Candida auris’ in Tanımlanması
Özet
Candida auris ciddi enfeksiyonlara neden olabilen, sağlığı küresel boyutta tehdit eden yeni bir maya türü olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Çoklu ilaç direnci gösteren bu mayanın çok sayıda virülans faktörüne sahip olması, sağlık hizmeti ilişkili enfeksiyonlara neden olmasını kolaylaştırmaktadır. C.auris enfeksiyonunun tüm dünya çapındaki gerçek prevalansı bilinmemektedir. Çünkü, laboratuvarlar tarafından kullanılan fenotipik yöntemler C. auris’i diğer Candida türlerinden ayıramamaktadır. Bu durum patojenin tespitini, tedavisini ve kontrolünü zorlaştırmaktadır. Günümüzde güncellenmiş veri tabanları ile MALDI-TOF MS ve moleküler yöntemler, C. auris'in doğru tanımlanması için en etkili ve yaygın olarak kullanılan tanı yöntemleridir. Her yöntemin kendine göre avantajları ve dezavantajlarını bilerek, hataların farkında olmak ve bu eksiklikleri başka yaklaşımlar kullanarak tamamlamak büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Candida auris has recently emerged as a new fungus that can cause severe infections and threaten health on a global scale. This multidrug-resistant yeast has been reported to cause hospital-acquired infections because of its many virulence factors. The worldwide prevalence of C. auris infection is unknown. Because traditional and commercially available biochemical methods used by laboratories may misidentify C. auris by confusing it with other Candida species, this makes detecting, treating, and controlling the pathogen difficult. Today, with updated databases, MALDI-TOF MS and molecular methods are the most effective and widely used diagnostic techniques for accurately identifying C. auris. However, each method has its advantages and disadvantages. It is essential for laboratories using biochemical methods to be aware of the common shortcomings of various commercially available methods and compensate for them using other approaches.
Referanslar
Mahmoudi S, Agha Kuchak Afshari S, Aghaei Gharehbolagh, S et al. Methods for identification of Candida auris, the yeast of global public health concern: A review. Journal de Mycologie Medicale. 2019; 29 (2): 174-179. doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.04.004
Sikora A., Hashmi MF, Zahra F. Candida auris. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.2023
Pallotta F, Viale P, Barchiesi F. Candida auris: the new fungal threat. Le infezioni in medicina. 2023; 31 (3): 323-328. doi.org/10.53854/liim-3103-6
Kordalewska M, Zhao Y, Lockhart SR, et al. Rapid and accurate molecular identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2017; 55 (8): 2445-2452. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00630-175.
Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Duggal S, et al. New clonal strain of Candida auris, Delhi, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013; 19 (10): 1670-1673. doi.org/10.3201/eid1910.130393
Navalkele BD, Revankar S, Chandrasekar P. Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2017; 15 (9): 819-827. doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1364992
Osei Sekyere J. Candida auris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current updates on an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen. MicrobiologyOpen. 2018; 7 (4): e00578. doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.578
Bidaud AL, Chowdhary A, & Dannaoui E. Candida auris: An emerging drug resistant yeast - A mini-review. Journal de Mycologie Medicale. 2018; 28 (3): 568-573. doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.06.007
Forsberg K, Woodworth K, Walters M, et al. Candida auris: The recent emergence of a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Medical Mycology. 2019; 57 (1): 1-12. doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myy054
Keighley C, Garnham K, Harch SAJ, et al. Candida auris: Diagnostic challenges and emerging opportunities for the clinical microbiology laboratory. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2021; 15 (3): 116-126. doi.org/10.1007/s12281-021-00420-y
Ong CW, Chen SC, Clark JE, et al. Diagnosis, management and prevention of Candida auris in hospitals: position statement of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases. Internal Medicine Journal. 2019; 49 (10): 1229-1243. doi.org/10.1111/imj.14612
Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, et al. Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2017; 55 (10): 2996-3005. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00921-17
CDC. (23.04.2024; tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/lab-professionals/c-auris-colonization-screening.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cendejas-Bueno E, Kolecka A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, et al. Reclassification of the Candida haemulonii complex as Candida haemulonii (C. haemulonii group I), C. duobushaemulonii sp. nov. (C. haemulonii group II), and C. haemulonii var. vulnera var. nov.: three multiresistant human pathogenic yeasts. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 50 (11): 3641-3651. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02248-12
Gülmez D. Candida auris: The fungal pathogen that managed to spread around the world in a decade. Flora. 2019; 24 (4): 263-271. doi: 10.5578/flora.69056
Kordalewska M, & Perlin DS. Molecular diagnostics in the times of surveillance for Candida auris. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland). 2019; 5 (3): 77. doi.org/10.3390/jof5030077
CDC. (23.04.2024 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/identification.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
ElBaradei A. A decade after the emergence of Candida auris: what do we know?. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2020; 39 (9): 1617-1627. doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03886-9
Spivak ES, Hanson KE. Candida auris: an emerging fungal pathogen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (2): e01588-17. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01588-17
Lee Y, Bao H, Viramgama S. A rare fungus on the rise: Candida auris. American Journal 0f Health-System Pharmacy. 2018; 75 (14): 1013-1017. doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170640
Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, Chow N, et al. Candida auris for the clinical microbiology laboratory: Not your grandfather's Candida species. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2017; 39 (13): 99-103. doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2017.06.003
Leach L, Zhu Y, Chaturvedi S. Development and validation of a real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of Candida auris from surveillance samples. Journal 0f Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (2): e01223-17. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01223-17
Theill L, Dudiuk C, Morales-Lopez S, et al. Single-tube classical PCR for Candida auris and Candida haemulonii identification. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 2018; 35 (2): 110-112. doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2018.01.003
Arastehfar A, Fang W, Badali H, et al. Low-cost tetraplex pcr for the global spreading multi-drug resistant fungus, Candida auris and its phylogenetic relatives. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 1119. doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01119
Martínez-Murcia A, Navarro A, Bru G, et. Internal validation of GPS™ MONODOSE CanAur dtec-qPCR kit following the UNE/EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 for detection of the emerging yeast Candida auris. Mycoses. 2018; 61(11), 877–884. doi.org/10.1111/myc.12834
Arastehfar A, Fang W, Daneshnia F, et al. Novel multiplex real-time quantitative PCR detecting system approach for direct detection of Candida auris and its relatives in spiked serum samples. Future Microbiology. 2019;14: 33-45. doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2018-0227
Arastehfar A, Fang W, Pan W, et al. YEAST PANEL multiplex PCR for identification of clinically important yeast species: stepwise diagnostic strategy, useful for developing countries. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2019; 93 (2): 112-119. doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.09.007
Lima A, Widen R, Vestal G, et al. A TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR assay for the rapid identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris on the BD Max System. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2019; 57 (7): e01604-18. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01604-18
Sexton DJ, Kordalewska M, Bentz ML, et al. Direct detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris in clinical skin swabs by SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (12): e01337-18. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01337-18
Sexton DJ, Bentz ML, Welsh RM, et al. Evaluation of a new T2 magnetic resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples. Mycoses. 2018; 61 (10): 786-790. doi.org/10.1111/myc.12817
Yamamoto M, Alshahni MM, Tamura T, et al. Rapid detection of Candida auris based on Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (9): e00591-18. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00591-18
Qin D. Next-generation sequencing and its clinical application. Cancer Biology & Medicine. 2019; 16 (1): 4-10. doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0055
Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (2): 134-140. doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw691
Referanslar
Mahmoudi S, Agha Kuchak Afshari S, Aghaei Gharehbolagh, S et al. Methods for identification of Candida auris, the yeast of global public health concern: A review. Journal de Mycologie Medicale. 2019; 29 (2): 174-179. doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.04.004
Sikora A., Hashmi MF, Zahra F. Candida auris. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.2023
Pallotta F, Viale P, Barchiesi F. Candida auris: the new fungal threat. Le infezioni in medicina. 2023; 31 (3): 323-328. doi.org/10.53854/liim-3103-6
Kordalewska M, Zhao Y, Lockhart SR, et al. Rapid and accurate molecular identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2017; 55 (8): 2445-2452. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00630-175.
Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Duggal S, et al. New clonal strain of Candida auris, Delhi, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013; 19 (10): 1670-1673. doi.org/10.3201/eid1910.130393
Navalkele BD, Revankar S, Chandrasekar P. Candida auris: a worrisome, globally emerging pathogen. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2017; 15 (9): 819-827. doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1364992
Osei Sekyere J. Candida auris: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current updates on an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen. MicrobiologyOpen. 2018; 7 (4): e00578. doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.578
Bidaud AL, Chowdhary A, & Dannaoui E. Candida auris: An emerging drug resistant yeast - A mini-review. Journal de Mycologie Medicale. 2018; 28 (3): 568-573. doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.06.007
Forsberg K, Woodworth K, Walters M, et al. Candida auris: The recent emergence of a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Medical Mycology. 2019; 57 (1): 1-12. doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myy054
Keighley C, Garnham K, Harch SAJ, et al. Candida auris: Diagnostic challenges and emerging opportunities for the clinical microbiology laboratory. Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2021; 15 (3): 116-126. doi.org/10.1007/s12281-021-00420-y
Ong CW, Chen SC, Clark JE, et al. Diagnosis, management and prevention of Candida auris in hospitals: position statement of the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases. Internal Medicine Journal. 2019; 49 (10): 1229-1243. doi.org/10.1111/imj.14612
Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, et al. Survival, persistence, and isolation of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris on a plastic health care surface. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2017; 55 (10): 2996-3005. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00921-17
CDC. (23.04.2024; tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/lab-professionals/c-auris-colonization-screening.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cendejas-Bueno E, Kolecka A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, et al. Reclassification of the Candida haemulonii complex as Candida haemulonii (C. haemulonii group I), C. duobushaemulonii sp. nov. (C. haemulonii group II), and C. haemulonii var. vulnera var. nov.: three multiresistant human pathogenic yeasts. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 50 (11): 3641-3651. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02248-12
Gülmez D. Candida auris: The fungal pathogen that managed to spread around the world in a decade. Flora. 2019; 24 (4): 263-271. doi: 10.5578/flora.69056
Kordalewska M, & Perlin DS. Molecular diagnostics in the times of surveillance for Candida auris. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland). 2019; 5 (3): 77. doi.org/10.3390/jof5030077
CDC. (23.04.2024 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/identification.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
ElBaradei A. A decade after the emergence of Candida auris: what do we know?. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2020; 39 (9): 1617-1627. doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03886-9
Spivak ES, Hanson KE. Candida auris: an emerging fungal pathogen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (2): e01588-17. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01588-17
Lee Y, Bao H, Viramgama S. A rare fungus on the rise: Candida auris. American Journal 0f Health-System Pharmacy. 2018; 75 (14): 1013-1017. doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170640
Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, Chow N, et al. Candida auris for the clinical microbiology laboratory: Not your grandfather's Candida species. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2017; 39 (13): 99-103. doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2017.06.003
Leach L, Zhu Y, Chaturvedi S. Development and validation of a real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of Candida auris from surveillance samples. Journal 0f Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (2): e01223-17. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01223-17
Theill L, Dudiuk C, Morales-Lopez S, et al. Single-tube classical PCR for Candida auris and Candida haemulonii identification. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 2018; 35 (2): 110-112. doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2018.01.003
Arastehfar A, Fang W, Badali H, et al. Low-cost tetraplex pcr for the global spreading multi-drug resistant fungus, Candida auris and its phylogenetic relatives. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 1119. doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01119
Martínez-Murcia A, Navarro A, Bru G, et. Internal validation of GPS™ MONODOSE CanAur dtec-qPCR kit following the UNE/EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 for detection of the emerging yeast Candida auris. Mycoses. 2018; 61(11), 877–884. doi.org/10.1111/myc.12834
Arastehfar A, Fang W, Daneshnia F, et al. Novel multiplex real-time quantitative PCR detecting system approach for direct detection of Candida auris and its relatives in spiked serum samples. Future Microbiology. 2019;14: 33-45. doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2018-0227
Arastehfar A, Fang W, Pan W, et al. YEAST PANEL multiplex PCR for identification of clinically important yeast species: stepwise diagnostic strategy, useful for developing countries. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2019; 93 (2): 112-119. doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.09.007
Lima A, Widen R, Vestal G, et al. A TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR assay for the rapid identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris on the BD Max System. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2019; 57 (7): e01604-18. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01604-18
Sexton DJ, Kordalewska M, Bentz ML, et al. Direct detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris in clinical skin swabs by SYBR Green-based quantitative PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (12): e01337-18. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01337-18
Sexton DJ, Bentz ML, Welsh RM, et al. Evaluation of a new T2 magnetic resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples. Mycoses. 2018; 61 (10): 786-790. doi.org/10.1111/myc.12817
Yamamoto M, Alshahni MM, Tamura T, et al. Rapid detection of Candida auris based on Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2018; 56 (9): e00591-18. doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00591-18
Qin D. Next-generation sequencing and its clinical application. Cancer Biology & Medicine. 2019; 16 (1): 4-10. doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0055
Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and epidemiological analyses. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017; 64 (2): 134-140. doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw691
