Elektrik Çarpmalarına Yaklaşım
Özet
Elektrik çarpmaları, ülkemiz gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sıkça görülen, birçok organ sistemlerinde geniş hasar yaratan acil bir durumdur. Mortalitesi %20’lere kadar varan elektrik çarpmalarını tanımak, erken ve uygun tedaviyi sağlamak oldukça önemlidir. Bunun nedeni aynı yoğunluktaki elektrik akımının, her bireyin hassasiyetine ve kaza yerinde verilen bakımın kalitesine bağlı olarak değişken hasarlara neden olabilmesidir.
Elektrik çarpmaları sonrası gelişen yanıklar, iç organ hasarı ve sinir sistemi patolojileri tedavisi zor olmasına rağmen uygun tedavi yönetimi ile oldukça yüz güldürücü sonuçlar verebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, elektrik yanıkları durumunda visseral yaralanmalar her zaman hatırlanmalı ve multidisipliner bir ekip tarafından uygun şekilde yönetilmelidir.
Referanslar
Maghsoudi H, Adyani Y, Ahmadian N. Electrical and lightning injuries. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(2):255-261. doi:10.1097/BCR.0B013E318031A11C
Tredget EE, Shankowsky HA, Tilley WA. Electrical injuries in Canadian burn care. Identification of unsolved problems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;888:75-87. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07943.x
Haberal M, Uçar N, Bilgin N. Epidemiological survey of burns treated in Ankara, Turkey and desirable burn-prevention strategies. Burns. 1995;21(8):601-606. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(95)00044-c
Nursal TZ, Yildirim S, Tarim A, et al. Burns in southern Turkey: electrical burns remain a major problem. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24(5):309-314. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000085876.28504.EE
Kouwenhoven WB. Effects of electricity on the human body. Ind Med Surg. 1949;18(7):269.
Koumbourlis AC. Electrical injuries. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(11 Suppl):S424-S430. doi:10.1097/00003246-200211001-00007
Jain S, Bandi V. Electrical and lightning injuries. Crit Care Clin. 1999;15(2):319-331. doi:10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70057-9
Cooper MA. Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol. 1995;15(3):268-278. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041032
Block TA, Aarsvold JN, Matthews KL 2nd, et al. The 1995 Lindberg Award. Nonthermally mediated muscle injury and necrosis in electrical trauma. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995;16(6):581-588.
Golde RH, Lee WR. Death by lightning. Proc Inst Electrical Eng. 1976;123(10R):1163-1180 doi:10.1049/piee.1976.0210
Craig SR. When lightning strikes. Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. Postgrad Med. 1986;79(4):109-124. doi:10.1080/00325481.1986.11699316
ten Duis HJ, Klasen HJ, Reenalda PE. Keraunoparalysis, a 'specific' lightning injury. Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1985;12(1):54-57. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(85)90183-4
Hunt JL, Sato RM, Baxter CR. Acute electric burns. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to management. Arch Surg. 1980;115(4):434-438. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380040062011
Gandhi G, Parashar A, Sharma RK. Epidemiology of electrical burns and its impact on quality of life - the developing world scenario. World J Crit Care Med. 2022;11(1):58-69. Published 2022 Jan 9. doi:10.5492/wjccm.v11.i1.58
Vega LA, de Quevedo García JA, Santamariá CT, Porras MC. Clinical picture: An unwanted tattoo. Lancet. 2001;358(9294):1681. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06719-8
Ku CS, Lin SL, Hsu TL, Wang SP, Chang MS. Myocardial damage associated with electrical injury. Am Heart J. 1989;118(3):621-624. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(89)90283-4
Lown B, Neuman J, Amarasıngham R, et al. Comparison of alternating current with direct electroshock across the closed chest. Am J Cardiol. 1962;10:223-233. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(62)90299-0
Taussig HB. "Death" from lightning--and the possiblity of living again. Ann Intern Med. 1968;68(6):1345-1353. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-6-1345
Kobernick M. Electrical injuries: pathophysiology and emergency management. Ann Emerg Med. 1982;11(11):633-638. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(82)80211-4
Wetli CV. Keraunopathology. An analysis of 45 fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1996;17(2):89-98. doi:10.1097/00000433-199606000-00001
Kirchmer JT Jr, Larson DL, Tyson KR. Cardiac rupture following electrical injury. J Trauma. 1977;17(5):389-391. doi:10.1097/00005373-197705000-00011
McIntyre WF, Simpson CS, Redfearn DP, et al. The lightning heart: a case report and brief review of the cardiovascular complications of lightning injury. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2010;10(9):429-434. Published 2010 Sep 5.
Hayashi M, Yamada H, Agatsuma T, et al. A case of takotsubo-shaped hypokinesis of the left ventricle caused by a lightning strike. Int Heart J. 2005;46(5):933-938. doi:10.1536/ihj.46.933
McBride JW, Labrosse KR, McCoy HG, et al. Is serum creatine kinase-MB in electrically injured patients predictive of myocardial injury?. JAMA. 1986;255(6):764-768.
Chandra NC, Siu CO, Munster AM. Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(3):293-297. doi:10.1097/00003246-199003000-00010
Moncrief JA, Pruitt BA Jr. Electric injury. Postgrad Med. 1970;48(3):189-194. doi:10.1080/00325481.1970.11693562
Hunt JL, McManus WF, Haney WP, et al. Vascular lesions in acute electric injuries. J Trauma. 1974;14(6):461-473. doi:10.1097/00005373-197406000-00003
Grube BJ, Heimbach DM, Engrav LH, at al. Neurologic consequences of electrical burns. J Trauma. 1990;30(3):254-258. doi:10.1097/00005373-199003000-00002
Varghese G, Mani MM, Redford JB. Spinal cord injuries following electrical accidents. Paraplegia. 1986;24(3):159-166. doi:10.1038/sc.1986.21
Levine NS, Atkins A, McKeel DW Jr, et al. Spinal cord injury following electrical accidents: case reports. J Trauma. 1975;15(5):459-463. doi:10.1097/00005373-197505000-00015
Andrews CJ, Reisner AD. Neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning shock: review and theories of causation. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(5):677-686. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.206636
Janus TJ, Barrash J. Neurologic and neurobehavioral effects of electric and lightning injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;17(5):409-415. doi:10.1097/00004630-199609000-00007
Chawla G, Dutt N, Ramniwas, et al. A Rare Case of Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema Following High-voltage Electrical Injury. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(8):384-386. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23226
Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33:435-443. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251
Better OS, Stein JH. Early management of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(12):825-829. doi:10.1056/NEJM199003223221207
Fraunfelder FT, Hanna C. Electric cataracts. I. Sequential changes, unusual and prognostic findings. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87(2):179-183. doi:10.1001/archopht.1972.01000020181012
Bergstrom L, Neblett LW, Sando I, Hemenway WG, Harrison GD. The lightning-damaged ear. Arch Otolaryngol. 1974;100(2):117-121. doi:10.1001/archotol.1974.00780040123008
Ogren FP, Edmunds AL. Neuro-otologic findings in the lightning-injured patient. Semin Neurol. 1995;15(3):256-262. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041030
Haberal M, Uçar N, Bayraktar U, Oner Z, Bilgin N. Visceral injuries, wound infection and sepsis following electrical injuries. Burns. 1996;22(2):158-161. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(95)00000-3
Zhang PH, Liu Z, Ren LC, et al. Early laparotomy and timely reconstruction for patients with abdominal electrical injury: Five Case Reports and Literature Review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(29):e7437. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007437
Davis C, Engeln A, Johnson E, et al. Wilderness medical society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of lightning injuries. Wilderness Environ Med. 2012;23(3):260-269. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2012.05.016
Daley BJ, Gallegos JJ, Aycinena Goicolea JF, et al. Electrical Injuries Treatment & Management. (20.05.2023 tarihinde https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433682-overview adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
Spies C, Trohman RG. Narrative review: Electrocution and life-threatening electrical injuries [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2006 Dec 19;145(12):936]. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7):531-537. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00011
AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION, et al. Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 10.9: Electric Shock and Lightning Strikes. Circulation, 2005, 112: 154-55.
Cunningham PA. The need for cardiac monitoring after electrical injury. Med J Aust. 1991;154(11):765-766. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121321.x
Bailey B, Gaudreault P, Thivierge RL. Experience with guidelines for cardiac monitoring after electrical injury in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18(6):671-675. doi:10.1053/ajem.2000.16307
Douillet D, Kalwant S, Amro Y, et al. Use of troponin assay after electrical injuries: a 15-year multicentre retrospective cohort in emergency departments [published correction appears in Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021 Oct 19;29(1):154]. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):141. Published 2021 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/s13049-021-00955-6
DiVincenti FC, Moncrief JA, Pruitt BA Jr. Electrical injuries: a review of 65 cases. J Trauma. 1969;9(6):497-507.
Silversides J. The Neurological Sequelae Of Electrical Injury. Can Med Assoc J. 1964;91(5):195-204.
Kopp J, Loos B, Spilker G, et al. Correlation between serum creatinine kinase levels and extent of muscle damage in electrical burns. Burns. 2004;30(7):680-683. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.05.008
Fish RM. Electric injury, part I: treatment priorities, subtle diagnostic factors, and burns. J Emerg Med. 1999;17(6):977-983. doi:10.1016/s0736-4679(99)00127-4
Kopp J, Loos B, Spilker G, et al. Correlation between serum creatinine kinase levels and extent of muscle damage in electrical burns. Burns. 2004;30(7):680-683. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.05.008
Ahrenholz DH, Schubert W, Solem LD. Creatine kinase as a prognostic indicator in electrical injury. Surgery. 1988;104(4):741-747.
Hunt J, Lewis S, Parkey R, et al. The use of Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy to identify muscle damage in acute electric burns. J Trauma. 1979;19(6):409-413. doi:10.1097/00005373-197906000-00004
Clayton JM, Hayes AC, Hammel J, et al. Xenon-133 determination of muscle blood flow in electrical injury. J Trauma. 1977;17(4):293-298. doi:10.1097/00005373-197704000-00006
Shahmanyan D, Joy MT, Collier BR, et al. A case of burn evisceration with full-thickness injury to abdominal wall, bowel, bladder, and three extremities. Surg Sase Rep 2021;7(220) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-021-01302-8
Geary SP, Spencer T, Tilney PV. A 26-year-old man struck by lightning. Air Med J. 2015;34(1):8-11. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2014.10.003
Arturson G, Hedlund A. Primary treatment of 50 patients with high-tension electrical injuries. I. Fluid resuscitation. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18(1):111-118. doi:10.3109/02844318409057412
Baxter CR. Present concepts in the management of major electrical injury. Surg Clin North Am. 1970;50(6):1401-1418. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(16)39297-0
Referanslar
Maghsoudi H, Adyani Y, Ahmadian N. Electrical and lightning injuries. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(2):255-261. doi:10.1097/BCR.0B013E318031A11C
Tredget EE, Shankowsky HA, Tilley WA. Electrical injuries in Canadian burn care. Identification of unsolved problems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;888:75-87. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07943.x
Haberal M, Uçar N, Bilgin N. Epidemiological survey of burns treated in Ankara, Turkey and desirable burn-prevention strategies. Burns. 1995;21(8):601-606. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(95)00044-c
Nursal TZ, Yildirim S, Tarim A, et al. Burns in southern Turkey: electrical burns remain a major problem. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24(5):309-314. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000085876.28504.EE
Kouwenhoven WB. Effects of electricity on the human body. Ind Med Surg. 1949;18(7):269.
Koumbourlis AC. Electrical injuries. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(11 Suppl):S424-S430. doi:10.1097/00003246-200211001-00007
Jain S, Bandi V. Electrical and lightning injuries. Crit Care Clin. 1999;15(2):319-331. doi:10.1016/s0749-0704(05)70057-9
Cooper MA. Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol. 1995;15(3):268-278. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041032
Block TA, Aarsvold JN, Matthews KL 2nd, et al. The 1995 Lindberg Award. Nonthermally mediated muscle injury and necrosis in electrical trauma. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995;16(6):581-588.
Golde RH, Lee WR. Death by lightning. Proc Inst Electrical Eng. 1976;123(10R):1163-1180 doi:10.1049/piee.1976.0210
Craig SR. When lightning strikes. Pathophysiology and treatment of lightning injuries. Postgrad Med. 1986;79(4):109-124. doi:10.1080/00325481.1986.11699316
ten Duis HJ, Klasen HJ, Reenalda PE. Keraunoparalysis, a 'specific' lightning injury. Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1985;12(1):54-57. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(85)90183-4
Hunt JL, Sato RM, Baxter CR. Acute electric burns. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to management. Arch Surg. 1980;115(4):434-438. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1980.01380040062011
Gandhi G, Parashar A, Sharma RK. Epidemiology of electrical burns and its impact on quality of life - the developing world scenario. World J Crit Care Med. 2022;11(1):58-69. Published 2022 Jan 9. doi:10.5492/wjccm.v11.i1.58
Vega LA, de Quevedo García JA, Santamariá CT, Porras MC. Clinical picture: An unwanted tattoo. Lancet. 2001;358(9294):1681. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06719-8
Ku CS, Lin SL, Hsu TL, Wang SP, Chang MS. Myocardial damage associated with electrical injury. Am Heart J. 1989;118(3):621-624. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(89)90283-4
Lown B, Neuman J, Amarasıngham R, et al. Comparison of alternating current with direct electroshock across the closed chest. Am J Cardiol. 1962;10:223-233. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(62)90299-0
Taussig HB. "Death" from lightning--and the possiblity of living again. Ann Intern Med. 1968;68(6):1345-1353. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-6-1345
Kobernick M. Electrical injuries: pathophysiology and emergency management. Ann Emerg Med. 1982;11(11):633-638. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(82)80211-4
Wetli CV. Keraunopathology. An analysis of 45 fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1996;17(2):89-98. doi:10.1097/00000433-199606000-00001
Kirchmer JT Jr, Larson DL, Tyson KR. Cardiac rupture following electrical injury. J Trauma. 1977;17(5):389-391. doi:10.1097/00005373-197705000-00011
McIntyre WF, Simpson CS, Redfearn DP, et al. The lightning heart: a case report and brief review of the cardiovascular complications of lightning injury. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2010;10(9):429-434. Published 2010 Sep 5.
Hayashi M, Yamada H, Agatsuma T, et al. A case of takotsubo-shaped hypokinesis of the left ventricle caused by a lightning strike. Int Heart J. 2005;46(5):933-938. doi:10.1536/ihj.46.933
McBride JW, Labrosse KR, McCoy HG, et al. Is serum creatine kinase-MB in electrically injured patients predictive of myocardial injury?. JAMA. 1986;255(6):764-768.
Chandra NC, Siu CO, Munster AM. Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(3):293-297. doi:10.1097/00003246-199003000-00010
Moncrief JA, Pruitt BA Jr. Electric injury. Postgrad Med. 1970;48(3):189-194. doi:10.1080/00325481.1970.11693562
Hunt JL, McManus WF, Haney WP, et al. Vascular lesions in acute electric injuries. J Trauma. 1974;14(6):461-473. doi:10.1097/00005373-197406000-00003
Grube BJ, Heimbach DM, Engrav LH, at al. Neurologic consequences of electrical burns. J Trauma. 1990;30(3):254-258. doi:10.1097/00005373-199003000-00002
Varghese G, Mani MM, Redford JB. Spinal cord injuries following electrical accidents. Paraplegia. 1986;24(3):159-166. doi:10.1038/sc.1986.21
Levine NS, Atkins A, McKeel DW Jr, et al. Spinal cord injury following electrical accidents: case reports. J Trauma. 1975;15(5):459-463. doi:10.1097/00005373-197505000-00015
Andrews CJ, Reisner AD. Neurological and neuropsychological consequences of electrical and lightning shock: review and theories of causation. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(5):677-686. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.206636
Janus TJ, Barrash J. Neurologic and neurobehavioral effects of electric and lightning injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996;17(5):409-415. doi:10.1097/00004630-199609000-00007
Chawla G, Dutt N, Ramniwas, et al. A Rare Case of Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema Following High-voltage Electrical Injury. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(8):384-386. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23226
Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33:435-443. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251
Better OS, Stein JH. Early management of shock and prophylaxis of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(12):825-829. doi:10.1056/NEJM199003223221207
Fraunfelder FT, Hanna C. Electric cataracts. I. Sequential changes, unusual and prognostic findings. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972;87(2):179-183. doi:10.1001/archopht.1972.01000020181012
Bergstrom L, Neblett LW, Sando I, Hemenway WG, Harrison GD. The lightning-damaged ear. Arch Otolaryngol. 1974;100(2):117-121. doi:10.1001/archotol.1974.00780040123008
Ogren FP, Edmunds AL. Neuro-otologic findings in the lightning-injured patient. Semin Neurol. 1995;15(3):256-262. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041030
Haberal M, Uçar N, Bayraktar U, Oner Z, Bilgin N. Visceral injuries, wound infection and sepsis following electrical injuries. Burns. 1996;22(2):158-161. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(95)00000-3
Zhang PH, Liu Z, Ren LC, et al. Early laparotomy and timely reconstruction for patients with abdominal electrical injury: Five Case Reports and Literature Review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(29):e7437. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007437
Davis C, Engeln A, Johnson E, et al. Wilderness medical society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of lightning injuries. Wilderness Environ Med. 2012;23(3):260-269. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2012.05.016
Daley BJ, Gallegos JJ, Aycinena Goicolea JF, et al. Electrical Injuries Treatment & Management. (20.05.2023 tarihinde https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433682-overview adresinden ulaşılmıştır)
Spies C, Trohman RG. Narrative review: Electrocution and life-threatening electrical injuries [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2006 Dec 19;145(12):936]. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(7):531-537. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-7-200610030-00011
AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION, et al. Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 10.9: Electric Shock and Lightning Strikes. Circulation, 2005, 112: 154-55.
Cunningham PA. The need for cardiac monitoring after electrical injury. Med J Aust. 1991;154(11):765-766. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb121321.x
Bailey B, Gaudreault P, Thivierge RL. Experience with guidelines for cardiac monitoring after electrical injury in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18(6):671-675. doi:10.1053/ajem.2000.16307
Douillet D, Kalwant S, Amro Y, et al. Use of troponin assay after electrical injuries: a 15-year multicentre retrospective cohort in emergency departments [published correction appears in Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021 Oct 19;29(1):154]. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):141. Published 2021 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/s13049-021-00955-6
DiVincenti FC, Moncrief JA, Pruitt BA Jr. Electrical injuries: a review of 65 cases. J Trauma. 1969;9(6):497-507.
Silversides J. The Neurological Sequelae Of Electrical Injury. Can Med Assoc J. 1964;91(5):195-204.
Kopp J, Loos B, Spilker G, et al. Correlation between serum creatinine kinase levels and extent of muscle damage in electrical burns. Burns. 2004;30(7):680-683. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.05.008
Fish RM. Electric injury, part I: treatment priorities, subtle diagnostic factors, and burns. J Emerg Med. 1999;17(6):977-983. doi:10.1016/s0736-4679(99)00127-4
Kopp J, Loos B, Spilker G, et al. Correlation between serum creatinine kinase levels and extent of muscle damage in electrical burns. Burns. 2004;30(7):680-683. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.05.008
Ahrenholz DH, Schubert W, Solem LD. Creatine kinase as a prognostic indicator in electrical injury. Surgery. 1988;104(4):741-747.
Hunt J, Lewis S, Parkey R, et al. The use of Technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy to identify muscle damage in acute electric burns. J Trauma. 1979;19(6):409-413. doi:10.1097/00005373-197906000-00004
Clayton JM, Hayes AC, Hammel J, et al. Xenon-133 determination of muscle blood flow in electrical injury. J Trauma. 1977;17(4):293-298. doi:10.1097/00005373-197704000-00006
Shahmanyan D, Joy MT, Collier BR, et al. A case of burn evisceration with full-thickness injury to abdominal wall, bowel, bladder, and three extremities. Surg Sase Rep 2021;7(220) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-021-01302-8
Geary SP, Spencer T, Tilney PV. A 26-year-old man struck by lightning. Air Med J. 2015;34(1):8-11. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2014.10.003
Arturson G, Hedlund A. Primary treatment of 50 patients with high-tension electrical injuries. I. Fluid resuscitation. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18(1):111-118. doi:10.3109/02844318409057412
Baxter CR. Present concepts in the management of major electrical injury. Surg Clin North Am. 1970;50(6):1401-1418. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(16)39297-0
