Candida auris’ in Biyolojisi ve Evrimi
Özet
Candida auris 2009’da tanımlanan önemli bir maya mantarıdır. Belirli coğrafyalar ile ilişkili olan beş farklı genomik “klad” tanımlanmıştır. Bu “süper mantar” sağlık bakımını tehdit eden bir mikroorganizmadır. Moleküler biyolojideki ilerlemeler sayesinde C. auris’in evrimine ilişkin detaylı bilgiler edinilmiştir. C. auris’in patojen hale gelmesi ile ilgili olarak bazı hipotezler öne sürülmüştür. Bu hipotezlerden birine göre, C. auris ortak bir atadan gelerek farklı coğrafyalara dağılmış ve genetik olarak değişmiştir. Bu teoriyi destekleyen genom bulgularına, tarihi kanıtlara ve bilimsel gerçeklere ulaşılmıştır. C. auris antiseptik ve antifungaller ile karşılaşmaya bağlı olarak insanlarda hastalık yapan fırsatçı bir patojen haline gelmiştir. Bu bölümde C. auris’in çevresel kaynakları, biyolojisi, evrimleşme süreci ve genom yapısı sunulmaktadır.
Candida auris is an emerging yeast described in 2009. There are five different genomic “clades” of the fungus at distinct geographical locations. This “superbug” is a fungal threat to the health care settings. Advancements in molecular biology have provided several insights into the evolution of C. auris. There is a hypotheses already proposed by researchers fall short of explaining how and why C. auris emerged. This theorizes that C. auris emerged from a common ancestor, subsequently migrated to specific geographical locations, and diversified genetically. We have supporitng clues as genomic insights, historical events, and indirect scientific facts. C. auris adapted to humans as being an opportunist pathogen due to antiseptic and antifungal practices. In this chapter, environmental niches, biology, evolutionary process and the genomic structure of C. auris is presented.
Referanslar
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiology Immunology. 2009; 53 (1): 41-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x
Pallotta F, Viale P, Barchiesi F. Candida auris: the new fungal threat. Le infezioni in Medicina. 2023; 31 (3): 323-328. doi: 10.53854/liim-3103-6
https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060241
Casadevall A, Kontoyiannis DP, Robert V. On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps, and birds. mBio. 2019; 10 (4): e01397-19. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01397-19
Chowdhary A, Jain K, Chauhan N. Candida auris Genetics and emergence. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2023; 77: 583-602. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-015858
Garcia-Bustos V, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Salavert M, Tormo-Mas MÁ, Pemán J. Climate change, animals, and Candida auris: insights into the ecological niche of a new species from a One Health approach. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2023; 29 (7): 858-862. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.016
Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, et al. Scientists' warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2019; 17 (9): 569-586. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5
Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Chávez-Santiago JO, Mora-Montes HM. Candida haemulonii Complex and Candida auris: biology, virulence factors, immune response, and multidrug resistance. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2023; 16: 1455-1470. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S402754
Du H, Bing J, Hu T, Ennis CL, Nobile CJ, Huang G. Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence. PLoS Pathogens. 2020; 16 (10): e1008921. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008921.
Taverna CG, Vivot ME, Arias BA, Irazu L, Canteros CE. Evaluation of the CHROMagar Candida Plus medium for presumptive identification of yeasts and MALDI-TOF MS identification. Mycoses. 2023; 66 (11): 977-983. doi: 10.1111/myc.13633
Garcia-Bustos V, Pemán J, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Cabanilles-Boronat A, Fernández-Calduch M, Marcilla-Barreda L, Sigona-Giangreco IA, Salavert M, Tormo-Mas MÁ, Ruiz-Saurí A. Host-pathogen interactions upon Candida auris infection: fungal behaviour and immune response in Galleria mellonella. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2022; 11 (1): 136-146. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2017756
Bravo Ruiz G, Ross ZK, Gow NAR, Lorenz A. Pseudohyphal growth of the emerging pathogen Candida auris is triggered by genotoxic stress through the S phase checkpoint. mSphere. 2020; 5 (2): e00151-20. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00151-20
Bravo Ruiz G, Lorenz A. What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris? Microbiol Research. 2021; 242: 126621. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126621
Khan T, Faysal NI, Hossain MM, Mah-E-Muneer S, Haider A, Moon SB, Sen D, Ahmed D, Parnell LA, Jubair M, Chow NA, Chowdhury F, Rahman M. Emergence of the novel sixth Candida auris Clade VI in Bangladesh. Microbiology Spectrum. 2024; Published online June 6, 2024. doi:10.1128/spectrum.03540-23
Sharma M, Chakrabarti A. On the origin of Candida auris: Ancestor, environmental stresses, and antiseptics. mBio. 2020; 11 (6): e02102-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02102-20
Naicker SD, Maphanga TG, Chow NA, Allam M, Kwenda S, Ismail A, Govender NP for GERMS-SA. Clade distribution of Candida auris in South Africa using whole genome sequencing of clinical and environmental isolates. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2021; 10 (1): 1300-1308. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1944323
Santana DJ, Anku JAE, Zhao G, Zarnowski R, Johnson CJ, Hautau H, Visser ND, Ibrahim AS, Andes D, Nett JE, Singh S, O'Meara TR. A Candida auris-specific adhesin, Scf1, governs surface association, colonization, and virulence. Science. 2023; 381 (6665): 1461-1467. doi: 10.1126/science.adf8972
Gülmez D. Candida auris: On yılda dünyaya yayılmayı başaran fungal patojen. FLORA. 2019; 24 (4): 263-271. doi: 10.5578/flora.69056
Karaayvaz S, Alkan S. Candida auris enfeksiyonları. Dental Medical Journal Review. 2022; 4 (2): 124-131.
Ayhancı T, Altındiş M. Hızla yayılan çoklu ilaca dirençli maya mantarı: Candida auris. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi. 2020; 77 (1): 123-136 (Turkish) doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2019.26879
Alp Ş, Arıkan Akdağlı S. Candida auris ve antifungal ilaçlara direnç mekanizmaları. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2021; 55 (1): 99-112. doi: 10.5578/mb.20217
Akinbobola AB, Kean R, Hanifi SMA, Quilliam RS. Environmental reservoirs of the drug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris. PLoS Pathogens. 2023; 19 (4): e1011268. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011268
Shea TP, Cuomo CA. Generating Complete Genome Assemblies of Candida auris. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2022; 2517: 205-214. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_16
Gülmez D, Brown JL, Butcher MC, Delaney C, Kean R, Ramage G, Short B. Investigating dual-species Candida auris and Staphylococcal biofilm antiseptic challenge. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11 (7): 931. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11070931
Kean R, Brown J, Gulmez D, Ware A, Ramage G. Candida auris: A decade of understanding of an enigmatic pathogenic yeast. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2020; 6 (1): 30. doi: 10.3390/jof6010030
Kurt AF, Kuskucu MA, Balkan II, Baris A, Yazgan Z, Serife Oz A, Tosun AI, Mete B, Tabak F, Aygun G. Candida auris fungemia and a local spread taken under control with infection control measures: First report from Turkey. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2021; 39 (2): 228-230. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.03.007
Kömeç S, Karabıçak N, Ceylan AN, Gülmez A, Özalp O. Türkiye İstanbul’dan bildirilen üç Candida auris olgusu. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2021; 55 (3): 452-460. doi: 10.5578/mb.20219814
Bölükbaşı Y, Erköse Genç G, Orhun G, Kuşkucu MA, Çağatay A, Önel M, Öngen B, Ağaçfidan A, Esen F, Erturan Z. Türkiye’de ilk COVID-19 pozitif Candida auris fungemi olgusu. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2021; 55 (4): 648-655. doi: 10.5578/mb.20219716
Erturk Sengel B, Ekren BY, Sayin E, Cerikcioglu N, Sezerman U, Odabasi Z. Identification of molecular and genetic resistance mechanisms in a Candida auris isolate in a tertiary care center in Türkiye. Mycopathologia. 2023; 188 (6): 929-936. doi: 10.1007/s11046-023-00787-1
Pandya N, Cag Y, Pandak N, Pekok AU, Poojary A, Ayoade F, Fasciana T, Giammanco A, Caskurlu H, Rajani DP, Gupta YK, Balkan II, Khan EA, Erdem H. International multicentre study of Candida auris infections. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2021; 7 (10): 878. doi: 10.3390/jof7100878
Arikan-Akdagli S, Ghannoum M, Meis JF. Antifungal resistance: specific focus on multidrug resistance in Candida auris and secondary azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2018; 4 (4): 29. doi: 10.3390/jof4040129
Ettadili H, Vural C. Current global status of Candida auris an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen: bibliometric analysis and network visualization. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2024 Jan 23. doi: 10.1007/s42770-023-01239-0
Erganiş S, Öztürk A, Turan Uzuntaş S, Kırca F, Doğan A, Dinç B, Kalkancı A. Biocide and antifungal susceptibility of Candida auris isolates. Poster number: 4174, 34.th ECCMID, 27-30 April 2024, Barcelona, Spain.
Referanslar
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiology Immunology. 2009; 53 (1): 41-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x
Pallotta F, Viale P, Barchiesi F. Candida auris: the new fungal threat. Le infezioni in Medicina. 2023; 31 (3): 323-328. doi: 10.53854/liim-3103-6
https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240060241
Casadevall A, Kontoyiannis DP, Robert V. On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps, and birds. mBio. 2019; 10 (4): e01397-19. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01397-19
Chowdhary A, Jain K, Chauhan N. Candida auris Genetics and emergence. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2023; 77: 583-602. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-015858
Garcia-Bustos V, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Salavert M, Tormo-Mas MÁ, Pemán J. Climate change, animals, and Candida auris: insights into the ecological niche of a new species from a One Health approach. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2023; 29 (7): 858-862. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.016
Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, et al. Scientists' warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2019; 17 (9): 569-586. doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5
Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Chávez-Santiago JO, Mora-Montes HM. Candida haemulonii Complex and Candida auris: biology, virulence factors, immune response, and multidrug resistance. Infection and Drug Resistance. 2023; 16: 1455-1470. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S402754
Du H, Bing J, Hu T, Ennis CL, Nobile CJ, Huang G. Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence. PLoS Pathogens. 2020; 16 (10): e1008921. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008921.
Taverna CG, Vivot ME, Arias BA, Irazu L, Canteros CE. Evaluation of the CHROMagar Candida Plus medium for presumptive identification of yeasts and MALDI-TOF MS identification. Mycoses. 2023; 66 (11): 977-983. doi: 10.1111/myc.13633
Garcia-Bustos V, Pemán J, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Cabañero-Navalon MD, Cabanilles-Boronat A, Fernández-Calduch M, Marcilla-Barreda L, Sigona-Giangreco IA, Salavert M, Tormo-Mas MÁ, Ruiz-Saurí A. Host-pathogen interactions upon Candida auris infection: fungal behaviour and immune response in Galleria mellonella. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2022; 11 (1): 136-146. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2017756
Bravo Ruiz G, Ross ZK, Gow NAR, Lorenz A. Pseudohyphal growth of the emerging pathogen Candida auris is triggered by genotoxic stress through the S phase checkpoint. mSphere. 2020; 5 (2): e00151-20. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00151-20
Bravo Ruiz G, Lorenz A. What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris? Microbiol Research. 2021; 242: 126621. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126621
Khan T, Faysal NI, Hossain MM, Mah-E-Muneer S, Haider A, Moon SB, Sen D, Ahmed D, Parnell LA, Jubair M, Chow NA, Chowdhury F, Rahman M. Emergence of the novel sixth Candida auris Clade VI in Bangladesh. Microbiology Spectrum. 2024; Published online June 6, 2024. doi:10.1128/spectrum.03540-23
Sharma M, Chakrabarti A. On the origin of Candida auris: Ancestor, environmental stresses, and antiseptics. mBio. 2020; 11 (6): e02102-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02102-20
Naicker SD, Maphanga TG, Chow NA, Allam M, Kwenda S, Ismail A, Govender NP for GERMS-SA. Clade distribution of Candida auris in South Africa using whole genome sequencing of clinical and environmental isolates. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2021; 10 (1): 1300-1308. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1944323
Santana DJ, Anku JAE, Zhao G, Zarnowski R, Johnson CJ, Hautau H, Visser ND, Ibrahim AS, Andes D, Nett JE, Singh S, O'Meara TR. A Candida auris-specific adhesin, Scf1, governs surface association, colonization, and virulence. Science. 2023; 381 (6665): 1461-1467. doi: 10.1126/science.adf8972
Gülmez D. Candida auris: On yılda dünyaya yayılmayı başaran fungal patojen. FLORA. 2019; 24 (4): 263-271. doi: 10.5578/flora.69056
Karaayvaz S, Alkan S. Candida auris enfeksiyonları. Dental Medical Journal Review. 2022; 4 (2): 124-131.
Ayhancı T, Altındiş M. Hızla yayılan çoklu ilaca dirençli maya mantarı: Candida auris. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi. 2020; 77 (1): 123-136 (Turkish) doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2019.26879
Alp Ş, Arıkan Akdağlı S. Candida auris ve antifungal ilaçlara direnç mekanizmaları. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2021; 55 (1): 99-112. doi: 10.5578/mb.20217
Akinbobola AB, Kean R, Hanifi SMA, Quilliam RS. Environmental reservoirs of the drug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris. PLoS Pathogens. 2023; 19 (4): e1011268. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011268
Shea TP, Cuomo CA. Generating Complete Genome Assemblies of Candida auris. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2022; 2517: 205-214. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_16
Gülmez D, Brown JL, Butcher MC, Delaney C, Kean R, Ramage G, Short B. Investigating dual-species Candida auris and Staphylococcal biofilm antiseptic challenge. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11 (7): 931. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11070931
Kean R, Brown J, Gulmez D, Ware A, Ramage G. Candida auris: A decade of understanding of an enigmatic pathogenic yeast. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2020; 6 (1): 30. doi: 10.3390/jof6010030
Kurt AF, Kuskucu MA, Balkan II, Baris A, Yazgan Z, Serife Oz A, Tosun AI, Mete B, Tabak F, Aygun G. Candida auris fungemia and a local spread taken under control with infection control measures: First report from Turkey. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2021; 39 (2): 228-230. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.03.007
Kömeç S, Karabıçak N, Ceylan AN, Gülmez A, Özalp O. Türkiye İstanbul’dan bildirilen üç Candida auris olgusu. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2021; 55 (3): 452-460. doi: 10.5578/mb.20219814
Bölükbaşı Y, Erköse Genç G, Orhun G, Kuşkucu MA, Çağatay A, Önel M, Öngen B, Ağaçfidan A, Esen F, Erturan Z. Türkiye’de ilk COVID-19 pozitif Candida auris fungemi olgusu. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni. 2021; 55 (4): 648-655. doi: 10.5578/mb.20219716
Erturk Sengel B, Ekren BY, Sayin E, Cerikcioglu N, Sezerman U, Odabasi Z. Identification of molecular and genetic resistance mechanisms in a Candida auris isolate in a tertiary care center in Türkiye. Mycopathologia. 2023; 188 (6): 929-936. doi: 10.1007/s11046-023-00787-1
Pandya N, Cag Y, Pandak N, Pekok AU, Poojary A, Ayoade F, Fasciana T, Giammanco A, Caskurlu H, Rajani DP, Gupta YK, Balkan II, Khan EA, Erdem H. International multicentre study of Candida auris infections. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2021; 7 (10): 878. doi: 10.3390/jof7100878
Arikan-Akdagli S, Ghannoum M, Meis JF. Antifungal resistance: specific focus on multidrug resistance in Candida auris and secondary azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Fungi (Basel). 2018; 4 (4): 29. doi: 10.3390/jof4040129
Ettadili H, Vural C. Current global status of Candida auris an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen: bibliometric analysis and network visualization. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2024 Jan 23. doi: 10.1007/s42770-023-01239-0
Erganiş S, Öztürk A, Turan Uzuntaş S, Kırca F, Doğan A, Dinç B, Kalkancı A. Biocide and antifungal susceptibility of Candida auris isolates. Poster number: 4174, 34.th ECCMID, 27-30 April 2024, Barcelona, Spain.
