Kateter İlişkili Enfeksiyonlar

Maki D, Mermel M. Infections due to infusion therapy, p 689–724. Hospital infections, 4th ed Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA. 1998;

Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O’Grady NP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases. 2009;49(1):1–45.

Mermel LA. Prevention of intravascular catheter–related infections. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(5):391–402.

Mayer J, Greene T, Howell J, Ying J, Rubin MA, Trick WE, et al. Agreement in classifying bloodstream infections among multiple reviewers conducting surveillance. Clinical infectious diseases. 2012;55(3):364–70.

Mermel LA. Short-term peripheral venous catheter–related bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Clinical infectious diseases. 2017;65(10):1757–62.

Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier; 2006. p. 1159–71.

O’grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter–related infections. Clinical infectious diseases. 2002;51:1–29.

Safdar N, Mermel LA, Maki DG. The epidemiology of catheter-related infection in the critically ill. In: Catheter-related infections in the critically ill. NY: Kluwer; 2004. p. 1–23.

Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler S, Mermel LA. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(4):257–66.

Snydman D, Gorbea H, Pober B, Majka J, Murray S, Perry L. Predictive value of surveillance skin cultures in total-parenteral-nutrition-related infection. The Lancet. 1982;2:1385.

Bjornson HS, Colley R, Bower RH, Duty VP, Schwartz-Fulton JT, Fischer JE. Association between microorganism growth at the catheter insertion site and colonization of the catheter in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Surgery. 1982;92(4):720–7.

Cooper GL, Hopkins CC. Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;312(18):1142–7.

Jacob JT. Intravascular catheter-related infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravascular-catheter-related-infection-epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-microbiology

Liñares J, Sitges-Serra A, Garau J, Perez JL, Martin R. Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospective study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;21(3):357–60.

Tenney JH, Moody MR, Newman KA, Schimpff SC, Wade JC, Costerton JW, et al. Adherent microorganisms on lumenal surfaces of long-term intravenous catheters: importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(10):1949–54.

MILLER JJ, VENUS B, MATHRU M. Comparison of the sterility of long-term central venous catheterization using single lumen, triple lumen, and pulmonary artery catheters. Crit Care Med. 1984;12(8):634–7.

Salzman MB, Isenberg HD, Shapiro JF, Lipsitz PJ, Rubin LG. A prospective study of the catheter hub as the portal of entry for microorganisms causing catheter-related sepsis in neonates. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993;167(2):487–90.

Mermel LA, McCormick RD, Springman SR, Maki DG. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping. Am J Med. 1991;91(3):197–205.

Raad II, Baba M, Bodey GP. Diagnosis of catheter-related infections: the role of surveillance and targeted quantitative skin cultures. Clinical infectious diseases. 1995;20(3):593–7.

Maki DG. Nosocomial bacteremia: an epidemiologic overview. Am J Med. 1981;70(3):719–32.

Kimura AC, Calvet H, Higa JI, Pitt H, Frank C, Padilla G, et al. Outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(12):1099–103.

Ostrowsky BE, Whitener C, Bredenberg HK, Carson LA, Holt S, Hutwagner L, et al. Serratia marcescens bacteremia traced to an infused narcotic. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(20):1529–37.

Control C for D, Prevention. Pseudomonas bloodstream infections associated with a heparin/saline flush--Missouri, New York, Texas, and Michigan, 2004-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(11):269–72.

Control C for D, Prevention. Update: Delayed onset Pseudomonas fluorescens bloodstream infections after exposure to contaminated heparin flush--Michigan and South Dakota, 2005-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(35):961–3.

Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clinical infectious diseases. 2004;39(3):309–17.

Banerjee SN, Emori TG, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, Jarvis WR, Horan T, et al. Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980–1989. Am J Med. 1991;91(3):86–9.

Weiner LM, Webb AK, Limbago B, Dudeck MA, Patel J, Kallen AJ, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011–2014. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(11):1288–301.

Brusselaers N, Monstrey S, Snoeij T, Vandijck D, Lizy C, Hoste E, et al. Morbidity and mortality of bloodstream infections in patients with severe burn injury. American Journal of Critical Care. 2010;19(6):e81–7.

Nørgaard M, Larsson H, Pedersen G, Schønheyder HC, Rothman KJ, Sørensen HT. Short‐term mortality of bacteraemia in elderly patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(1):25–31.

Sexton DJ, Chen LF, Anderson DJ. Current definitions of central line–associated bloodstream infection is the emperor wearing clothes? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(12):1286–9.

Chan S, Baley ED, Hossain J, Di Pentima MC. Candida species bloodstream infections in hospitalised children: a 10‐year experience. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51(9):857–61.

O’Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG, Bleck T, Carroll K, Kalil AC, et al. Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1330–49.

Calderwood MS. Intravascular non-hemodialysis catheter-related infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravascular-non-hemodialysis-catheter-related-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

Buetti N, Ruckly S, Lucet JC, Mimoz O, Souweine B, Timsit JF. Factors influencing local signs at catheter insertion site regardless of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Crit Care. 2021;25:1–3.

Buetti N, Ruckly S, Lucet JC, Bouadma L, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Schwebel C, et al. Local signs at insertion site and catheter-related bloodstream infections: an observational post hoc analysis using individual data of four RCTs. Crit Care [Internet]. 2020;24(1):694. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03425-0

Mayhall CG. Diagnosis and management of infections of implantable devices used for prolonged venous access. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1992;12:83–110.

Shukrallah B, Hanna H, Hachem R, Ghannam D, Chatzinikolaou I, Raad I. Correlation between early clinical response after catheter removal and diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;58(4):453–7.

Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Changes in the spectrum of organisms causing bacteremia and fungemia in immunocompromised patients due to venous access devices. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1990;9:869–72.

O’grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clinical infectious diseases. 2011;52(9):e162–93.

Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1–18.

Schalk E, Hanus L, Färber J, Fischer T, Heidel FH. Prediction of central venous catheter–related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) in patients with haematologic malignancies using a modified Infection Probability Score (mIPS). Ann Hematol. 2015;94:1451–6.

Theodorou VP, Papaioannou VE, Tripsianis GA, Panopoulou MK, Christophoridis EK, Kouliatsis GA, et al. Procalcitonin and procalcitonin kinetics for diagnosis and prognosis of intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections in selected critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:1–10.

Xu Y, Chen R, Qin W, Wang P, Li P, Hu W, et al. Early diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin levels for catheter-related blood stream infection in first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients. BMC Neurol. 2020;20:1–6.

Zhou B, Zhu J, Mao Z, Liu L. Roles of procalcitonin and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in predicting catheter-related bloodstream infection in severe burn injury patients. Dis Markers. 2018;2018.

Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, Carroll KC, Chapin KC, Gilligan PH, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;67(6):e1–94.

Raad I, Hanna H, Darouiche R. Diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections: is it necessary to culture the subcutaneous catheter segment? European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001;20:566–8.

Brun-Buisson C, Abrouk F, Legrand P, Huet Y, Larabi S, Rapin M. Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis: critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147(5):873–7.

Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1977;296(23):1305–9.

Cleri DJ, Corrado ML, Seligman SJ. Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and other intravascular inserts. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980;141(6):781–6.

Sherertz RJ, Raad II, Belani A, Koo LC, Rand KH, Pickett DL, et al. Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(1):76–82.

Douard MC, Arlet G, Longuet P, Troje C, Rouveau M, Ponscarme D, et al. Diagnosis of Venous Access Port—Related Infections. Clinical infectious diseases. 1999;29(5):1197–202.

Longuet P, Douard MC, Arlet G, Molina JM, Benoit C, Leport C. Venous access port-related bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or cancer: the reservoir as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Clinical infectious diseases. 2001;32(12):1776–83.

Whitman ED, Boatman AM. Comparison of diagnostic specimens and methods to evaluate infected venous access ports. The American journal of surgery. 1995;170(6):665–70.

Byers K, Anglim A. Case fatality rate for catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRSBI): a meta-analysis [abstract 43]. In: Program and abstracts of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America (San Diego). 1995. p. 23.

Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Raad S, Jiang Y, Natividad E, Chaftari P, et al. Unnecessary removal of central venous catheters in cancer patients with bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39(2):222–5.

Wilson WR, Bower TC, Creager MA, Amin-Hanjani S, O’Gara PT, Lockhart PB, et al. Vascular graft infections, mycotic aneurysms, and endovascular infections: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(20):e412–60.

Baker CC, Petersen SR, Sheldon GF. Septic phlebitis: a neglected disease. The American Journal of Surgery. 1979;138(1):97–103.

O’NEILL Jr JA, PRUITT Jr BA, Foley FD, Moncrief JA. Suppurative thrombophlebitis–a lethal complication of intravenous therapy. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 1968;8(2):256–67.

Khan EA, Correa AG, Baker CJ. Suppurative thrombophlebitis in children: a ten-year experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16(1):63–7.

SINAVE CP, HARDY GJ, FARDY PW. The Lemierre syndrome: suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein secondary to oropharyngeal infection. Medicine. 1989;68(2):85–94.

Anderson DJ, Murdoch DR, Sexton DJ, Reller LB, Stout JE, Cabell CH, et al. Risk factors for infective endocarditis in patients with enterococcal bacteremia: a case-control study. Infection. 2004;32:72–7.

Fernandez‐Guerrero ML, Herrero L, Bellver M, Gadea I, Roblas RF, De Górgolas M. Nosocomial enterococcal endocarditis: a serious hazard for hospitalized patients with enterococcal bacteraemia. J Intern Med. 2002;252(6):510–5.

Boucher HW, Sakoulas G. Perspectives on daptomycin resistance, with emphasis on resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical infectious diseases. 2007;45(5):601–8.

Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki DG. Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteraemia? A meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(8):519–27.

Calderwood MS. Intravascular non-hemodialysis catheter-related infection: Treatment [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravascular-non-hemodialysis-catheter-related-infection-treatment

Rijnders BJ, Peetermans WE, Verwaest C, Wilmer A, Wijngaerden E Van. Watchful waiting versus immediate catheter removal in ICU patients with suspected catheter-related infection: a randomized trial. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1073–80.

Malanoski GJ, Samore MH, Pefanis A, Karchmer AW. Staphylococcus aureus catheter-associated bacteremia: minimal effective therapy and unusual infectious complications associated with arterial sheath catheters. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(11):1161–6.

Fowler Jr VG, Justice A, Moore C, Benjamin Jr DK, Woods CW, Campbell S, et al. Risk factors for hematogenous complications of intravascular catheter—associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;40(5):695–703.

Fowler Jr VG, Sanders LL, Sexton DJ, Kong L, Marr KA, Gopal AK, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious diseases specialists: experience with 244 patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1998;27(3):478–86.

Raad I, Chaftari AM, Zakhour R, Jordan M, Al Hamal Z, Jiang Y, et al. Successful salvage of central venous catheters in patients with catheter-related or central line-associated bloodstream infections by using a catheter lock solution consisting of minocycline, EDTA, and 25% ethanol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(6):3426–32.

Zanwar S, Jain P, Gokarn A, Devadas SK, Punatar S, Khurana S, et al. Antibiotic lock therapy for salvage of tunneled central venous catheters with catheter colonization and catheter‐related bloodstream infection. Transplant Infectious Disease. 2019;21(1):e13017.

Norris LB, Kablaoui F, Brilhart MK, Bookstaver PB. Systematic review of antimicrobial lock therapy for prevention of central-line-associated bloodstream infections in adult and pediatric cancer patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;50(3):308–17.

Rupp ME, Karnatak R. Intravascular catheter–related bloodstream infections. Infectious Disease Clinics. 2018;32(4):765–87.

Porter KA, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Guidewire catheter exchange with triple culture technique in the management of catheter sepsis. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1988;12(6):628–32.

Robinson D, Suhocki P, Schwab SJ. Treatment of infected tunneled venous access hemodialysis catheters with guidewire exchange. Kidney Int. 1998;53(6):1792–4.

Shaffer D. Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunnelled central venous dialysis catheters: management by guidewire exchange. American journal of kidney diseases. 1995;25(4):593–6.

Carlisle EJF, Blake P, McCarthy F, Vas S, Uldall R. Septicemia in long-term jugular hemodialysis catheters; eradicating infection by changing the catheter over a guidewire. Int J Artif Organs. 1991;14(3):150–3.

Martinez E, Mensa J, Rovira M, Martinez JA, Marcos A, Almela M, et al. Central venous catheter exchange by guidewire for treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia in patients undergoing BMT or intensive chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23(1):41–4.

Marschall J, Piccirillo ML, Fraser VJ, Doherty JA, Warren DK, Program CDCPE. Catheter removal versus retention in the management of catheter-associated enterococcal bloodstream infections. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2013;24:e83–7.

Ruiz-Ruigómez M, Fernández-Ruiz M, San-Juan R, López-Medrano F, Orellana MÁ, Corbella L, et al. Impact of duration of antibiotic therapy in central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection due to Gram-negative bacilli. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2020;75(10):3049–55.

Muff S, Tabah A, Que YA, Timsit JF, Mermel L, Harbarth S, et al. Short-Course versus long-course systemic antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections due to gram-negative bacteria, enterococci or coagulase-negative staphylococci: A systematic review. Infect Dis Ther. 2021;10:1591–605.

Maki D, Mermel M. Infections due to infusion therapy, p 689–724. Hospital infections, 4th ed Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA. 1998;

Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O’Grady NP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases. 2009;49(1):1–45.

Mermel LA. Prevention of intravascular catheter–related infections. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(5):391–402.

Mayer J, Greene T, Howell J, Ying J, Rubin MA, Trick WE, et al. Agreement in classifying bloodstream infections among multiple reviewers conducting surveillance. Clinical infectious diseases. 2012;55(3):364–70.

Mermel LA. Short-term peripheral venous catheter–related bloodstream infections: a systematic review. Clinical infectious diseases. 2017;65(10):1757–62.

Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier; 2006. p. 1159–71.

O’grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter–related infections. Clinical infectious diseases. 2002;51:1–29.

Safdar N, Mermel LA, Maki DG. The epidemiology of catheter-related infection in the critically ill. In: Catheter-related infections in the critically ill. NY: Kluwer; 2004. p. 1–23.

Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler S, Mermel LA. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(4):257–66.

Snydman D, Gorbea H, Pober B, Majka J, Murray S, Perry L. Predictive value of surveillance skin cultures in total-parenteral-nutrition-related infection. The Lancet. 1982;2:1385.

Bjornson HS, Colley R, Bower RH, Duty VP, Schwartz-Fulton JT, Fischer JE. Association between microorganism growth at the catheter insertion site and colonization of the catheter in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Surgery. 1982;92(4):720–7.

Cooper GL, Hopkins CC. Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;312(18):1142–7.

Jacob JT. Intravascular catheter-related infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravascular-catheter-related-infection-epidemiology-pathogenesis-and-microbiology

Liñares J, Sitges-Serra A, Garau J, Perez JL, Martin R. Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospective study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;21(3):357–60.

Tenney JH, Moody MR, Newman KA, Schimpff SC, Wade JC, Costerton JW, et al. Adherent microorganisms on lumenal surfaces of long-term intravenous catheters: importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(10):1949–54.

MILLER JJ, VENUS B, MATHRU M. Comparison of the sterility of long-term central venous catheterization using single lumen, triple lumen, and pulmonary artery catheters. Crit Care Med. 1984;12(8):634–7.

Salzman MB, Isenberg HD, Shapiro JF, Lipsitz PJ, Rubin LG. A prospective study of the catheter hub as the portal of entry for microorganisms causing catheter-related sepsis in neonates. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993;167(2):487–90.

Mermel LA, McCormick RD, Springman SR, Maki DG. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping. Am J Med. 1991;91(3):197–205.

Raad II, Baba M, Bodey GP. Diagnosis of catheter-related infections: the role of surveillance and targeted quantitative skin cultures. Clinical infectious diseases. 1995;20(3):593–7.

Maki DG. Nosocomial bacteremia: an epidemiologic overview. Am J Med. 1981;70(3):719–32.

Kimura AC, Calvet H, Higa JI, Pitt H, Frank C, Padilla G, et al. Outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(12):1099–103.

Ostrowsky BE, Whitener C, Bredenberg HK, Carson LA, Holt S, Hutwagner L, et al. Serratia marcescens bacteremia traced to an infused narcotic. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(20):1529–37.

Control C for D, Prevention. Pseudomonas bloodstream infections associated with a heparin/saline flush--Missouri, New York, Texas, and Michigan, 2004-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(11):269–72.

Control C for D, Prevention. Update: Delayed onset Pseudomonas fluorescens bloodstream infections after exposure to contaminated heparin flush--Michigan and South Dakota, 2005-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(35):961–3.

Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clinical infectious diseases. 2004;39(3):309–17.

Banerjee SN, Emori TG, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, Jarvis WR, Horan T, et al. Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980–1989. Am J Med. 1991;91(3):86–9.

Weiner LM, Webb AK, Limbago B, Dudeck MA, Patel J, Kallen AJ, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011–2014. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(11):1288–301.

Brusselaers N, Monstrey S, Snoeij T, Vandijck D, Lizy C, Hoste E, et al. Morbidity and mortality of bloodstream infections in patients with severe burn injury. American Journal of Critical Care. 2010;19(6):e81–7.

Nørgaard M, Larsson H, Pedersen G, Schønheyder HC, Rothman KJ, Sørensen HT. Short‐term mortality of bacteraemia in elderly patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(1):25–31.

Sexton DJ, Chen LF, Anderson DJ. Current definitions of central line–associated bloodstream infection is the emperor wearing clothes? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(12):1286–9.

Chan S, Baley ED, Hossain J, Di Pentima MC. Candida species bloodstream infections in hospitalised children: a 10‐year experience. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51(9):857–61.

O’Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG, Bleck T, Carroll K, Kalil AC, et al. Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1330–49.

Calderwood MS. Intravascular non-hemodialysis catheter-related infection: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 17]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intravascular-non-hemodialysis-catheter-related-infection-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

Buetti N, Ruckly S, Lucet JC, Mimoz O, Souweine B, Timsit JF. Factors influencing local signs at catheter insertion site regardless of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Crit Care. 2021;25:1–3.

Buetti N, Ruckly S, Lucet JC, Bouadma L, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Schwebel C, et al. Local signs at insertion site and catheter-related bloodstream infections: an observational post hoc analysis using individual data of four RCTs. Crit Care [Internet]. 2020;24(1):694. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03425-0

Mayhall CG. Diagnosis and management of infections of implantable devices used for prolonged venous access. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1992;12:83–110.

Shukrallah B, Hanna H, Hachem R, Ghannam D, Chatzinikolaou I, Raad I. Correlation between early clinical response after catheter removal and diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;58(4):453–7.

Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Changes in the spectrum of organisms causing bacteremia and fungemia in immunocompromised patients due to venous access devices. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1990;9:869–72.

O’grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clinical infectious diseases. 2011;52(9):e162–93.

Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1–18.

Schalk E, Hanus L, Färber J, Fischer T, Heidel FH. Prediction of central venous catheter–related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) in patients with haematologic malignancies using a modified Infection Probability Score (mIPS). Ann Hematol. 2015;94:1451–6.

Theodorou VP, Papaioannou VE, Tripsianis GA, Panopoulou MK, Christophoridis EK, Kouliatsis GA, et al. Procalcitonin and procalcitonin kinetics for diagnosis and prognosis of intravascular catheter-related bloodstream infections in selected critically ill patients: a prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:1–10.

Xu Y, Chen R, Qin W, Wang P, Li P, Hu W, et al. Early diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin levels for catheter-related blood stream infection in first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients. BMC Neurol. 2020;20:1–6.

Zhou B, Zhu J, Mao Z, Liu L. Roles of procalcitonin and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in predicting catheter-related bloodstream infection in severe burn injury patients. Dis Markers. 2018;2018.

Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, Carroll KC, Chapin KC, Gilligan PH, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;67(6):e1–94.

Raad I, Hanna H, Darouiche R. Diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections: is it necessary to culture the subcutaneous catheter segment? European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001;20:566–8.

Brun-Buisson C, Abrouk F, Legrand P, Huet Y, Larabi S, Rapin M. Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis: critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147(5):873–7.

Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1977;296(23):1305–9.

Cleri DJ, Corrado ML, Seligman SJ. Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and other intravascular inserts. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980;141(6):781–6.

Sherertz RJ, Raad II, Belani A, Koo LC, Rand KH, Pickett DL, et al. Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(1):76–82.

Douard MC, Arlet G, Longuet P, Troje C, Rouveau M, Ponscarme D, et al. Diagnosis of Venous Access Port—Related Infections. Clinical infectious diseases. 1999;29(5):1197–202.

Longuet P, Douard MC, Arlet G, Molina JM, Benoit C, Leport C. Venous access port-related bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or cancer: the reservoir as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Clinical infectious diseases. 2001;32(12):1776–83.

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