Gastrointestinal Sistem Kanamaları
Özet
Akut gastrointestinal sistem kanamaları sık görülen bir klinik tablodur. Güncel medikal tedaviler ile insidansta azalma olsa da artan yaşlı nüfus ve kullanılan ilaçlar nedeniyle önemli mortalite ve morbidite nedeni olmaya devam etmektedir. Yoğun bakım takibi, yeni endoskopik ve girişimsel radyoloji teknikleriyle birlikte erken tanı ve tedavinin mortaliteyi azaltacağı literatürler ve kılavuzlar eşliğinde gözden geçirilmiştir.
Acute gastrointestinal system bleeding is a common clinical picture. Although the incidence has decreased with current medical treatments, significant mortality and morbidity continue due to the elderly population and drug use. Intensive care follow-ups are reviewed, with new early diagnosis and treatment with endoscopic and interventional radiology techniques that would reduce mortality, in line with the literature and guidelines.
Referanslar
Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al. Management of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Guideline Recommendations From the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(11): 805-822. doi: 10.7326/M19-1795
Abraham NS, Hartman C, Richardson P, et al. Risk of lower and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, transfusions, and hospitalizations with complex antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients. Circulation. 2013;128(17): 1869-77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004747
Beales I. Recent advances in the management of peptic ulcer bleeding. F1000Res. 2017;6: 1763. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11286.1
Chiu PW. Endoscopic Management of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding: Recent Advances. Clin Endosc. 2019;52(5): 416-418. doi: 10.5946/ce.2018.182.
Kamboj AK, Hoversten P, Leggett CL. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Etiologies and Management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(4): 697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.022.
Raju GS, Gerson L, Das A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute medical position statement on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(5): 1694-6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.008.
Gutierrez G, Reines HD, Wulf-Gutierrez ME. Clinical review: hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care. 2004;8(5): 373-81. doi: 10.1186/cc2851
Wilkins T, Wheeler B, Carpenter M. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adults: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(5): 294-300. Erratum in: Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2): 70.
Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR, et al. Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study. BMJ. 2017;356:i6432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6432.
Kim JS, Kim BW, Kim DH, et al. Guidelines for Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2020;75(6): 322-332. Korean. doi: 10.4166/kjg.2020.75.6.322.
Srygley FD, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, et al. Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed?. JAMA. 2012;307(10): 1072-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.253.
Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2015:a1-46. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393172.
Arasaradnam RP, Donnelly MT. Acute endoscopic intervention in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(952): 92-8. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2004.020867.
Artigas JM, Martí M, Soto JA, et al. Multidetector CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: technique and findings. Radiographics. 2013;33(5): 1453-70. doi: 10.1148/rg.335125072.
Odutayo A, Desborough MJ, Trivella M, et al. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(5): 354-360. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30054-7.
Laine L., Barkun, AN., Saltzman, JR., et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2021;116(5): 899-917| doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001245
Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(3): 345-60; quiz 361. doi: 0.1038/ajg.2011.480.
Theivanayagam, S., Lim, RG., Cobell WJ. Et al. Administration of Erythromycin Before Endoscopy in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(5): 205-210. doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.118120
Seo YS. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2018;24(1): 20-42. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2017.0064.
Gomes-Porras M, Cárdenas-Salas J, Álvarez-Escolá C. Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: a Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;29;21(5): 1682. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051682.
Powell M, Journey JD. Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube. 2022.. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 32644350.
Boike JR, Thornburg BG, Asrani SK, et al. Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches (ALTA) Consortium. North American Practice-Based Recommendations for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Portal Hypertension. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(8): 1636-1662.e36. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.07.018.
Irawan H, Mulyawan IM. Combination of modified Sugiura technique and proximal splenorenal shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019;10;12: 149-156. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S188200.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(4): 459-74. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.41. Erratum in: Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5): 755.
Hawks MK, Svarverud JE. Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(4): 206-212.
Triantafyllou K, Gkolfakis P, Gralnek IM, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2021;53(8): 850-868. doi: 10.1055/a-1496-8969
Aoki T, Hirata Y, Yamada A, et al. Initial management for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(1): 69-84. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v25.i1.69.
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, et al. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(1): 3-16. Doi:10.1016/j.gie.2015.09.035.
Referanslar
Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al. Management of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Guideline Recommendations From the International Consensus Group. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(11): 805-822. doi: 10.7326/M19-1795
Abraham NS, Hartman C, Richardson P, et al. Risk of lower and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, transfusions, and hospitalizations with complex antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients. Circulation. 2013;128(17): 1869-77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004747
Beales I. Recent advances in the management of peptic ulcer bleeding. F1000Res. 2017;6: 1763. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11286.1
Chiu PW. Endoscopic Management of Peptic Ulcer Bleeding: Recent Advances. Clin Endosc. 2019;52(5): 416-418. doi: 10.5946/ce.2018.182.
Kamboj AK, Hoversten P, Leggett CL. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Etiologies and Management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(4): 697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.022.
Raju GS, Gerson L, Das A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute medical position statement on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(5): 1694-6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.008.
Gutierrez G, Reines HD, Wulf-Gutierrez ME. Clinical review: hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care. 2004;8(5): 373-81. doi: 10.1186/cc2851
Wilkins T, Wheeler B, Carpenter M. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adults: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(5): 294-300. Erratum in: Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2): 70.
Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR, et al. Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study. BMJ. 2017;356:i6432. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6432.
Kim JS, Kim BW, Kim DH, et al. Guidelines for Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2020;75(6): 322-332. Korean. doi: 10.4166/kjg.2020.75.6.322.
Srygley FD, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, et al. Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed?. JAMA. 2012;307(10): 1072-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.253.
Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2015:a1-46. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1393172.
Arasaradnam RP, Donnelly MT. Acute endoscopic intervention in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(952): 92-8. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2004.020867.
Artigas JM, Martí M, Soto JA, et al. Multidetector CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: technique and findings. Radiographics. 2013;33(5): 1453-70. doi: 10.1148/rg.335125072.
Odutayo A, Desborough MJ, Trivella M, et al. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(5): 354-360. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30054-7.
Laine L., Barkun, AN., Saltzman, JR., et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Upper Gastrointestinal and Ulcer Bleeding. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2021;116(5): 899-917| doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001245
Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(3): 345-60; quiz 361. doi: 0.1038/ajg.2011.480.
Theivanayagam, S., Lim, RG., Cobell WJ. Et al. Administration of Erythromycin Before Endoscopy in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. 2013;19(5): 205-210. doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.118120
Seo YS. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2018;24(1): 20-42. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2017.0064.
Gomes-Porras M, Cárdenas-Salas J, Álvarez-Escolá C. Somatostatin Analogs in Clinical Practice: a Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;29;21(5): 1682. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051682.
Powell M, Journey JD. Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube. 2022.. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 32644350.
Boike JR, Thornburg BG, Asrani SK, et al. Advancing Liver Therapeutic Approaches (ALTA) Consortium. North American Practice-Based Recommendations for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Portal Hypertension. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(8): 1636-1662.e36. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.07.018.
Irawan H, Mulyawan IM. Combination of modified Sugiura technique and proximal splenorenal shunt for the management of portal vein thrombosis in noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019;10;12: 149-156. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S188200.
Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Patients With Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(4): 459-74. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.41. Erratum in: Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5): 755.
Hawks MK, Svarverud JE. Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(4): 206-212.
Triantafyllou K, Gkolfakis P, Gralnek IM, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2021;53(8): 850-868. doi: 10.1055/a-1496-8969
Aoki T, Hirata Y, Yamada A, et al. Initial management for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(1): 69-84. doi: 10.3748/wjg. v25.i1.69.
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, et al. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(1): 3-16. Doi:10.1016/j.gie.2015.09.035.
