Üriner Sistem Enfeksiyonları
Özet
Üriner sistem enfeksiyonları (ÜSE), üretra, mesane, böbrekler ve üreterleri etkileyen bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar olup, asemptomatik bakteriüriden septik şoka kadar değişen klinik tablolar sunar. Kadın cinsiyeti, gebelik, postmenopozal dönem, antibiyotik kullanımı, diabetes mellitus, üriner kateter varlığı ve cerrahi girişimler ÜSE risk faktörlerindendir. ÜSE'ler lokalizasyonlarına göre sistit veya piyelonefrit olarak sınıflandırılır ve komplike olmayan veya komplike olarak ayrılır. Komplike ÜSE, yabancı cisim varlığı veya immunsupresyon gibi faktörlerle ilişkilidir. Escherichia coli, ÜSE'lerin en yaygın nedenidir. Tanı klinik semptomlar, idrar tahlili ve kültür sonuçlarına dayanır.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections affecting the urethra, bladder, kidneys, and ureters, presenting a clinical spectrum from asymptomatic bacteriuria to septic shock. Risk factors for UTIs include female gender, pregnancy, postmenopausal period, antibiotic use, diabetes mellitus, presence of urinary catheters, and surgical interventions. UTIs are classified by location as cystitis or pyelonephritis and as uncomplicated or complicated. Complicated UTIs are associated with factors like foreign body presence or immunosuppression. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTIs. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, urinalysis, and culture results.
Referanslar
Kimberly L. Cooper MD, G.M.B.M.a.M.P.R.M., Infections of the Urinary Tract, in Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 2021. p. 1129-1201.
Johnson, D.D.a.J.R., Urinary Tract Infections in Netter's Infectious Disease. 2022. p. 211-216.
Book, M., et al., [Urosepsis. Current therapy and diagnosis]. Urologe A, 2005. 44(4): p. 413-22; quiz 423-4.
Latife Mamıkoğlu, D.İ., İdrar yolu enfeksiyonları, in Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi G.S. Ayşe Willke Topçu, Mehmet Doğanay, Editor. 2008, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri İstanbul.
Levison, M.E. and D. Kaye, Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections With an Emphasis on Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Uropathogens. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 2013. 15(2): p. 109-115.
Nicolle, L.E., Complicated Urinary Tract Infection in Adults. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2005. 16: p. 385768.
Sobel JD, K.D., Urinary tract infections in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, B.J. Mandell GL, Dolin R, Editor. 2015: Philadelphia: Chirchill Livingstone, . p. 886-913.
Brown, J.D.S.a.P. and -.e. 72, Urinary Tract Infections, in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, . 2020. p. 962-989.
Li, R. and S.W. Leslie, Cystitis, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Paul Nikolaidis, V.S.D., Stanley Goldfarb,John L. Gore,Howard J. Harvin,Marta E. Heilbrun,Matthew T. Heller,Gaurav Khatri,Andrei S. Purysko,Stephen J. Savage,Andrew D. Smith,Myles T. Taffel,Zhen J. Wang,Darcy J. Wolfman et al., ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pyelonephritis. Journal of the American College of Radiology, November 2018.
Belyayeva, M. and J.M. Jeong, Acute Pyelonephritis, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Nicolle, L.E., et al., Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2019. 68(10): p. e83-e110.
Flores, L. and C. Carberry, Management and Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2014. 34: p. 1-5.
Weinstein, R.A., et al., Overview of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005. 41(6): p. 848-854.
Gupta, K., et al., International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis, 2011. 52(5): p. e103-20.
Tandoğdu, Z., et al., Antimicrobial resistance in urosepsis: outcomes from the multinational, multicenter global prevalence of infections in urology (GPIU) study 2003-2013. World J Urol, 2016. 34(8): p. 1193-200.
Guidance for control of infections with carbapenem-resistant or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in acute care facilities. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2009. 58(10): p. 256-60.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae containing New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase in two patients - Rhode Island, March 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2012. 61(24): p. 446-8.
Alperin, M., et al., The mysteries of menopause and urogynecologic health: clinical and scientific gaps. Menopause, 2019. 26(1): p. 103-111.
Sakamoto, S., et al., Chronological changes in epidemiological characteristics of lower urinary tract urolithiasis in Japan. Int J Urol, 2019. 26(1): p. 96-101.
Sobel JD, K.D., Urinary tract infections, in Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 2010: Churchill Livingstone. p. 957-985.
Sabih, A. and S.W. Leslie, Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Bono, M.J., S.W. Leslie, and W.C. Reygaert, Urinary Tract Infection, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Heyns, C.F., Urinary tract infection associated with conditions causing urinary tract obstruction and stasis, excluding urolithiasis and neuropathic bladder. World J Urol, 2012. 30(1): p. 77-83.
Meister, L., et al., History and Physical Examination Plus Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of Adult Female Urinary Tract Infection. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2013. 20(7): p. 631-645.
Williams, G.J., et al., Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2010. 10(4): p. 240-50.
Chernaya, A., C. Søborg, and M. Midttun, Validity of the urinary dipstick test in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adults. Dan Med J, 2021. 69(1).
LE, N., Urinary tract infection in adults in Yu ASL et al, eds: Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 2020, Elsevier p. 1223-49
Gupta, K. Acute complicated urinary tract infection (including pyelonephritis) in adults. 2022 Agu 12, 2022; Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-complicated-urinary-tract-infection-including-pyelonephritis-in-adults?search=ut%C4%B1&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1.
Richards, M.J., et al., Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2000. 21(8): p. 510-5.
Galiczewski, J.M. and K.M. Shurpin, An intervention to improve the catheter associated urinary tract infection rate in a medical intensive care unit: Direct observation of catheter insertion procedure. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2017. 40: p. 26-34.
Kumar, N., et al., Role of neomycin polymyxin sulfate solution bladder wash for prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in traumatic brain injury patient admitted to Intensive Care Unit: A prospective randomized study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci, 2018. 8(1): p. 17-21.
Malt, G. and S. Robertson-Malt, A Rapid Quality Control Initiative to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection in the paediatric intensive care patient--Part one. Int J Nurs Pract, 2007. 13(6): p. 348-53.
al, B.G.e. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. . 2020 [cited 2021 September 3 ]; Available from: https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-on-Urological-infections-2020.pdf.
Platt, R., et al., Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection. Am J Epidemiol, 1986. 124(6): p. 977-85.
Lo, E., et al., Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014. 35(5): p. 464-79.
Garibaldi, R.A., et al., Meatal colonization and catheter-associated bacteriuria. N Engl J Med, 1980. 303(6): p. 316-8.
Nickel, J.C., et al., Bacterial biofilms: influence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1994. 33 Suppl A: p. 31-41.
Tambyah, P.A., K.T. Halvorson, and D.G. Maki, A prospective study of pathogenesis of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Mayo Clin Proc, 1999. 74(2): p. 131-6.
(HSGM), H.S.G.M. Ulusal sağlık hizmeti ilişkili enfeksiyonlar sürveyans ağı etken dağılımı ve antibiyotik direnç raporu 2021. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/SHIE/Raporlar/ETKEN_DAGILIM_VE_DIRENC_2021.pdf.
Kauffman, C.A., et al., Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis, 2000. 30(1): p. 14-8.
Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections 2009. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/ infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/cauti-guidelines.pdf. update.
Johnson, J.R. and T.A. Russo, Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(1): p. 48-59.
Cek, M., et al., Healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in hospitalized urological patients--a global perspective: results from the GPIU studies 2003-2010. World J Urol, 2014. 32(6): p. 1587-94.
Hooton, T.M., et al., Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2010. 50(5): p. 625-63.
Peter, S., E.S. Devi, and S.G. Nayak, Effectiveness of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections in Selected Hospitals. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (JKIMSU), 2018. 7(1).
Referanslar
Kimberly L. Cooper MD, G.M.B.M.a.M.P.R.M., Infections of the Urinary Tract, in Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. 2021. p. 1129-1201.
Johnson, D.D.a.J.R., Urinary Tract Infections in Netter's Infectious Disease. 2022. p. 211-216.
Book, M., et al., [Urosepsis. Current therapy and diagnosis]. Urologe A, 2005. 44(4): p. 413-22; quiz 423-4.
Latife Mamıkoğlu, D.İ., İdrar yolu enfeksiyonları, in Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi G.S. Ayşe Willke Topçu, Mehmet Doğanay, Editor. 2008, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri İstanbul.
Levison, M.E. and D. Kaye, Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections With an Emphasis on Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Uropathogens. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 2013. 15(2): p. 109-115.
Nicolle, L.E., Complicated Urinary Tract Infection in Adults. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2005. 16: p. 385768.
Sobel JD, K.D., Urinary tract infections in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, B.J. Mandell GL, Dolin R, Editor. 2015: Philadelphia: Chirchill Livingstone, . p. 886-913.
Brown, J.D.S.a.P. and -.e. 72, Urinary Tract Infections, in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, . 2020. p. 962-989.
Li, R. and S.W. Leslie, Cystitis, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Paul Nikolaidis, V.S.D., Stanley Goldfarb,John L. Gore,Howard J. Harvin,Marta E. Heilbrun,Matthew T. Heller,Gaurav Khatri,Andrei S. Purysko,Stephen J. Savage,Andrew D. Smith,Myles T. Taffel,Zhen J. Wang,Darcy J. Wolfman et al., ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Pyelonephritis. Journal of the American College of Radiology, November 2018.
Belyayeva, M. and J.M. Jeong, Acute Pyelonephritis, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Nicolle, L.E., et al., Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2019. 68(10): p. e83-e110.
Flores, L. and C. Carberry, Management and Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection. Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2014. 34: p. 1-5.
Weinstein, R.A., et al., Overview of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005. 41(6): p. 848-854.
Gupta, K., et al., International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis, 2011. 52(5): p. e103-20.
Tandoğdu, Z., et al., Antimicrobial resistance in urosepsis: outcomes from the multinational, multicenter global prevalence of infections in urology (GPIU) study 2003-2013. World J Urol, 2016. 34(8): p. 1193-200.
Guidance for control of infections with carbapenem-resistant or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in acute care facilities. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2009. 58(10): p. 256-60.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae containing New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase in two patients - Rhode Island, March 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2012. 61(24): p. 446-8.
Alperin, M., et al., The mysteries of menopause and urogynecologic health: clinical and scientific gaps. Menopause, 2019. 26(1): p. 103-111.
Sakamoto, S., et al., Chronological changes in epidemiological characteristics of lower urinary tract urolithiasis in Japan. Int J Urol, 2019. 26(1): p. 96-101.
Sobel JD, K.D., Urinary tract infections, in Mandel GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 2010: Churchill Livingstone. p. 957-985.
Sabih, A. and S.W. Leslie, Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Bono, M.J., S.W. Leslie, and W.C. Reygaert, Urinary Tract Infection, in StatPearls. 2023, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
Heyns, C.F., Urinary tract infection associated with conditions causing urinary tract obstruction and stasis, excluding urolithiasis and neuropathic bladder. World J Urol, 2012. 30(1): p. 77-83.
Meister, L., et al., History and Physical Examination Plus Laboratory Testing for the Diagnosis of Adult Female Urinary Tract Infection. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2013. 20(7): p. 631-645.
Williams, G.J., et al., Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 2010. 10(4): p. 240-50.
Chernaya, A., C. Søborg, and M. Midttun, Validity of the urinary dipstick test in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adults. Dan Med J, 2021. 69(1).
LE, N., Urinary tract infection in adults in Yu ASL et al, eds: Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 2020, Elsevier p. 1223-49
Gupta, K. Acute complicated urinary tract infection (including pyelonephritis) in adults. 2022 Agu 12, 2022; Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-complicated-urinary-tract-infection-including-pyelonephritis-in-adults?search=ut%C4%B1&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1.
Richards, M.J., et al., Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2000. 21(8): p. 510-5.
Galiczewski, J.M. and K.M. Shurpin, An intervention to improve the catheter associated urinary tract infection rate in a medical intensive care unit: Direct observation of catheter insertion procedure. Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 2017. 40: p. 26-34.
Kumar, N., et al., Role of neomycin polymyxin sulfate solution bladder wash for prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in traumatic brain injury patient admitted to Intensive Care Unit: A prospective randomized study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci, 2018. 8(1): p. 17-21.
Malt, G. and S. Robertson-Malt, A Rapid Quality Control Initiative to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection in the paediatric intensive care patient--Part one. Int J Nurs Pract, 2007. 13(6): p. 348-53.
al, B.G.e. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. . 2020 [cited 2021 September 3 ]; Available from: https://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-on-Urological-infections-2020.pdf.
Platt, R., et al., Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection. Am J Epidemiol, 1986. 124(6): p. 977-85.
Lo, E., et al., Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2014. 35(5): p. 464-79.
Garibaldi, R.A., et al., Meatal colonization and catheter-associated bacteriuria. N Engl J Med, 1980. 303(6): p. 316-8.
Nickel, J.C., et al., Bacterial biofilms: influence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1994. 33 Suppl A: p. 31-41.
Tambyah, P.A., K.T. Halvorson, and D.G. Maki, A prospective study of pathogenesis of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Mayo Clin Proc, 1999. 74(2): p. 131-6.
(HSGM), H.S.G.M. Ulusal sağlık hizmeti ilişkili enfeksiyonlar sürveyans ağı etken dağılımı ve antibiyotik direnç raporu 2021. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/SHIE/Raporlar/ETKEN_DAGILIM_VE_DIRENC_2021.pdf.
Kauffman, C.A., et al., Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group. Clin Infect Dis, 2000. 30(1): p. 14-8.
Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections 2009. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/ infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/cauti-guidelines.pdf. update.
Johnson, J.R. and T.A. Russo, Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378(1): p. 48-59.
Cek, M., et al., Healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in hospitalized urological patients--a global perspective: results from the GPIU studies 2003-2010. World J Urol, 2014. 32(6): p. 1587-94.
Hooton, T.M., et al., Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 2010. 50(5): p. 625-63.
Peter, S., E.S. Devi, and S.G. Nayak, Effectiveness of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections in Selected Hospitals. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (JKIMSU), 2018. 7(1).
