Okullarda Akran Zorbalığı
Özet
Okul zorbalığı, toplumsal açıdan ciddi bir sorun olup, bu tür mağduriyetin anksiyete, depresyon
ve intihar eğilimi gibi bir dizi olumsuz sonucu bulunmaktadır. Zorbalığa maruz kalan bireylerde
düşük özsaygı, zayıf duygusal ve sosyal uyum, hatta okulu terk etme riski gibi sorunlar ortaya
çıkabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, zorbalık davranışlarını ve mağduriyetini anlamak, öğrenciler
üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini analiz etmek, okullarda zorbalığı önlemek ve müdahale etmek
büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Referanslar
Allanson, P. B., Lester, R. R., ve Notar, C. E. (2015). A history of bullying. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(12), 31-36. http://www.ijessnet.com/uploades/volumes/1598623471.pdf
Babarro, I., Andiarena, A., Fano, E., Lertxundi, N., Vrijheid, M., Julvez, J., Barreto, F. B., Fossati, S., ve Ibarluzea, J. (2020). Risk and protective factors for bullying at 11 years of age in a spanish birth cohort study. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124428
Barzilay, S., Klomek, A. B., Apter, A., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hadlaczky, G., ... ve Wasserman, D. (2017). Bullying victimization and suicide ideation and behavior among adolescents in Europe: A 10-country study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(2), 179-186.
Bauman, S., ve Newman, M. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyberbullying. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029867
Biswas, T., Scott, J. G., Munir, K., Thomas, H. J., Huda, M. M., Hasan, M. M., David de Vries, T., Baxter, J., ve Mamun, A. A. (2020). Global variation in the prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst adolescents: Role of peer and parental supports. EClinicalMedicine, 20, e.100276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100276
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Goldweber, A., ve Johnson, S. L. (2013). Bullies, gangs, drugs, and school: Understanding the overlap and the role of ethnicity and urbanicity. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42, 220-234.
Burk, F. L. (1897). Teasing and bullying. The Pedagogical Seminary, 4(3), 336-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/08919402.1897.10534145
Carbone-Lopez, K., Esbensen, F.-A., ve Brick, B. T. (2010). Correlates and consequences of peer victimization: Gender differences in direct and indirect forms of bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8(4), 332-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204010362954
Carrera Fernández, M. V., Fernández, M. L., Castro, Y. R., Failde Garrido, J. M., ve Otero, M. C. (2013). Bullying in spanish secondary schools: Gender-based differences. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, e.21. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.37
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., ve Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020149
Coyle, S., Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Tennant, J. E., ve Klossing, J. (2017). The associations among sibling and peer-bullying, social support and internalizing behaviors. Child ve Youth Care Forum, 46(6), 895-922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9412-3
Crick, N. R., ve Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and socialpsychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710-722.
Cunningham, C. E., Rimas, H., Mielko, S., Mapp, C., Cunningham, L., Buchanan, D., Vaillancourt, T., Chen, Y., Deal, K., ve Marcus, M. (2016). What limits the effectiveness of antibullying programs? A thematic analysis of the perspective of teachers. Journal of School Violence, 15(4), 460-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2015.1095100
Davis, J., Merrin, G., Ingram, K., Espelage, D., Valido, A., ve El Sheikh, A. (2019). Examining pathways between bully victimization, depression, ve school belonging among early adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2365–2378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01340-9
Demol, K., Verschueren, K., Jame, M., Lazard, C., ve Colpin, H. (2021). Student attitudes and perceptions of teacher responses to bullying: An experimental vignette study. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 814-830. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1896492
Ding, Y., Li, D., Li, X., Xiao, J., Zhang, H., ve Wang, Y. (2020). Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106439.
Eastman, M., Foshee, V., Ennett, S., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Reyes, H., Faris, R., ve North, K. (2018). Profiles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with bullying victimization. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.007
Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C. A., ve Parti, K. (2017). Defining cyberbullying. Pediatrics, 140(2), 148-151. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758U
Espelage, D., Green, H., ve Polanin, J. (2012). Willingness to intervene in bullying episodes among middle school students: Individual and peer-group influences. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 32(6), 776-801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611423017
Farrington, D. P., ve Ttofi, M. M. (2009). School‐based programs to reduce bullying and victimization. Campbell systematic reviews, 5(1), i-148.
Hodges, E. V., ve Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76(4), 677.
Iyer-Eimerbrink, P. A., ve Jensen-Campbell, L. A. (2019). The long-term consequences of peer victimization on physical and psychological health: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 24(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12174
Juvonen, J., Wang, Y., ve Espinoza, G. (2011). Bullying experiences and compromised academic performance across middle school grades. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(1), 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431610379415
Koo, H. (2007). A time line of the evolution of school bullying in differing social contexts. Asia Pacific Education Review, 8(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025837
Kowalski, R. M., ve Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
Lereya, S. T., Winsper, C., Heron, J., Lewis, G., Gunnell, D., Fisher, H. L., ve Wolke, D. (2013). Being bullied during childhood and the prospective pathways to self-harm in late adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 608-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.012
Menesini, E., ve Nocentini, A. (2009). Cyberbullying definition and measurement. Journal of Psychology 217(4), 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.230
Menesini, E., ve Salmivalli, C. (2017). Bullying in schools: The state of knowledge and effective interventions. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 22, 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., ve Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama, 285(16), 2094-2100.
Ng, E. D., Chua, J. Y. X., ve Shorey, S. (2020). The effectiveness of educational interventions on traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, ve Abuse, 23(1), 132-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933867
Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S36456
Nocentini, A., ve Menesini, E. (2016). Kiva anti-bullying program in italy: Evidence of effectiveness in a randomized control trial. Prevention Science, 17(8), 1012-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0690-z
Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and an effective intervention programme. Promotion ve Education, 1(4), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/102538239400100414
Olweus, D., ve Limber, S. P. (2018). Some problems with cyberbullying research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.012
Patchin, J. W., ve Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
Patchin, J. W., ve Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013
Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). Bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment during the transition to middle school. Educational Psychologist, 37(3), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3703_2
Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., Grotpeter, J. K., Ingram, K., Michaelson, L., Spinney, E., Valido, A., Sheikh, A. E., Torgal, C., ve Robinson, L. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Prevention Science(2021), n.p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01259-y
Rigby, K., ve Johnson, K. (2016). The prevalence and effectiveness of anti-bullying strategies employed in Australian schools. University of South Australia Adelaide.
Rigby, K. (2020). How teachers deal with cases of bullying at school: What victims say. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072338
Sheppard, C. S., Giletta, M., ve Prinstein, M. J. (2019). Peer victimization trajectories at the adolescent transition: Associations among chronic victimization, peer-reported status, and adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1261713
Slattery, L. C., George, H. P., ve Kern, L. (2019). Defining the word bullying: Inconsistencies and lack of clarity among current definitions. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 63(3), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2019.1579164
Smithyman, T. F., Fireman, G. D., ve Asher, Y. (2014). Long-term psychosocial consequences of peer victimization: From elementary to high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(1), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000053
Smokowski, P. R., ve Evans, C. (2019). Bullying and victimization across the lifespan. Springer.
UNESCO (2017). School violence and bullying: Global status report. Paris, France: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2019). Behind the numbers: Ending school violence and bullying. Paris, France: UNESCO.
Thomas, H. J., Connor, J. P., ve Scott, J. G. (2015). Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents-a review. Educational Psychology Review, 27(1), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-014-9261-7
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., Crago, R. V., ve Theodorakis, N. (2016). School bullying and drug use later in life: A meta-analytic investigation. School psychology quarterly, 31(1), 8.
Turner, M. G., Exum, M. L., Brame, R., ve Holt, T. J. (2013). Bullying victimization and adolescent mental health: General and typological effects across sex. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(1), 53-59.
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Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Niproschke, S., ve Schubarth, W. (2019). Bullying intervention in schools: A multilevel analysis of teachers’ success in handling bullying from the students’ perspective. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(5), 642-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618780423
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Williford, A. P., Brisson, D., Bender, K. A., Jenson, J. M., ve Forrest-Bank, S. (2011). Patterns of aggressive behavior and peer victimization from childhood to early adolescence: A latent class analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(6), 644-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9583-9
Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A., ve Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on adolescents’ depression, anxiety, and perception of peers. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40, 289-300.
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Wolke, D., ve Lereya, S. (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(9), 879-885. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667
Zych, I., Farrington, D. P., ve Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.008
Zych, I., Ttofi, M. M., Llorent, V. J., Farrington, D. P., Ribeaud, D., ve Eisner, M. P. (2020). A longitudinal study on stability and transitions among bullying roles. Child Development, 91(2), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13195
Referanslar
Allanson, P. B., Lester, R. R., ve Notar, C. E. (2015). A history of bullying. International Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(12), 31-36. http://www.ijessnet.com/uploades/volumes/1598623471.pdf
Babarro, I., Andiarena, A., Fano, E., Lertxundi, N., Vrijheid, M., Julvez, J., Barreto, F. B., Fossati, S., ve Ibarluzea, J. (2020). Risk and protective factors for bullying at 11 years of age in a spanish birth cohort study. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124428
Barzilay, S., Klomek, A. B., Apter, A., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hadlaczky, G., ... ve Wasserman, D. (2017). Bullying victimization and suicide ideation and behavior among adolescents in Europe: A 10-country study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(2), 179-186.
Bauman, S., ve Newman, M. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyberbullying. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029867
Biswas, T., Scott, J. G., Munir, K., Thomas, H. J., Huda, M. M., Hasan, M. M., David de Vries, T., Baxter, J., ve Mamun, A. A. (2020). Global variation in the prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst adolescents: Role of peer and parental supports. EClinicalMedicine, 20, e.100276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100276
Bradshaw, C. P., Waasdorp, T. E., Goldweber, A., ve Johnson, S. L. (2013). Bullies, gangs, drugs, and school: Understanding the overlap and the role of ethnicity and urbanicity. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42, 220-234.
Burk, F. L. (1897). Teasing and bullying. The Pedagogical Seminary, 4(3), 336-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/08919402.1897.10534145
Carbone-Lopez, K., Esbensen, F.-A., ve Brick, B. T. (2010). Correlates and consequences of peer victimization: Gender differences in direct and indirect forms of bullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8(4), 332-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204010362954
Carrera Fernández, M. V., Fernández, M. L., Castro, Y. R., Failde Garrido, J. M., ve Otero, M. C. (2013). Bullying in spanish secondary schools: Gender-based differences. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, e.21. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.37
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., ve Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020149
Coyle, S., Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Tennant, J. E., ve Klossing, J. (2017). The associations among sibling and peer-bullying, social support and internalizing behaviors. Child ve Youth Care Forum, 46(6), 895-922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9412-3
Crick, N. R., ve Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and socialpsychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710-722.
Cunningham, C. E., Rimas, H., Mielko, S., Mapp, C., Cunningham, L., Buchanan, D., Vaillancourt, T., Chen, Y., Deal, K., ve Marcus, M. (2016). What limits the effectiveness of antibullying programs? A thematic analysis of the perspective of teachers. Journal of School Violence, 15(4), 460-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2015.1095100
Davis, J., Merrin, G., Ingram, K., Espelage, D., Valido, A., ve El Sheikh, A. (2019). Examining pathways between bully victimization, depression, ve school belonging among early adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2365–2378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01340-9
Demol, K., Verschueren, K., Jame, M., Lazard, C., ve Colpin, H. (2021). Student attitudes and perceptions of teacher responses to bullying: An experimental vignette study. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 814-830. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1896492
Ding, Y., Li, D., Li, X., Xiao, J., Zhang, H., ve Wang, Y. (2020). Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 111, 106439.
Eastman, M., Foshee, V., Ennett, S., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Reyes, H., Faris, R., ve North, K. (2018). Profiles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with bullying victimization. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.007
Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C. A., ve Parti, K. (2017). Defining cyberbullying. Pediatrics, 140(2), 148-151. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1758U
Espelage, D., Green, H., ve Polanin, J. (2012). Willingness to intervene in bullying episodes among middle school students: Individual and peer-group influences. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 32(6), 776-801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431611423017
Farrington, D. P., ve Ttofi, M. M. (2009). School‐based programs to reduce bullying and victimization. Campbell systematic reviews, 5(1), i-148.
Hodges, E. V., ve Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76(4), 677.
Iyer-Eimerbrink, P. A., ve Jensen-Campbell, L. A. (2019). The long-term consequences of peer victimization on physical and psychological health: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 24(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12174
Juvonen, J., Wang, Y., ve Espinoza, G. (2011). Bullying experiences and compromised academic performance across middle school grades. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(1), 152-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431610379415
Koo, H. (2007). A time line of the evolution of school bullying in differing social contexts. Asia Pacific Education Review, 8(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025837
Kowalski, R. M., ve Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
Lereya, S. T., Winsper, C., Heron, J., Lewis, G., Gunnell, D., Fisher, H. L., ve Wolke, D. (2013). Being bullied during childhood and the prospective pathways to self-harm in late adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 608-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.012
Menesini, E., ve Nocentini, A. (2009). Cyberbullying definition and measurement. Journal of Psychology 217(4), 230-232. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.230
Menesini, E., ve Salmivalli, C. (2017). Bullying in schools: The state of knowledge and effective interventions. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 22, 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., ve Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama, 285(16), 2094-2100.
Ng, E. D., Chua, J. Y. X., ve Shorey, S. (2020). The effectiveness of educational interventions on traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, ve Abuse, 23(1), 132-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933867
Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: The impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 5, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S36456
Nocentini, A., ve Menesini, E. (2016). Kiva anti-bullying program in italy: Evidence of effectiveness in a randomized control trial. Prevention Science, 17(8), 1012-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0690-z
Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and an effective intervention programme. Promotion ve Education, 1(4), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/102538239400100414
Olweus, D., ve Limber, S. P. (2018). Some problems with cyberbullying research. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.012
Patchin, J. W., ve Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
Patchin, J. W., ve Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013
Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). Bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment during the transition to middle school. Educational Psychologist, 37(3), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3703_2
Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., Grotpeter, J. K., Ingram, K., Michaelson, L., Spinney, E., Valido, A., Sheikh, A. E., Torgal, C., ve Robinson, L. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Prevention Science(2021), n.p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-021-01259-y
Rigby, K., ve Johnson, K. (2016). The prevalence and effectiveness of anti-bullying strategies employed in Australian schools. University of South Australia Adelaide.
Rigby, K. (2020). How teachers deal with cases of bullying at school: What victims say. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072338
Sheppard, C. S., Giletta, M., ve Prinstein, M. J. (2019). Peer victimization trajectories at the adolescent transition: Associations among chronic victimization, peer-reported status, and adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1261713
Slattery, L. C., George, H. P., ve Kern, L. (2019). Defining the word bullying: Inconsistencies and lack of clarity among current definitions. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 63(3), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2019.1579164
Smithyman, T. F., Fireman, G. D., ve Asher, Y. (2014). Long-term psychosocial consequences of peer victimization: From elementary to high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(1), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000053
Smokowski, P. R., ve Evans, C. (2019). Bullying and victimization across the lifespan. Springer.
UNESCO (2017). School violence and bullying: Global status report. Paris, France: UNESCO.
UNESCO (2019). Behind the numbers: Ending school violence and bullying. Paris, France: UNESCO.
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