Gebelikte Fetal Sağlığın Değerlendirilmesi
Özet
Gebelik genellikle risk faktörlerinden bağımsız şekilde sağlıklı bir bebeğin doğmasıyla sonuçlanır. Ancak fetüs sağlıklı gelişim ve komplikasyon açısından risk altındadır. Fetal sağlık açısından gebelikler “düşük riskli” veya “yüksek riskli” olarak değerlendirilir. Risk altındaki fetüsün belirlenmesi ya da sağlıklı fetüsün sağlıklı bir şekilde doğması içingelişen teknoloji ve çeşitli testlerden faydalanılır. Fetal sağlığın değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan testler non-invaziv ve invaziv yöntemler olmak üzere iki grupta sınıflanabilir. Bu bölümde fetal sağlığın değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan non-invaziv ve invaziv yöntemler güncel literatür doğrultusunda sunularak ve bu yöntemlerin uygulanmasında hemşirelerin rol ve sorumlulukları aktarılmıştır.
Referanslar
Pettker, C. M., & Campbell, K. H. Antepartum fetal assessment. Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, 2018; 145-157.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40139-5.00014-0
Afzal M, Naeem MA, Ahmed S, Amin N, Aahim A, Munawar M, Maria, K. Non invasive prenatal testing of beta-thalassemia for common pakistani mutations: a comparative study using cell-free fetal dna from maternal plasma and chorionic villus sampling. Hematology 2022, 27: 353-9.
Esen K, Gerçek Öter E, Uyar Hazar H. İnvaziv Olmayan Prenatal Teste Etik Bakış. aktd. March 2022;31(1):60-69. doi:10.17827/aktd.1013719
Atlı E, Yalcıntepe S, Mail S, Demir S, Gürkan H, Varol GF. Prenatal cytogenetic abnormalities and the correlation of ultrason graphically detected fetal anomalies. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi; 2022;18: 571-7. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000496
Aktaş S. Riskli Gebeliklerde Fetal Sağlığın Değerlendirilmesi. Soğukpınar N, (ed). Riskli Gebeliklerde Bakım ve Danışmanlık. 1. Baskı. Ankara. Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018. p.62-76.
Aktaş S, & Osmanağaoğlu, M A. İntrapartum Elektronik Fetal Monitorizasyon Uygulaması ve Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Sorumlulukları. Life Sciences; 2017; 12(1) :14-29. doi: 10.12739/NWSA.2017.12.1.4B0009.
Kahankova R, Mikolasova M, Martinek R. Optimization of adaptive filter control parameters for non-invasive fetal electro cardiogram extraction. PLoS One. 2022;17: 1-23. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266807
Paul LT, Ergoren MC. Comparison of bioinformatics approaches for fetal microdeletions and monogenic variations estimation in non-invasive prenatal testing. Glob Med Genet. 2022;1-4. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1743573
Kurul E, Mecdi Kaydırak M. Prenatal ve Postnatal Dönemde Genetik Danışmanlık: Hemşirenin Rol ve Sorumluluğu. J Health Pro Res. October 2022;4(3):193-201. doi:10.57224/jhpr.1092043
Taşkın L. In: Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Taşkın L (ed) Fetal sağlığın değerlendirilmesi XVII. Basım. Ankara. Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2021.p. 141-161.
Ugwumadu A, & Arulkumaran S. A second look at intrapartum fetal surveillance and future directions. Journal of Perinatal Medicine; 2023;51(1), 135-144. doi:10.1515/jpm-2022-0292
Carbone L, Cariati, F, Sarno L, Conforti A, Bagnulo F, Strina, I., ... &Alviggi, C. Non-invasive prenatal testing: current perspectives and future challenges. Genes; 2020; 12(1)15. doi: 10.3390/genes12010015
Adel N M, El Hakeem, A K E, Abdel Kader M A, & Amin M A. What Does 3/4D Ultrasound Add to 2D Examination in The Assessment of Fetal Neural Anomalies: Tertiary Center Experience. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine; 2023;90(1):706-715.doi:10.58675/2682-339X.1627
Leung K Y. Application of color doppler with 3-and 4-dimensional ultrasonography in the prenatal evaluation of fetal extra cardiac and placental abnormalities. In Healthcare; 2023; 11(4):488). doi:10.3390/healthcare11040488
Deniz A, & Yonca B Y. Ultrason Görüntülerinden Fetus Sağlığının Bilgisayar Destekli Takibi: Bir İnceleme. Acta Infologica; 2022; 6(2): 283-302.doi:10.26650/acin.1099106
Barmon D, &Kataki A.C. Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy. In Fundamentals in Gynaecologic Malignancy. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 2023; p. 403-412. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-5860-1_24
Mehta T, Levine D, Barbieri RL. Ultrasonography of pregnancy of unknown location. 2012; 150. https://www.medilib.ir/uptodate/show/5410. Son Erişim Tarihi 19. 02. 2024.
Khalifeh A, Berghella V. Universal cervical length screening in singleton gestations without a previous preterm birth: ten reasons why it should be implemented. Am J ObstetGynecol; 2016; 214: 603-7.
Akça E, Sürücü Ş G, Akbaş M. Obstetrik ultrason kullanımının tarihçesine ilişkin bir değerlendirme ve ebenin rolü. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2018;8(1):47-53.
Ergün, E. Birinci trimester ultrasonografi incelenmesi. Türk Radyoloji Seminerleri; 2017, 5: 185-201.
Obstetrics and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Practice bulletin no. 175. ultrasound in pregnancy. 2016; 128: 241-56.
Arena A, Degli E E, Cocchi L, Orsini B, Lenzi J, Del FS, Seracchioli R. Three dimensional ultrasound evaluation of pelvic floor muscle contraction in women affected by deep ınfiltratin gendometriosis: application of a quick contraction scale. J UltrasoundMed 2022; 1(12):2973-2979.doi: 10.1002/jum.15996
Korenaga TRK, Tewari KS. Gynecologic cancer in pregnancy. GynecolOncol; 2020; 157: 799-809. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.03.015
Clark A, Flouri D, Mufti N, James J, Clements E, Aughwane R, Aertsen M, David A, Melbourne A. Developments in functional imaging of the placenta. Br J Radiol; 2022; 95: 1-15. doi:10.1259/bjr.20211010
Wu C, & Bayer, C. L. Imaging placental function: currenttechnology, clinical needs, and emerging modalities. Physics in Medicine&Biology; 2018; 63(14): 14TR01. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aaccd9
Malhotra N, Shah P K, Kumar P, Acharya P, Panchal S, &Malhotra, J. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. Malhotra j(ed). Jp medicall td. foruth edit. 2014;p. 27-32.
Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association; 2014;129(21):2183–2242. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d
Vollbrecht T M, Hart C, Zhang S, Katemann C, Isaak A, Pieper C C, ... &Luetkens, J. A. Fetal cardiac cine MRI with Doppler US gating in complex congenital heart disease. Radiology: Cardiothoraci cImaging; 2023; 5(1): e220129. doi: 10.1148/ryct.220129
Ximenes R, Peters R, & Goncalves L F. Three-Dimensional Ultrasound: A Role in Early Pregnancy? First-Trimester Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide; 2023; 219-259.doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-24133-8_14
Baschat AA, Galan HL, Lee W, Devore GR, Mari G, Hobbins J. Manning F A. The role of the fetal biophysical profile in the management of fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022, 226: 475-86.doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.01.020
Bermejo C, Martínez TP, Cantarero R, Diaz D, Pedregosa PJ, Barron E, Labrador E, Lopez RZ. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the diagnosis of müllerian duct anomalies and concordance with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 2010, 35: 593-601.
Geyik Bayman M. İn: Sağlık Bilimlerinde Güncel Tartışmalar 5. Fetal İyilik Halinin Değerlendirilmesi ve NST Yorumlanması. Akkaya R, Akkaya B (ed) . Bilgin yayınevi. 2022; p. 498.
Wibisono J J, FaustinaC, Wibisono M G, Leman J &Sutanto R. Radiology findings of Down syndrome: a literatüre review. Chinese Journal of Academic Radiology; 2023; (6):133–142.doi: 10.1007/s42058-023-00126-9
Shiney J, Singh OJAP, Shan BP. A review on techniques for computer aided diagnosis of soft markers for detection of Down syndrome in ultrasound fetal images. Bio med Pharmacol J;2017;10:1559–68.doi:10.13005/bpj/1266
Thomas MC, Arjunan SP. Deep learning measurement model to segment the nuchal trans lucency region for the early identification of Down syndrome. Meas Sci Rev; 2022; 22:187–92.doi:10.2478/msr-2022-0023
Manohar J. Theassessment of nasal bone during gestation to screen for down syndrome: a review. J Pharm Sci Res. 2016; 8:607–12.
ACOG. Antepartum Fetal Surveillance ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 229. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2021;137(6):p e116-e127, doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004410.
Alpyılmaz F. Fetal sağlığın değerlendirilmesi. Pekcan NE &Beyda K D (ed) Kadın Sağlığı hastalıkları. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2022. p. 156-165.
Sultana T, Daniel M, Krishnan L. Manual fetal stimulation during intrapartum fetal surveillance: a randomised controlled trial: characteristic maternal outcome. Am J ObstetGynecol MFM 2022, 4: 1-6.doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100574
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Antepartum fetal surveillance. Practice Bulletin No. 145. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol; 2014; 124:182 – 92.
Wang Y, Sha W, Guo X. Fundamental Electronic FHR Monitoring. In: Guo, X. (eds). Electronic Fetal Monitoring, 141nd ed. Singapore, Springer; 2021: 39-64.
Orgul G, Doğan D R, Portakal O &Sinan Beksac M. Gebeliğin ilk üç ayındaki kan TSH düzeyi ile Down sendromu tarama testleri arasındaki ilişki. Cukurova Medical Journal; 2018; 43(1):94-99.doi: 10.17826/cumj.392260
Cheung K W, Bonet M, Frank K A, Oladapo O T, Hofmeyr G J. WHO intrapartum care algorithms working group, …&Oladapo Clinical algorithms for management of fetalheart rate abnormalities during labour. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics&Gynaecology. 1: 1-10.doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16731
Quresh Z, Dharavath C. Biochemical serum markers influencing maternal age risk fordown's syndrome in quadruple marker. Cureus 2022:14(3): e23555. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23555
Miller K A, Sagaser, K G, Hertenstein C B, Blakemore K J, Forster K.R, Lawson C S, et al. Follow your nose: repeat nasal bone evaluation in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome. J. UltrasoundMed. 2023; 42: 1709–1716. doi:10.1002/jum.16190
Caceres V, Murray T, Myers C, Parbhoo K. prenatal genetictestingandscreening: a focusedreview. Semin Pediatr Neurol; 2022, 1: 1-6.doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100976
Alfirevic Z, Navaratnam K, Mujezinovic F. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2017; 9: 73-8.doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003252.pub2
Salomon L J, Sotiriadis A, Wulff CB, Odibo A, &Akolekar R. Risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling: systematic review of literatüre and updated meta‐analysis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics&Gynecology; 2019; 54(4):442-451. doi:10.1002/uog.20353
Levy B, &Stosic M. Traditional prenatal diagnosis: pasttopresent. Prenatal Diagnosis, Human a Press, New York, NY. 2019: pp3-22.doi:0.1007/978-1-4939-8889-1_1
Weiner C P, & Lee GT. Cordocentesis. In Operative Obstetrics, 4E CRC Press. 2017: p. 149-160.
Peddi NC, Avanthika C, Vuppalapati S, Balasubramanian R, Kaur J. A review of cordocentesis: percutane ousumbilical cord blood sampling. Cureus; 2021:13; 1-6.doi: 10.7759/cureus.16423
Horvei P, Mackenzie T, Kharbanda S. Advances in the management of α-thalassemi a major: reasonsto be optimistic. Hematology, 2021:1; 592-9.doi:10.1182/hematology.2021000295
Referanslar
Pettker, C. M., & Campbell, K. H. Antepartum fetal assessment. Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, 2018; 145-157.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40139-5.00014-0
Afzal M, Naeem MA, Ahmed S, Amin N, Aahim A, Munawar M, Maria, K. Non invasive prenatal testing of beta-thalassemia for common pakistani mutations: a comparative study using cell-free fetal dna from maternal plasma and chorionic villus sampling. Hematology 2022, 27: 353-9.
Esen K, Gerçek Öter E, Uyar Hazar H. İnvaziv Olmayan Prenatal Teste Etik Bakış. aktd. March 2022;31(1):60-69. doi:10.17827/aktd.1013719
Atlı E, Yalcıntepe S, Mail S, Demir S, Gürkan H, Varol GF. Prenatal cytogenetic abnormalities and the correlation of ultrason graphically detected fetal anomalies. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi; 2022;18: 571-7. doi: 10.1097/MCD.0000000000000496
Aktaş S. Riskli Gebeliklerde Fetal Sağlığın Değerlendirilmesi. Soğukpınar N, (ed). Riskli Gebeliklerde Bakım ve Danışmanlık. 1. Baskı. Ankara. Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018. p.62-76.
Aktaş S, & Osmanağaoğlu, M A. İntrapartum Elektronik Fetal Monitorizasyon Uygulaması ve Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Sorumlulukları. Life Sciences; 2017; 12(1) :14-29. doi: 10.12739/NWSA.2017.12.1.4B0009.
Kahankova R, Mikolasova M, Martinek R. Optimization of adaptive filter control parameters for non-invasive fetal electro cardiogram extraction. PLoS One. 2022;17: 1-23. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266807
Paul LT, Ergoren MC. Comparison of bioinformatics approaches for fetal microdeletions and monogenic variations estimation in non-invasive prenatal testing. Glob Med Genet. 2022;1-4. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1743573
Kurul E, Mecdi Kaydırak M. Prenatal ve Postnatal Dönemde Genetik Danışmanlık: Hemşirenin Rol ve Sorumluluğu. J Health Pro Res. October 2022;4(3):193-201. doi:10.57224/jhpr.1092043
Taşkın L. In: Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Taşkın L (ed) Fetal sağlığın değerlendirilmesi XVII. Basım. Ankara. Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2021.p. 141-161.
Ugwumadu A, & Arulkumaran S. A second look at intrapartum fetal surveillance and future directions. Journal of Perinatal Medicine; 2023;51(1), 135-144. doi:10.1515/jpm-2022-0292
Carbone L, Cariati, F, Sarno L, Conforti A, Bagnulo F, Strina, I., ... &Alviggi, C. Non-invasive prenatal testing: current perspectives and future challenges. Genes; 2020; 12(1)15. doi: 10.3390/genes12010015
Adel N M, El Hakeem, A K E, Abdel Kader M A, & Amin M A. What Does 3/4D Ultrasound Add to 2D Examination in The Assessment of Fetal Neural Anomalies: Tertiary Center Experience. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine; 2023;90(1):706-715.doi:10.58675/2682-339X.1627
Leung K Y. Application of color doppler with 3-and 4-dimensional ultrasonography in the prenatal evaluation of fetal extra cardiac and placental abnormalities. In Healthcare; 2023; 11(4):488). doi:10.3390/healthcare11040488
Deniz A, & Yonca B Y. Ultrason Görüntülerinden Fetus Sağlığının Bilgisayar Destekli Takibi: Bir İnceleme. Acta Infologica; 2022; 6(2): 283-302.doi:10.26650/acin.1099106
Barmon D, &Kataki A.C. Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy. In Fundamentals in Gynaecologic Malignancy. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 2023; p. 403-412. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-5860-1_24
Mehta T, Levine D, Barbieri RL. Ultrasonography of pregnancy of unknown location. 2012; 150. https://www.medilib.ir/uptodate/show/5410. Son Erişim Tarihi 19. 02. 2024.
Khalifeh A, Berghella V. Universal cervical length screening in singleton gestations without a previous preterm birth: ten reasons why it should be implemented. Am J ObstetGynecol; 2016; 214: 603-7.
Akça E, Sürücü Ş G, Akbaş M. Obstetrik ultrason kullanımının tarihçesine ilişkin bir değerlendirme ve ebenin rolü. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi 2018;8(1):47-53.
Ergün, E. Birinci trimester ultrasonografi incelenmesi. Türk Radyoloji Seminerleri; 2017, 5: 185-201.
Obstetrics and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Practice bulletin no. 175. ultrasound in pregnancy. 2016; 128: 241-56.
Arena A, Degli E E, Cocchi L, Orsini B, Lenzi J, Del FS, Seracchioli R. Three dimensional ultrasound evaluation of pelvic floor muscle contraction in women affected by deep ınfiltratin gendometriosis: application of a quick contraction scale. J UltrasoundMed 2022; 1(12):2973-2979.doi: 10.1002/jum.15996
Korenaga TRK, Tewari KS. Gynecologic cancer in pregnancy. GynecolOncol; 2020; 157: 799-809. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.03.015
Clark A, Flouri D, Mufti N, James J, Clements E, Aughwane R, Aertsen M, David A, Melbourne A. Developments in functional imaging of the placenta. Br J Radiol; 2022; 95: 1-15. doi:10.1259/bjr.20211010
Wu C, & Bayer, C. L. Imaging placental function: currenttechnology, clinical needs, and emerging modalities. Physics in Medicine&Biology; 2018; 63(14): 14TR01. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aaccd9
Malhotra N, Shah P K, Kumar P, Acharya P, Panchal S, &Malhotra, J. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. Malhotra j(ed). Jp medicall td. foruth edit. 2014;p. 27-32.
Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association; 2014;129(21):2183–2242. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d
Vollbrecht T M, Hart C, Zhang S, Katemann C, Isaak A, Pieper C C, ... &Luetkens, J. A. Fetal cardiac cine MRI with Doppler US gating in complex congenital heart disease. Radiology: Cardiothoraci cImaging; 2023; 5(1): e220129. doi: 10.1148/ryct.220129
Ximenes R, Peters R, & Goncalves L F. Three-Dimensional Ultrasound: A Role in Early Pregnancy? First-Trimester Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide; 2023; 219-259.doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-24133-8_14
Baschat AA, Galan HL, Lee W, Devore GR, Mari G, Hobbins J. Manning F A. The role of the fetal biophysical profile in the management of fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022, 226: 475-86.doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.01.020
Bermejo C, Martínez TP, Cantarero R, Diaz D, Pedregosa PJ, Barron E, Labrador E, Lopez RZ. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the diagnosis of müllerian duct anomalies and concordance with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 2010, 35: 593-601.
Geyik Bayman M. İn: Sağlık Bilimlerinde Güncel Tartışmalar 5. Fetal İyilik Halinin Değerlendirilmesi ve NST Yorumlanması. Akkaya R, Akkaya B (ed) . Bilgin yayınevi. 2022; p. 498.
Wibisono J J, FaustinaC, Wibisono M G, Leman J &Sutanto R. Radiology findings of Down syndrome: a literatüre review. Chinese Journal of Academic Radiology; 2023; (6):133–142.doi: 10.1007/s42058-023-00126-9
Shiney J, Singh OJAP, Shan BP. A review on techniques for computer aided diagnosis of soft markers for detection of Down syndrome in ultrasound fetal images. Bio med Pharmacol J;2017;10:1559–68.doi:10.13005/bpj/1266
Thomas MC, Arjunan SP. Deep learning measurement model to segment the nuchal trans lucency region for the early identification of Down syndrome. Meas Sci Rev; 2022; 22:187–92.doi:10.2478/msr-2022-0023
Manohar J. Theassessment of nasal bone during gestation to screen for down syndrome: a review. J Pharm Sci Res. 2016; 8:607–12.
ACOG. Antepartum Fetal Surveillance ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 229. Obstetrics & Gynecology; 2021;137(6):p e116-e127, doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004410.
Alpyılmaz F. Fetal sağlığın değerlendirilmesi. Pekcan NE &Beyda K D (ed) Kadın Sağlığı hastalıkları. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2022. p. 156-165.
Sultana T, Daniel M, Krishnan L. Manual fetal stimulation during intrapartum fetal surveillance: a randomised controlled trial: characteristic maternal outcome. Am J ObstetGynecol MFM 2022, 4: 1-6.doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100574
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Antepartum fetal surveillance. Practice Bulletin No. 145. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol; 2014; 124:182 – 92.
Wang Y, Sha W, Guo X. Fundamental Electronic FHR Monitoring. In: Guo, X. (eds). Electronic Fetal Monitoring, 141nd ed. Singapore, Springer; 2021: 39-64.
Orgul G, Doğan D R, Portakal O &Sinan Beksac M. Gebeliğin ilk üç ayındaki kan TSH düzeyi ile Down sendromu tarama testleri arasındaki ilişki. Cukurova Medical Journal; 2018; 43(1):94-99.doi: 10.17826/cumj.392260
Cheung K W, Bonet M, Frank K A, Oladapo O T, Hofmeyr G J. WHO intrapartum care algorithms working group, …&Oladapo Clinical algorithms for management of fetalheart rate abnormalities during labour. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics&Gynaecology. 1: 1-10.doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16731
Quresh Z, Dharavath C. Biochemical serum markers influencing maternal age risk fordown's syndrome in quadruple marker. Cureus 2022:14(3): e23555. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23555
Miller K A, Sagaser, K G, Hertenstein C B, Blakemore K J, Forster K.R, Lawson C S, et al. Follow your nose: repeat nasal bone evaluation in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome. J. UltrasoundMed. 2023; 42: 1709–1716. doi:10.1002/jum.16190
Caceres V, Murray T, Myers C, Parbhoo K. prenatal genetictestingandscreening: a focusedreview. Semin Pediatr Neurol; 2022, 1: 1-6.doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100976
Alfirevic Z, Navaratnam K, Mujezinovic F. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2017; 9: 73-8.doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003252.pub2
Salomon L J, Sotiriadis A, Wulff CB, Odibo A, &Akolekar R. Risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling: systematic review of literatüre and updated meta‐analysis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics&Gynecology; 2019; 54(4):442-451. doi:10.1002/uog.20353
Levy B, &Stosic M. Traditional prenatal diagnosis: pasttopresent. Prenatal Diagnosis, Human a Press, New York, NY. 2019: pp3-22.doi:0.1007/978-1-4939-8889-1_1
Weiner C P, & Lee GT. Cordocentesis. In Operative Obstetrics, 4E CRC Press. 2017: p. 149-160.
Peddi NC, Avanthika C, Vuppalapati S, Balasubramanian R, Kaur J. A review of cordocentesis: percutane ousumbilical cord blood sampling. Cureus; 2021:13; 1-6.doi: 10.7759/cureus.16423
Horvei P, Mackenzie T, Kharbanda S. Advances in the management of α-thalassemi a major: reasonsto be optimistic. Hematology, 2021:1; 592-9.doi:10.1182/hematology.2021000295
