Candida auris’ in Biyosidlere Duyarlılığı
Özet
Bu bölümde çeşitli biyosidal ürünlerin, antifungal ajanlara karşı direnci nedeniyle sağlık hizmeti sunulan ortamlarda önemli bir tehdit oluşturan Candida auris’e karşı etkinliği hakkında bilgiler sunulmaktadır. C. auris’in yayılmasını önlemek için alkol bazlı ürünler tavsiye edilirken cilt antisepsisi için povidon-iyot, hidrojen peroksit ve kloroksilenol gibi diğer seçenekler de bulunmaktadır. Yer ve yüzeyler için özellikle 1000 ppm’de klor bazlı dezenfektanlar önerilmektedir. Sağlık ortamlarında C. auris’in yayılmasını önlemek için önerilen bazı dezenfektanlar arasında orto-fitalaldehit (OPA), o-fenilfenol, p-tersiyer amilfenol, sodyum hipoklorit, klorheksidin ve izopropil alkol (IPA) bulunmaktadır. Dezenfektanların C. auris’in biyofilmleri üzerindeki etkinliğine ilişkin sınırlı bilgiden de bahsedilmektedir.
Biyosidlerin C. auris’e karşı etkinliği test edilirken türlerin veya suşların dikkate alınması önemlidir. Çünkü çalışmalar C. albicans ve C. auris arasında biyosidal duyarlılık açısından farklılıklar göstermiştir. Çalışmalar, C. albicans’a karşı etkili olan dezenfektanların, C. auris’e karşı etkili olamayabileceğini göstermiştir.
This chapter presents information on the efficacy of various biocides against Candida auris, which poses a significant threat in healthcare settings due to its resistance to antifungal agents. While alcohol-based products are recommended to prevent the spread of C. auris, other options such as povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and chloroxylenol are also available for skin disinfection. Chlorine-based disinfectants are recommended for surfaces, especially at 1000 ppm. Some disinfectants recommended to prevent the spread of C. auris in healthcare settings include Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), o-phenylphenol, p-tertiary amylphenol, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Limited information on the efficacy of disinfectants on biofilms of C. auris is also mentioned.
It is important to consider species or strains when testing the efficacy of disinfectants against C. auris because studies have shown differences in biocidal susceptibility between C. albicans and C. auris. Studies have shown that not all disinfectants that are effective against C. albicans may be effective against C. auris.
Referanslar
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, et al. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiology and Immunology. 2009; 53 (1), 41-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x
Lee WG, Shin JH, Uh Y, et al. First three reported cases of nosocomial fungemia caused by Candida auris. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49 (9): 3139-3142. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00319-11
Sticchi C, Raso R, Ferrara L, et al. Increasing number of cases due to Candida auris in North Italy, July 2019-December 2022. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12 (5): 1912. doi: 10.3390/jcm12051912
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid Risk Assessment: Candida auris in Healthcare Settings-Europe. (2018). Available online at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-risk-assessment-candidaauris-healthcare-settings-europe.
World Health Organization. WHO Releases First-Ever List of Health-Threatening Fungi. (2022). Available online at: https://www.who.int/news/item/25-10-2022-whoreleases-first-ever-list-of-health-threatening-fungi.
Sharma C, Kadosh D. Perspective on the origin, resistance, and spread of the emerging human fungal pathogen Candida auris. PLoS Pathogens. 2023; 19 (3): e1011190. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011190
de Jong AW, Dieleman C, Carbia M, et al. Performance of two novel chromogenic media for the identification of multidrug-resistant Candida auris compared with other commercially available formulations. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2021; 59 (4): e03220-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03220-20
Kilburn S, Innes G, Quinn M, et al. Antifungal resistance trends of Candida auris clinical isolates in New York and New Jersey from 2016 to 2020. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022; 66 (3): e0224221. doi: 10.1128/aac.02242-21
Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, et al. Candida auris: A fungus with identity crisis. Pathogens and Diseases. 2020; 78 (4): ftaa034. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa034
Piedrahita CT, Cadnum JL, Jencson AL, et al. Environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities are a potential source for transmission of Candida auris and other Candida species. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2017; 38 (9): 1107–1109. doi: 10.1017/ice.2017.127
Chakrabarti A, Sood P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: host, pathogen and environmental tipping points. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2021; 70 (3): 01318. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001318
Kumar JA, Eilertson B, Cadnum JL, et al. Environmental contamination with Candida species in multiple hospitals including a tertiary care hospital with a Candida auris outbreak. Pathogens Immunity. 2019; 4 (2): 260-270. doi: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.291
Forgács L, Borman AM, Prépost E, et al. Comparison of in vivo pathogenicity of four Candida auris clades in a neutropenic bloodstream infection murine model. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 2020; 9 (1): 1160-1109. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1771218
Bing J, Guan Z, Zheng T, et al. Clinical isolates of Candida auris with enhanced adherence and biofilm formation due to genomic amplification of ALS4. PLoS Pathogens. 2023; 19 (3): e1011239. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat. 1011239
Rossato L, Colombo AL. Candida auris: What have we learned about its mechanisms of pathogenicity?. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 3081. doi: 10.3389/fmicb. 2018.03081
Larkin E, Hager C, Chandra J, et al. The emerging pathogen Candida auris: growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formation. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2017; 61 (5): e02396–16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02396-16
Kühbacher A, Burger-Kentischer A, Rupp S. Interaction of Candida species with the skin. Microorganisms. 2017; 5 (7): 32. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5020032
Tharp B, Zheng R, Bryak G, et al. Role of microbiota in the skin colonization of Candida auris. mSphere. 2023; 8 (1): e0062322. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00623-22
Sexton DJ, Bentz ML, Welsh RM, et al. Positive correlation between Candida auris skin-colonization burden and environmental contamination at a ventilator-capable skilled nursing facility in Chicago. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021; 73 (7): 1142-1148. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab327
Horton MV, Johnson CJ, Kernien JF, et al. Candida auris forms high-burden biofilms in skin niche conditions and on porcine skin. mSphere. 2020; 5 (1): e00910–19. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00910-19
Short B, Brown J, Delaney C, et al. Candida auris exhibits resilient biofilm characteristics in vitro: implications for environmental persistence. Journal of Hospital Infections. 2019; 103 (1): 92-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.06.006
Thatchanamoorthy N, Devi VR, Chandramathi S, et al. Candida auris: A mini review on epidemiology in healthcare facilities in Asia. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8 (11): 1126. doi: 10.3390/jof8111126
Caceres DH, Forsberg K, Welsh RM, et al. Candida auris: A review of recommendations for detection and control in healthcare settings. Journal of Fungi. 2019; 5 (4): 111. doi: 10.3390/jof5040111
Ku TSN, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candida auris: Disinfectants and implications for infection control. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 726. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00726
Huang SS. Chlorhexidine-based decolonization to reduce healthcare-associated infections and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs): who, what, where, when, and why? Journal of Hospital Infection. 2019; 103 (3): 235-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.08.025
McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1999; 12 (1): 147-179. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
Moore G, Schelenz S, Borman AM, et al. Yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics against Candida auris. Journal of Hospital Infections. 2017; 97 (4): 371-375. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.019
Johnson CJ, Eix EF, Lam BC, et al. Augmenting the activity of chlorhexidine for decolonization of Candida auris from porcine skin. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (10): 804. doi: 10.3390/jof7100804
Rutala WA, Kanamori H, Gergen MF, et al. Susceptibility of Candida auris and Candida albicans to 21 germicides used in healthcare facilities. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2019; 40 (3): 380-382. doi: 10.1017/ice. 2019.1
Fu L, Le T, Liu Z, et al. Different efficacies of common disinfection methods against Candida auris and other Candida species. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2020; 13 (5): 730-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.008
Abdolrasouli A, Armstrong-James D, Ryan L, et al. In vitro efficacy of disinfectants utilised for skin decolonisation and environmental decontamination during a hospital outbreak with Candida auris. Mycoses. 2017; 60 (11): 758-763. doi: 10. 1111/myc.12699
Jones IA, Joshi LT. Biocide use in the antimicrobial era: A review. Molecules. 2021; 26 (8): 2276. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082276
Schelenz S, Hagen F, Rhodes JL, et al. First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2016; 5: 35. doi: 10.1186/s13756-016- 0132-5
Ledwoch K, Maillard J-Y. Candida auris dry surface biofilm (DSB) for disinfectant efficacy testing. Materials. 2018; 12 (1): 18. doi: 10.3390/ma12010018
Cadnum JL, Shaikh AA, Piedrahita CT, et al. Effectiveness of disinfectants against Candida auris and other Candida species. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2017; 38 (10): 1240-1243.
Cadnum JL, Shaikh AA, Piedrahita CT, et al. Relative resistance of the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris and other Candida species to killing by ultraviolet light. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2018; 39 (1): 94-96. doi: 10.1017/ice.2017.239
Rastogi RP, Richa, Kumar A, et al. Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and repair. Journal of Nucleic Acids. 2010; 2010: 592980. doi: 10.4061/2010/592980
Vassal M, Gomes IB, Pereira AR, et al. Combination of UVC light with antimicrobial agents for enhanced disinfection of surfaces and liquids. Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2023; 11 (3): 109639. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2023. 109639
Müller P, Tan CK, Ißleib U, et al. Investigation of the susceptibility of Candida auris and Candida albicans to chemical disinfectants using European Standards EN 13624 and EN 16615. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020; 105 (4): 648-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.026.
Referanslar
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, et al. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiology and Immunology. 2009; 53 (1), 41-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x
Lee WG, Shin JH, Uh Y, et al. First three reported cases of nosocomial fungemia caused by Candida auris. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2011; 49 (9): 3139-3142. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00319-11
Sticchi C, Raso R, Ferrara L, et al. Increasing number of cases due to Candida auris in North Italy, July 2019-December 2022. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12 (5): 1912. doi: 10.3390/jcm12051912
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid Risk Assessment: Candida auris in Healthcare Settings-Europe. (2018). Available online at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-risk-assessment-candidaauris-healthcare-settings-europe.
World Health Organization. WHO Releases First-Ever List of Health-Threatening Fungi. (2022). Available online at: https://www.who.int/news/item/25-10-2022-whoreleases-first-ever-list-of-health-threatening-fungi.
Sharma C, Kadosh D. Perspective on the origin, resistance, and spread of the emerging human fungal pathogen Candida auris. PLoS Pathogens. 2023; 19 (3): e1011190. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011190
de Jong AW, Dieleman C, Carbia M, et al. Performance of two novel chromogenic media for the identification of multidrug-resistant Candida auris compared with other commercially available formulations. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2021; 59 (4): e03220-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.03220-20
Kilburn S, Innes G, Quinn M, et al. Antifungal resistance trends of Candida auris clinical isolates in New York and New Jersey from 2016 to 2020. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022; 66 (3): e0224221. doi: 10.1128/aac.02242-21
Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, et al. Candida auris: A fungus with identity crisis. Pathogens and Diseases. 2020; 78 (4): ftaa034. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa034
Piedrahita CT, Cadnum JL, Jencson AL, et al. Environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities are a potential source for transmission of Candida auris and other Candida species. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2017; 38 (9): 1107–1109. doi: 10.1017/ice.2017.127
Chakrabarti A, Sood P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: host, pathogen and environmental tipping points. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2021; 70 (3): 01318. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.001318
Kumar JA, Eilertson B, Cadnum JL, et al. Environmental contamination with Candida species in multiple hospitals including a tertiary care hospital with a Candida auris outbreak. Pathogens Immunity. 2019; 4 (2): 260-270. doi: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.291
Forgács L, Borman AM, Prépost E, et al. Comparison of in vivo pathogenicity of four Candida auris clades in a neutropenic bloodstream infection murine model. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 2020; 9 (1): 1160-1109. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1771218
Bing J, Guan Z, Zheng T, et al. Clinical isolates of Candida auris with enhanced adherence and biofilm formation due to genomic amplification of ALS4. PLoS Pathogens. 2023; 19 (3): e1011239. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat. 1011239
Rossato L, Colombo AL. Candida auris: What have we learned about its mechanisms of pathogenicity?. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 3081. doi: 10.3389/fmicb. 2018.03081
Larkin E, Hager C, Chandra J, et al. The emerging pathogen Candida auris: growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formation. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2017; 61 (5): e02396–16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02396-16
Kühbacher A, Burger-Kentischer A, Rupp S. Interaction of Candida species with the skin. Microorganisms. 2017; 5 (7): 32. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5020032
Tharp B, Zheng R, Bryak G, et al. Role of microbiota in the skin colonization of Candida auris. mSphere. 2023; 8 (1): e0062322. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00623-22
Sexton DJ, Bentz ML, Welsh RM, et al. Positive correlation between Candida auris skin-colonization burden and environmental contamination at a ventilator-capable skilled nursing facility in Chicago. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021; 73 (7): 1142-1148. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab327
Horton MV, Johnson CJ, Kernien JF, et al. Candida auris forms high-burden biofilms in skin niche conditions and on porcine skin. mSphere. 2020; 5 (1): e00910–19. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00910-19
Short B, Brown J, Delaney C, et al. Candida auris exhibits resilient biofilm characteristics in vitro: implications for environmental persistence. Journal of Hospital Infections. 2019; 103 (1): 92-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.06.006
Thatchanamoorthy N, Devi VR, Chandramathi S, et al. Candida auris: A mini review on epidemiology in healthcare facilities in Asia. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8 (11): 1126. doi: 10.3390/jof8111126
Caceres DH, Forsberg K, Welsh RM, et al. Candida auris: A review of recommendations for detection and control in healthcare settings. Journal of Fungi. 2019; 5 (4): 111. doi: 10.3390/jof5040111
Ku TSN, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candida auris: Disinfectants and implications for infection control. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 726. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00726
Huang SS. Chlorhexidine-based decolonization to reduce healthcare-associated infections and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs): who, what, where, when, and why? Journal of Hospital Infection. 2019; 103 (3): 235-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.08.025
McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1999; 12 (1): 147-179. doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
Moore G, Schelenz S, Borman AM, et al. Yeasticidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics against Candida auris. Journal of Hospital Infections. 2017; 97 (4): 371-375. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.019
Johnson CJ, Eix EF, Lam BC, et al. Augmenting the activity of chlorhexidine for decolonization of Candida auris from porcine skin. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (10): 804. doi: 10.3390/jof7100804
Rutala WA, Kanamori H, Gergen MF, et al. Susceptibility of Candida auris and Candida albicans to 21 germicides used in healthcare facilities. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2019; 40 (3): 380-382. doi: 10.1017/ice. 2019.1
Fu L, Le T, Liu Z, et al. Different efficacies of common disinfection methods against Candida auris and other Candida species. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2020; 13 (5): 730-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.008
Abdolrasouli A, Armstrong-James D, Ryan L, et al. In vitro efficacy of disinfectants utilised for skin decolonisation and environmental decontamination during a hospital outbreak with Candida auris. Mycoses. 2017; 60 (11): 758-763. doi: 10. 1111/myc.12699
Jones IA, Joshi LT. Biocide use in the antimicrobial era: A review. Molecules. 2021; 26 (8): 2276. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082276
Schelenz S, Hagen F, Rhodes JL, et al. First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2016; 5: 35. doi: 10.1186/s13756-016- 0132-5
Ledwoch K, Maillard J-Y. Candida auris dry surface biofilm (DSB) for disinfectant efficacy testing. Materials. 2018; 12 (1): 18. doi: 10.3390/ma12010018
Cadnum JL, Shaikh AA, Piedrahita CT, et al. Effectiveness of disinfectants against Candida auris and other Candida species. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2017; 38 (10): 1240-1243.
Cadnum JL, Shaikh AA, Piedrahita CT, et al. Relative resistance of the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris and other Candida species to killing by ultraviolet light. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2018; 39 (1): 94-96. doi: 10.1017/ice.2017.239
Rastogi RP, Richa, Kumar A, et al. Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and repair. Journal of Nucleic Acids. 2010; 2010: 592980. doi: 10.4061/2010/592980
Vassal M, Gomes IB, Pereira AR, et al. Combination of UVC light with antimicrobial agents for enhanced disinfection of surfaces and liquids. Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2023; 11 (3): 109639. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2023. 109639
Müller P, Tan CK, Ißleib U, et al. Investigation of the susceptibility of Candida auris and Candida albicans to chemical disinfectants using European Standards EN 13624 and EN 16615. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020; 105 (4): 648-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.05.026.
