Örgütsel Sessizlik (Organizational Silence)
Özet
Bu kitap bölümü, ses, sessizlik ve örgütsel sessizlik kavramlarını tanımlayarak, bu kavramların kurumlarda ortaya çıkma nedenleriyle kurumlar ve çalışanlar açısından olası sonuçlarını tartışmaktadır. Örgütsel sessizliğin tanımlanmasında kullanılan farklı sınıflandırmaları açıklamaktadır. Kurumlarda örgütsel sessizliğin ortaya çıkmasına neden olan sessizlik ikliminin, çalışanların korku ve endişelerinin, içerisinde bulundukları durumu kabullenmelerinin ve kurumlarını korumak amacıyla örgütsel sessizlik davranışı göstermelerinin nedenleri incelenmiştir.
Sağlık kuruluşları özellikle de hemşireler sağlık bakımının sunulmasında açısından örgütsel sessizliğin geri dönüşü mümkün olmayan sonuçlara neden olabileceği bu bölüm kapsamında sunulmakla beraber örgütsel sessizlik davranışının çalışma ortamına ilişkin etkilerine göstermelerinin dikkat çekilmiştir. Örgütsel sessizlik ile ilgili bu kapsamlı analizin özellikle sağlık kurumlarının yöneticileri açısından örgütsel sessizliğin anlaşılması ve önlenmesi açısından önemli bir kaynak olarak sunulmaktadır.
This book chapter defines the concepts of voice, silence, and organizational silence and discusses the reasons for their occurrence in organizations and their possible consequences for organizations and employees. It explains the different classifications used in defining organizational silence. The reasons for the climate of silence that causes the emergence of organizational silence in organizations, the fears and concerns of employees, their acceptance of the situation they are in, and the reasons why they show organizational silence behavior to protect their institutions are examined.
Within the scope of this chapter, it is presented that organizational silence can cause irreversible consequences for health care organizations, especially for nurses in the provision of health care, and attention is drawn to the effects of organizational silence behavior on the working environment. This comprehensive analysis of organizational silence is an essential resource for understanding and preventing organizational silence, especially for managers of health institutions.
Referanslar
Morrison EW, Milliken FJ. Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review. 2000:706-25. 706–25. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3707697.
Pinder CC, Harlos KP. Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management n.d.:331–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-7301(01)20007-3.
Milliken FJ, Morrison EW, Hewlin PF. An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues that Employees Don’t Communicate Upward and Why*. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1453-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00387.
Dyne LV, Ang S, Botero IC. Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs*. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1359-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384.
Bowen F, Blackmon K. Spirals of Silence: The Dynamic Effects of Diversity on Organizational Voice. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1393-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00385.
Henriksen K, Dayton E. Organizational silence and hidden threats to patient safety. Health services research. 2006;41(4p2):1539-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00564.x
Dankoski ME, Bickel J, Gusic ME. Discussing the undiscussable with the powerful: Why and how faculty must learn to counteract organizational silence. Academic Medicine. 2014;89(12):1610-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000428.
Yalçın B, Baykal Ü. Özel Hastanelerde Görevli Hemşirelerin Sessiz Kaldığı Konular ve Sessiz Kalma Nedenleriyle İlişkili Faktörler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2012;9(2):42-50.
Yalçin B, Göktepe N, Türkmen E, Özcan Ş. Hemşirelerin Örgütsel Sessizlik Davranışları ve Etkileyen Etmenlerin Belirlenmesi. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi. 2020;7(3):330-8. https://doi.org/10.5222/SHYD. 2020.20092
Harmanci Seren AK, Topcu İ, Eskin Bacaksiz F, Unaldi Baydin N, Tokgoz Ekici E, Yildirim A. Organisational silence among nurses and physicians in public hospitals. Journal of clinical nursing.2018;27(7-8):1440-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14294.
Çaylak E, Altuntas S. Organizational silence among nurses: The impact on organizational cynicism and intention to leave work. Journal of Nursing Research. 2017;25(2):90-8.
Yalçın B, Baykal Ü, Türkmen E. Why do nurses choose to stay silent?: A qualitative study. International journal of nursing practice. 2022;28(1):e13010. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13010.
Labrague LJ, De los Santos JA. Association between nurse and hospital characteristics and organisational silence behaviours in nurses: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management. 2020;28(8):2196-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13101.
.Hirschman AO. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states: Harvard Univ Pr; 1970.
Rosen S, Tesser A. On reluctance to communicate undesirable information: The MUM effect. Sociometry. 1970:253-63.
Tesser A, Rosen S. The reluctance to transmit bad news. Advances in experimental social psychology. 1975;8:193-232.
Marler LE, McKee DLN, Cox SS, Simmering MJ, Allen DG. Don't make me the bad guy: Organizational norms, self-monitoring, and the mum effect. Journal of Managerial Issues. 2012:97-116.
Noelle‐Neumann E. The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion. Journal of communication. 1974;24(2):43-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x.
Harlos KP. When organizational voice systems fail. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 2001;37(3):324-42.
Knoll M, van Dick R. Do I hear the whistle…? A first attempt to measure four forms of employee silence and their correlates. Journal of business ethics. 2013;113(2):349-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.804113.
Zheng X, Ke J, Shi J, Zheng X. Survey on employee silence and the impact of trust on it in China. Acta Psychologica Sinica. 2008;40(02):219.
Çakıcı A. Örgütlerde işgören sessizliği: neden sessiz kalmayı tercih ediyoruz? Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2010.
Premeaux SF, Bedeian AG. Breaking the Silence: The Moderating Effects of Self‐Monitoring in Predicting Speaking Up in the Workplace*. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1537-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00390.
Vakola M, Bouradas D. Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: an empirical investigation. Employee Relations.2005;27(5):441-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510611997.
Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C. Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of Business Ethics. 2005;62(3):277-97.
Tangirala S, Ramanujam R. Employee Silence On Critical Work Issues: The Cross Level Effects Of Procedural Justice Climate. Personnel Psychology 2008;61:37–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00105.x.
Erkutlu H, Chafra J. Leader’s integrity and employee silence in healthcare organizations. Leadership in Health Services. 2018;32(3):419-34.
Alingh CW, Wijngaarden JDH van, Voorde K van de, Paauwe J, Huijsman R. Speaking up about patient safety concerns: the influence of safety management approaches and climate on nurses’ willingness to speak up. BMJ Quality & Safety; 2018; 28(1):39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007163.
Yurdakul M, Beşen MA, Erdoğan S. The organisational silence of midwives and nurses: reasons and results. Journal of nursing management.2016;24(5):686-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12374.
Yalçın B, Baykal Ü. Development and psychometric testing of the organizational silence behavior scale for healthcare professionals. Nursing & health sciences. 2019;21(4):454-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12619
Garon M. Speaking up, being heard: registered nurses’ perceptions of workplace communication. Journal of nursing management. 2012;20(3):361-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01296.x
Aslan SK, Yalçın B, Göktepe N, Türkmen E, Canbolat S, Bakoğlu N, Serbest Ş. Effects of demographic, occupational, and practice environment variables on organizational silence among nurse managers. International Nursing Review. 2022;69(2):132-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12712.
Ürek D, Demir Bilgin İ, Uğurluoğlu Ö. Örgütsel Sessizliğin Örgütsel Vatandaşlik Davranişi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Eğitim Ve Araştirma Hastanesi Uygulamasi. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;17(3):122-41.
Sexton JB, Makary MA, Tersigni AR, Pryor D, Hendrich A, Thomas EJ, et al. Teamwork in the Operating RoomFrontline Perspectives among Hospitals and Operating Room Personnel. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2006;105(5):877-84.
Maxfield D, Grenny J, McMillan R, Patterson K, Switzler A. Silence kills–the seven crucial conversations for healthcare, 2005. VitalSmarts, LC (http://www silencekills com/). 2006.
Vogus TJ, Sutcliffe KM, Weick KE. Doing no harm: enabling, enacting, and elaborating a culture of safety in health care. Academy of Management Perspectives. 2010;24(4):60-77. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2010.24.4.3652485.a.
Okuyama, A., Wagner, C. & Bijnen, B. Speaking up for patient safety by hospital-based health care professionals: a literature review. BMC Health Serv Res 14, 61 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-61
Morrow KJ, Gustavson AM, Jones J. Speaking up behaviours (safety voices) of healthcare workers: A metasynthesis of qualitative research studies. International Journal of nursing studies. 2016;64:42-51.
Referanslar
Morrison EW, Milliken FJ. Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review. 2000:706-25. 706–25. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.3707697.
Pinder CC, Harlos KP. Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management n.d.:331–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-7301(01)20007-3.
Milliken FJ, Morrison EW, Hewlin PF. An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues that Employees Don’t Communicate Upward and Why*. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1453-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00387.
Dyne LV, Ang S, Botero IC. Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs*. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1359-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384.
Bowen F, Blackmon K. Spirals of Silence: The Dynamic Effects of Diversity on Organizational Voice. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1393-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00385.
Henriksen K, Dayton E. Organizational silence and hidden threats to patient safety. Health services research. 2006;41(4p2):1539-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00564.x
Dankoski ME, Bickel J, Gusic ME. Discussing the undiscussable with the powerful: Why and how faculty must learn to counteract organizational silence. Academic Medicine. 2014;89(12):1610-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000428.
Yalçın B, Baykal Ü. Özel Hastanelerde Görevli Hemşirelerin Sessiz Kaldığı Konular ve Sessiz Kalma Nedenleriyle İlişkili Faktörler. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2012;9(2):42-50.
Yalçin B, Göktepe N, Türkmen E, Özcan Ş. Hemşirelerin Örgütsel Sessizlik Davranışları ve Etkileyen Etmenlerin Belirlenmesi. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi. 2020;7(3):330-8. https://doi.org/10.5222/SHYD. 2020.20092
Harmanci Seren AK, Topcu İ, Eskin Bacaksiz F, Unaldi Baydin N, Tokgoz Ekici E, Yildirim A. Organisational silence among nurses and physicians in public hospitals. Journal of clinical nursing.2018;27(7-8):1440-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14294.
Çaylak E, Altuntas S. Organizational silence among nurses: The impact on organizational cynicism and intention to leave work. Journal of Nursing Research. 2017;25(2):90-8.
Yalçın B, Baykal Ü, Türkmen E. Why do nurses choose to stay silent?: A qualitative study. International journal of nursing practice. 2022;28(1):e13010. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13010.
Labrague LJ, De los Santos JA. Association between nurse and hospital characteristics and organisational silence behaviours in nurses: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management. 2020;28(8):2196-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13101.
.Hirschman AO. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states: Harvard Univ Pr; 1970.
Rosen S, Tesser A. On reluctance to communicate undesirable information: The MUM effect. Sociometry. 1970:253-63.
Tesser A, Rosen S. The reluctance to transmit bad news. Advances in experimental social psychology. 1975;8:193-232.
Marler LE, McKee DLN, Cox SS, Simmering MJ, Allen DG. Don't make me the bad guy: Organizational norms, self-monitoring, and the mum effect. Journal of Managerial Issues. 2012:97-116.
Noelle‐Neumann E. The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion. Journal of communication. 1974;24(2):43-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x.
Harlos KP. When organizational voice systems fail. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 2001;37(3):324-42.
Knoll M, van Dick R. Do I hear the whistle…? A first attempt to measure four forms of employee silence and their correlates. Journal of business ethics. 2013;113(2):349-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.804113.
Zheng X, Ke J, Shi J, Zheng X. Survey on employee silence and the impact of trust on it in China. Acta Psychologica Sinica. 2008;40(02):219.
Çakıcı A. Örgütlerde işgören sessizliği: neden sessiz kalmayı tercih ediyoruz? Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2010.
Premeaux SF, Bedeian AG. Breaking the Silence: The Moderating Effects of Self‐Monitoring in Predicting Speaking Up in the Workplace*. Journal of Management Studies. 2003;40(6):1537-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00390.
Vakola M, Bouradas D. Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: an empirical investigation. Employee Relations.2005;27(5):441-58. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510611997.
Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C. Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of Business Ethics. 2005;62(3):277-97.
Tangirala S, Ramanujam R. Employee Silence On Critical Work Issues: The Cross Level Effects Of Procedural Justice Climate. Personnel Psychology 2008;61:37–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00105.x.
Erkutlu H, Chafra J. Leader’s integrity and employee silence in healthcare organizations. Leadership in Health Services. 2018;32(3):419-34.
Alingh CW, Wijngaarden JDH van, Voorde K van de, Paauwe J, Huijsman R. Speaking up about patient safety concerns: the influence of safety management approaches and climate on nurses’ willingness to speak up. BMJ Quality & Safety; 2018; 28(1):39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2017-007163.
Yurdakul M, Beşen MA, Erdoğan S. The organisational silence of midwives and nurses: reasons and results. Journal of nursing management.2016;24(5):686-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12374.
Yalçın B, Baykal Ü. Development and psychometric testing of the organizational silence behavior scale for healthcare professionals. Nursing & health sciences. 2019;21(4):454-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12619
Garon M. Speaking up, being heard: registered nurses’ perceptions of workplace communication. Journal of nursing management. 2012;20(3):361-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01296.x
Aslan SK, Yalçın B, Göktepe N, Türkmen E, Canbolat S, Bakoğlu N, Serbest Ş. Effects of demographic, occupational, and practice environment variables on organizational silence among nurse managers. International Nursing Review. 2022;69(2):132-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12712.
Ürek D, Demir Bilgin İ, Uğurluoğlu Ö. Örgütsel Sessizliğin Örgütsel Vatandaşlik Davranişi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Bir Eğitim Ve Araştirma Hastanesi Uygulamasi. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;17(3):122-41.
Sexton JB, Makary MA, Tersigni AR, Pryor D, Hendrich A, Thomas EJ, et al. Teamwork in the Operating RoomFrontline Perspectives among Hospitals and Operating Room Personnel. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 2006;105(5):877-84.
Maxfield D, Grenny J, McMillan R, Patterson K, Switzler A. Silence kills–the seven crucial conversations for healthcare, 2005. VitalSmarts, LC (http://www silencekills com/). 2006.
Vogus TJ, Sutcliffe KM, Weick KE. Doing no harm: enabling, enacting, and elaborating a culture of safety in health care. Academy of Management Perspectives. 2010;24(4):60-77. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2010.24.4.3652485.a.
Okuyama, A., Wagner, C. & Bijnen, B. Speaking up for patient safety by hospital-based health care professionals: a literature review. BMC Health Serv Res 14, 61 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-61
Morrow KJ, Gustavson AM, Jones J. Speaking up behaviours (safety voices) of healthcare workers: A metasynthesis of qualitative research studies. International Journal of nursing studies. 2016;64:42-51.
