Üreme Siklus Anomalileri Anormal Uterin Kanamalar
Özet
Her kadın yaşamı boyunca mutlaka üreme fonksiyonlarına ilişkin kanama ve ağrı şikâyeti yaşar. Bu sorunlardan, kanama şikâyeti genellikle menstrual siklusla ilişkilidir. Bir menstrüel siklusun normal kabul edilebilmesi için sıklığı 24-38 günde bir, kanama süresi sekiz gün ve miktarı 5-80 ml’yi geçmemelidir. Bu göstergeler dışında kalan her şey Anormal Uterin Kanama (AUK) olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Üreme fonksiyonunun sağlıklı sürdürülmesi AUK dışında pelvik, menstrual ağrı (dismenore) ve Premenstrüel Sendrom (PMS) gibi sorunların da yaşanıp yaşanmadığına bağlıdır. Bu sorunlar cinsel sağlık ve üreme sağlığının bozulması, yaşam kalitesinin azalması, sağlık hizmetlerinden yararlanamama ve ekonomik kayıpların artması gibi olumsuzluklara neden olmaktadır. Üreme fonksiyonları, pelvik ağrı, dismenore, PMS ve AUK’ya ilişkin sorunların bakımda, hemşire tanı tedavi işlemlerinde kadına destek olmakla birlikte, kadının menstruasyon fizyolojisi, kendi menstrual siklusunu izleyebilmesi konusunda eğitim ve danışmanlık vermelidir. Ayrıca kadının yaşadığı üreme fonksiyonlarına ilişkin sorunlardan kaynaklı fiziksel, emosyonel ve cinsellikle ilgili olumsuzluklarla baş etmesine destek olarak yaşam kalitesinin artırılması hedeflenmelidir.
Referanslar
Bradley LD, Gueye NA. The medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2016; 214: 31-44.doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.044
Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HO. Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO systems 1 and 2. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics; 2023; 162, 29-42.doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14946
Cunningham FG, Levano K, Bloom S, Spong C, Dashe J, Hoffman B, Casey B. Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw Hill; 2018.
Davis E, Sparzak PB. Abnormal uterine bleeding. [Updated 2021 Feb 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. TreasureIsland (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532913/
Foster C, Al-Zubeidi H. Menstrual irregularities. Pediatric Annals. 2018; 1;47(1): 23-28. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20171219-01
Gasner A, Rehman A. Primary amenorrhea. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Marnach ML, Laughlin-Tommaso SK. Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2019; 94: 326-335.doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.012
Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics; 2018; 143: 393-408.doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12666
Potur DC. Üreme siklus anomalileri. In Nazik E (ed.) Doğum, Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022. p. 583-620.
Santoro N, Clain E. Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding: the challenge of diagnosis occurs in distinguishing “normal” from “abnormal” in a time of rapid and dynamic change. Contemporary OB/GYN; 2021;66:26-32.
Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, menstrual cycle. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Welt CK, Chakrabarti A. Normal menstrual cycle. In UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2022.
Molla A, Duko B, Girma B, Madoro D, Nigussie J, Belayneh Z, Mengistu N, Mekuriaw B. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among students in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Womens Health; 2022;18:1-9. doi: 10.1177/17455057221079443
Güner Ö, Öztürk R, Kavlak O. Primer dismenorenin yönetiminde kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Journal of Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2015;25(3):195-204.
Cangöl E, Beji NK. Primer dismenore, kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi; 2013;35(2):44-55.
Potur Coşkuner D, Kömürcü N. Dismenore yönetiminde tamamlayıcı tedaviler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi; 2013; 10: 8-13.
Potur DC, Bilgin NC, Komurcu N. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea in university students in Turkey: effect on daily activities and evaluation of different pain management methods. Pain Management Nursing; 2014; 15: 768-777.
Guimarães I, Póvoa AM. Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and treatment. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; 2020;42(8), 501–507. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1712131
Nagy H, Carlson K, Khan MAB. Dysmenorrhea. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Ferries-Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer JS. Primary Dysmenorrhea: diagnosis and therapy. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2020;136(5):1047-1058. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096
Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Human Reproductive Update. 2015;21(6):762-778. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv039
Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews; 2014;36:104-113. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxt009
Duman NB, Yıldırım F, Vural G. Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea and the effect of complementary and alternative treatment methods: Sample from Corum, Turkey. International Journal of Health Sciences (Qassim); 2022;16(3):35-43.
MacGregor B, Allaire C, Bedaiwy MA, Yong PJ, Bougie O. Disease Burden of dysmenorrhea: Impact on life course potential. International Journal of Women's Health; 2023;15:499-509.
Reddish S. Dysmenorrhoea. Australian Family Physician; 2006;35(11):842-849.
Ostrzenski A. Gynecology: integrating conventional, complementary, and natural alternative therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Tadese M, Kassa A, Muluneh AA, Altaye G. Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea, associated risk factors and its relationship with academic performance among graduating female university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open; 2021;19;11(3):e043814. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043814.
Burnett M, Lemyre M. No. 345-Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada; 2017;39(7):585-595. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.12.023
Habibi N, Huang MS, Gan WY, Zulida R, Safavi SM. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and factors associated with ıts ıntensity among undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study. Pain Management Nursing; 2015;16(6):855-861. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2015.07.001
Babapour F, Elyasi F, Shahhosseini Z, Hosseini Tabaghdehi M. The prevalence of moderate-severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder and the related factors in high school students: A cross-sectional study. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports; 2023;43(2):249-254. doi:10.1002/npr2.12338
Maheshwari P, Menon B, Jith A, Bhaskaran R. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its effect on quality of work life in working women in South India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry; 2023;32(2):255-259. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_106_22
Green LJ, O’Brien PMS, Panay N, Craig M Management of Premenstrual Syndrome: Green-top Guideline No. 48. BJOG; 2017;124(3):e73-e105. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14260
Direkvand-Moghadam A, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A, & Kaikhavandi S, 2014b Epidemiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research; 2014;8(2):106-109. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/8024.4021
Management of Premenstrual Disorders: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 7. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2023;142(6):1516-1533. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005426
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN). Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Nursing Management for Cyclic Perimenstrual Pain and Discomfort. Washington, DC: Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses; 2003.p.23
Lustyk MK, Gerrish WG, Shaver S, Keys SL. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic review. Archives of Women's Mental Health; 2009;12(2):85-96. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0052-y
Gudipally PR, Sharma GK. Premenstrual Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Till SR, Nakamura R, Schrepf A, As-Sanie S. Approach to diagnosis and management of chronic pelvic pain in women: incorporating chronic overlapping pain conditions in assessment and management. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America; 2022;49(2):219-239. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.02.006
Karnath BM, Breitkopf DM. Acute and chronic pelvic pain in women. Hospital Physician; 2007;41-48.
Panay N. Management of premenstrual syndrome: evidence-based guidelines. Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine; 2011;(21):221-228.
Gökyıldız Ş. Kronik pelvik ağrı ve yaşam kalitesi. Florence Nigtingale Journal of Nursing; 2014;17(3):198-202.
Malak A, Beji Kızılkaya N. Kronik pelvik ağrı ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi; 2015;31(2):92-97
Berkley KJ. A life of pelvic pain. Physiology & Behavior;2005;86(3):272-280. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.013
Chalmers KJ, Catley MJ, Evans SF, Moseley GL. Clinical assessment of the impact of pelvic pain on women. Pain; 2017;158(3):498-504. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000789
Abay H, Kaplan S. Current approaches in premenstrual syndrome management. Bezmialem Science; 2019;7(2):150-156.
Palas Karaca P, Kızılkaya N. Premenstrual sendromunun tanı ve tedavisinde kanıt temelli yaklaşımlar ve hemşirelik bakımı. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 2015;3:178-186
Hughes C, May S. A directional preference approach for chronic pelvic pain, bladder dysfunction and concurrent musculoskeletal symptoms: a case series. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy; 2020;28(3):170-180. doi:10.1080/10669817.2019.1668994.
Şahin NH. Pelvik ağrı. In: Beji NK (ed.). Hemşire ve Ebelere Yönelik Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul: Nobel tıp Kitabevi; 2016.p. 113-117
Referanslar
Bradley LD, Gueye NA. The medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2016; 214: 31-44.doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.044
Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HO. Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO systems 1 and 2. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics; 2023; 162, 29-42.doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14946
Cunningham FG, Levano K, Bloom S, Spong C, Dashe J, Hoffman B, Casey B. Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw Hill; 2018.
Davis E, Sparzak PB. Abnormal uterine bleeding. [Updated 2021 Feb 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. TreasureIsland (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532913/
Foster C, Al-Zubeidi H. Menstrual irregularities. Pediatric Annals. 2018; 1;47(1): 23-28. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20171219-01
Gasner A, Rehman A. Primary amenorrhea. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Marnach ML, Laughlin-Tommaso SK. Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding. Mayo Clinic Proceedings; 2019; 94: 326-335.doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.012
Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics; 2018; 143: 393-408.doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12666
Potur DC. Üreme siklus anomalileri. In Nazik E (ed.) Doğum, Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022. p. 583-620.
Santoro N, Clain E. Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding: the challenge of diagnosis occurs in distinguishing “normal” from “abnormal” in a time of rapid and dynamic change. Contemporary OB/GYN; 2021;66:26-32.
Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, menstrual cycle. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Welt CK, Chakrabarti A. Normal menstrual cycle. In UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2022.
Molla A, Duko B, Girma B, Madoro D, Nigussie J, Belayneh Z, Mengistu N, Mekuriaw B. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among students in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Womens Health; 2022;18:1-9. doi: 10.1177/17455057221079443
Güner Ö, Öztürk R, Kavlak O. Primer dismenorenin yönetiminde kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Journal of Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2015;25(3):195-204.
Cangöl E, Beji NK. Primer dismenore, kanıta dayalı uygulamalar ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi; 2013;35(2):44-55.
Potur Coşkuner D, Kömürcü N. Dismenore yönetiminde tamamlayıcı tedaviler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi; 2013; 10: 8-13.
Potur DC, Bilgin NC, Komurcu N. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea in university students in Turkey: effect on daily activities and evaluation of different pain management methods. Pain Management Nursing; 2014; 15: 768-777.
Guimarães I, Póvoa AM. Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and treatment. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; 2020;42(8), 501–507. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1712131
Nagy H, Carlson K, Khan MAB. Dysmenorrhea. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Ferries-Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer JS. Primary Dysmenorrhea: diagnosis and therapy. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2020;136(5):1047-1058. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096
Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Human Reproductive Update. 2015;21(6):762-778. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv039
Ju H, Jones M, Mishra G. The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews; 2014;36:104-113. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxt009
Duman NB, Yıldırım F, Vural G. Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea and the effect of complementary and alternative treatment methods: Sample from Corum, Turkey. International Journal of Health Sciences (Qassim); 2022;16(3):35-43.
MacGregor B, Allaire C, Bedaiwy MA, Yong PJ, Bougie O. Disease Burden of dysmenorrhea: Impact on life course potential. International Journal of Women's Health; 2023;15:499-509.
Reddish S. Dysmenorrhoea. Australian Family Physician; 2006;35(11):842-849.
Ostrzenski A. Gynecology: integrating conventional, complementary, and natural alternative therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Tadese M, Kassa A, Muluneh AA, Altaye G. Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea, associated risk factors and its relationship with academic performance among graduating female university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open; 2021;19;11(3):e043814. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043814.
Burnett M, Lemyre M. No. 345-Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada; 2017;39(7):585-595. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.12.023
Habibi N, Huang MS, Gan WY, Zulida R, Safavi SM. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and factors associated with ıts ıntensity among undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study. Pain Management Nursing; 2015;16(6):855-861. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2015.07.001
Babapour F, Elyasi F, Shahhosseini Z, Hosseini Tabaghdehi M. The prevalence of moderate-severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder and the related factors in high school students: A cross-sectional study. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports; 2023;43(2):249-254. doi:10.1002/npr2.12338
Maheshwari P, Menon B, Jith A, Bhaskaran R. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its effect on quality of work life in working women in South India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry; 2023;32(2):255-259. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_106_22
Green LJ, O’Brien PMS, Panay N, Craig M Management of Premenstrual Syndrome: Green-top Guideline No. 48. BJOG; 2017;124(3):e73-e105. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14260
Direkvand-Moghadam A, Sayehmiri K, Delpisheh A, & Kaikhavandi S, 2014b Epidemiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research; 2014;8(2):106-109. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/8024.4021
Management of Premenstrual Disorders: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 7. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2023;142(6):1516-1533. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005426
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN). Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Nursing Management for Cyclic Perimenstrual Pain and Discomfort. Washington, DC: Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric & Neonatal Nurses; 2003.p.23
Lustyk MK, Gerrish WG, Shaver S, Keys SL. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic review. Archives of Women's Mental Health; 2009;12(2):85-96. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0052-y
Gudipally PR, Sharma GK. Premenstrual Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Till SR, Nakamura R, Schrepf A, As-Sanie S. Approach to diagnosis and management of chronic pelvic pain in women: incorporating chronic overlapping pain conditions in assessment and management. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America; 2022;49(2):219-239. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.02.006
Karnath BM, Breitkopf DM. Acute and chronic pelvic pain in women. Hospital Physician; 2007;41-48.
Panay N. Management of premenstrual syndrome: evidence-based guidelines. Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine; 2011;(21):221-228.
Gökyıldız Ş. Kronik pelvik ağrı ve yaşam kalitesi. Florence Nigtingale Journal of Nursing; 2014;17(3):198-202.
Malak A, Beji Kızılkaya N. Kronik pelvik ağrı ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi; 2015;31(2):92-97
Berkley KJ. A life of pelvic pain. Physiology & Behavior;2005;86(3):272-280. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.013
Chalmers KJ, Catley MJ, Evans SF, Moseley GL. Clinical assessment of the impact of pelvic pain on women. Pain; 2017;158(3):498-504. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000789
Abay H, Kaplan S. Current approaches in premenstrual syndrome management. Bezmialem Science; 2019;7(2):150-156.
Palas Karaca P, Kızılkaya N. Premenstrual sendromunun tanı ve tedavisinde kanıt temelli yaklaşımlar ve hemşirelik bakımı. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 2015;3:178-186
Hughes C, May S. A directional preference approach for chronic pelvic pain, bladder dysfunction and concurrent musculoskeletal symptoms: a case series. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy; 2020;28(3):170-180. doi:10.1080/10669817.2019.1668994.
Şahin NH. Pelvik ağrı. In: Beji NK (ed.). Hemşire ve Ebelere Yönelik Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları. İstanbul: Nobel tıp Kitabevi; 2016.p. 113-117
