2): S89-94. doi: 10.1093/clinids/22.supplement_2.s89
Henderson VJ, Hirvela ER. Emerging and reemerging microbial threats: nosocomial fungal infections. Archives of Surgery. 1996; 131: 330-7. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1996.01430150108020
Parry MF, Grant B, Yukna M, Adler-Klein D, McLeod GX, Taddonio R, Rosenstein C. Candida osteomyelitis and diskitis after spinal surgery: an outbreak that implicates artificial nail use. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001; 32 (3): 352-7. doi: 10.1086/318487
Voss A, Pfaller MA, Hollis RJ, Rhine-Chalberg J, Doebbeling BN. Investigation of Candida albicans transmission in a surgical intensive care unit cluster by using genomic DNA typing methods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995; 33: 576-80. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.3.576-580.1995
Vincent JL, Anaissie E, Bruining H, Demajo W, el-Ebiary M, Haber J, Hiramatsu Y, Nitenberg G, Nyström PO, Pittet D, Rogers T, Sandven P, Sganga G, Schaller MD, Solomkin J. Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of systemic candidal infection in surgical patients under intensive care. Intensive Care Medicine. 1998; 24: 206-16. doi: 10.1007/s001340050552
Welbel SF, McNeil MM, Kuykendall RJ, Lott TJ, Pramanik A, Silberman R, Oberle AD, Bland LA, Aguero S, Arduino M, Crow S, Jarvis WR. Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: epidemiologic and laboratory confirmation of a common source outbreak. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. 1996; 15: 998-1002. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199611000-00013
Isenberg HD, Tucci V, Cintron F, Singer C, Weinstein GS, Tyras DH. Single-source outbreak of Candida tropicalis complicating coronary bypass surgery. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989; 27: 2426-8. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.11.2426-2428.1989
Pertowski CA, Baron RC, Lasker BA, Werner SB, Jarvis WR. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida albicans sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery traced to a scrub nurse. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 172: 817-22. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.3.817
Gyoten K, Kato H, Hayasaki A, et al. Association between gastric Candida colonization and surgical site infections after high-level hepatobiliary pancreatic surgeries: the results of prospective observational study. Langenbecks Archives Surgery. 2021; 406 (1): 109-119. doi:10.1007/s00423-020-02006-7
Iida H, Kaibori M, Maehira H, et al. Colonization of the gastric juice by Candida spp. promotes surgical site infection after hepatectomy. Langenbecks Archives Surgery. 2023; 408 (1): 240. doi:10.1007/s00423-023-02978-2
Theodoropoulos NM, Bolstorff B, Bozorgzadeh A, et al. Candida auris outbreak involving liver transplant recipients in a surgical intensive care unit. American Journal of Transplantation. 2020; 20 (12): 3673-3679. doi:10.1111/ajt.16144
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tracking Candida auris: Candida auris Fungal Diseases CDC. Centers Diseases Control https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/index.html
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiology Immunology. 2009; 53: 41-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x
Azar MM, Turbett SE, Fishman JA, Pierce VM. Donor-derived transmission of Candida auris during lung transplantation. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 65 (6): 1040-1042. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix460
Sarma S, Kumar N, Sharma S, et al. Candidemia caused by amphotericin B and fluconazole resistant Candida auris. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2013; 31 (1): 90-91. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.108746
Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Paul RA, Sood P, Kaur H, Capoor MR, et al. Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: analysis of risk factors. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2017; 72: 1794-801. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx034.
Garcia-Bustos V, Salavert M, Ruiz-Gaitán AC, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Sigona-Giangreco IA, Pemán J. A clinical predictive model of candidaemia by Candida auris in previously colonized critically ill patients. Clinical Microbiology Infection. 2020; 26 (11): 1507-1513. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.001
Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (2): 134-140. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw691
Iinuma Y, Senda K, Fujihara N, et al. Surgical site infection in living-donor liver transplant recipients: a prospective study. Transplantation. 2004; 78 (5): 704-709. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000130178.17216.28
Cortegiani A, Misseri G, Fasciana T, Giammanco A, Giarratano A, Chowdhary A. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, resistance, and treatment of infections by Candida auris. Journal of Intensive Care. 2018; 6: 69. doi:10.1186/s40560-018-0342-4
