Bilgi Uçurma (Whistleblowing)
Özet
Örgütte kültür oluşturulurken geçmişteki gibi bilgi uçurmayı hep olumsuz gören yaklaşımların dışına çıkılarak, bilgi uçurmanın bazı koşullarda kurum, birim ve bireyler lehine kullanılabilecek olumlu bir örgütsel davranışa dönüşebileceği akılda tutulmalıdır. Aksi takdirde geçmişten bu yana olumsuz olarak nitelenen bilgi uçurma davranışı, yine yerilen bir davranış olarak algılanmaya devam edilecek ve örgütteki işleyişi düzenlemede yararlanılabilecek bir mekanizma devre dışı kalacaktır. Yöneticilerin her birimde, her düzeyde her sürece hâkim olmaları mümkün olamayacağından böylesi durumlarda da aslında kurumda işini düzgün yapmaya çalışanlar, hizmet sunmaya çabalayanlar, daha da önemlisi sağlıklarına kavuşmak için organizasyona başvurmuş olan hastalar ve yakınları bir takım etik dışı, profesyonellikten uzak yaklaşımlar nedeniyle zarar görebilir. Örgütün imajı bu olumsuzluklar sonucunda zedelenebilir. Bu nedenlerle bilgi uçurma mekanizmasının doğru şekilde yönetilmesi ve örgütsel kültüre entegre edilmesi mühimdir.
While creating a culture in the organization, it should be kept in mind that whistleblowing can turn into a positive organizational behavior that can be used in favor of institutions, units and individuals under certain conditions, by moving away from approaches that always see whistleblowing as negative, as in the past. Otherwise, whistleblowing behavior, which has been described as negative from the past, will continue to be perceived as a reprehensible behavior and a mechanism that can be used to regulate the functioning of the organization will be disabled. Since it is not possible for managers to master every process at every level in every unit, in such cases, those who are trying to do their job properly in the institution, those who are trying to provide service, and more importantly, the patients and their relatives who have applied to the organization to regain their health, may be harmed due to some unethical and unprofessional approaches. The image of the organization may be damaged as a result of these negativities. For these reasons, it is important that the whistleblowing mechanism is managed correctly and integrated into the organizational culture.
Referanslar
Ahmad SA, Yunos RM, Ahmad RAR, et al. Whistleblowing behaviour: the influence of ethical climates theory. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier; 2014 Dec 31;164:445-50.
Cemaloğlu N, Akyürek Mİ. Örgütlerde whistleblowing (bilgi uçurma). Turkish Journal of Educational Studies. DergiPark; 2017 Nov 9;4(3):123-142.
Ash A. Whistleblowing and ethics in health and social care. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2016 May 19.
Jackson D, Hickman LD, Hutchinson M, et al. Whistleblowing: an integrative literature review of data-based studies involving nurses. Contemporary nurse. Elsevier; 2014 Oct 1;48(2):240-52.
Fleddermann CB, Sanadhya SK. Engineering ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1999 Mar.
De Graaf G. A report on reporting: Why peers report integrity and law violations in public organizations. Public Administration Review. Wiley; 2010 Sep;70(5):767-779.
Behram NK. Örgütsel politika ve etik olmayan davranış bildirimi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. 2015.
Demirtaş Ö. İşyerlerinde olumsuz durumları ifşa etmenin etik iklim üzerindeki etkisi: Yıldırma algısının moderatör rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;43(1):136-56.
Yürür S, Nart S. Örgütsel adalet algısı kamu çalışanlarının ihbar etme niyetinin belirleyicisi midir?. Amme İdaresi Dergisi. 2016 Sep 1;49(3).
Aktan CC. Organizasyonlarda yanlış uygulamalara karşı bir sivil erdem, ahlaki tepki ve vijdani red davranışı: Whistleblowing. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi. DergiPark, 2015 Jan 12;7(2):19-36.
Yılmaz E. Kurumsal iletişim ve prensiplere dayalı kurumla uyuşmazlık davranışı: Whistleblowing Küresel Diyalog. Isparta: Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi. 2009.
MacGregor J, Robinson M, Stuebs M. Creating an effective whistleblowing environment. Strategic Finance. Montvaila; 2014 Mar 1;95(9):35.
Seifert DL, Stammerjohan WW, Martin RB. Trust, organizational justice, and whistleblowing: A research note. Behavioral Research in Accounting. American Accpunting Associaiton; 2014 Apr 1;26(1):157-68.
Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C. Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of business ethics. 2005 Dec;62:277-297.
Celep C, Konaklı T. Bilgi uçurma: Eğitim örgütlerinde etik ve kural dışı uygulamalara yönelik bir tepki. E-International Journal of Educational Research; 2012;3(4): 65-88.
Nartgün Ş, Ayça K. Öğretmenlerin bilgi uçurma davranışları ve bilgi uçurma nedenleri ile bireysel değerleri arasındaki ilişki. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies; 2019 Aug 8;1(54):65-89.
Cassematis PG, Wortley R. Prediction of whistleblowing or non-reporting observation: The role of personal and situational factors. Journal of Business Ethics; 2013 Oct;117:615-34.
Miceli MP, Near JP, Dworkin TM. A word to the wise: How managers and policy-makers can encourage employees to report wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics. 2009 May;86:379-96.
Dasgupta S, Kesharwani A. Whistleblowing: A survey of literature. The IUP Journal of Corporate Governance; 2010;9(4): 57-70.
Liu SM, Liao JQ, Wei H. Authentic leadership and whistleblowing: Mediating roles of psychological safety and personal identification. Journal of Business Ethics; 2015 Sep;131:107-19.
Park H, Blenkinsopp J, Oktem MK, et al. Cultural orientation and attitudes toward different forms of whistleblowing: A comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the UK. Journal of Business Ethics; 2008 Nov;82:929-39.
Sprinks J. Calls for whistleblowing lead and standardised policy at every trust. Nursing Standard (through 2013). 2013 Jul 3;27(44):11.
ACFE. Report to the nations. 2020 Global study on occupational fraud and abuse. 2020. Available at 2020-Report-to-the-Nations.pdf (acfepublic.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com)
ACFE. Occupational fraud: A report to the nations. 2024. Available at 2024-report-to-the-nations.pdf (acfe.com)
Mercan N, Altınay A, Aksanyar Y. Whıstleblowıng (Bilgi İfşası, İhbar) ve Yolsuzlukla Mücadelede İç Denetimin Değişen ve Gelişen Rolü. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi; 2015;4(2):167-76.
Başol O, Karatuna I. Örgütlerde olumsuz durumların ifşa edilmesi ve örgütsel iletişim ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi; 2015;37(2):153-70.
Aguilar MK. Whistleblower policy a necessity in weak economy. Compliance Week. 2009;6(67):14-6.
Keil M, Tiwana A, Sainsbury R, et al. Toward a theory of whistleblowing intentions: A benefit‐to‐cost differential perspective. Decision Sciences; 2010 Nov;41(4):787-812.
Shimabukuro JO, Whitaker LP, Roberts EE. Survey of federal whistleblower and anti-retaliation laws. Congressional Reserach Services. Available at Survey of Federal Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Laws (cornell.edu)
Eaton TV, Akers MD. Whistleblowing and good governance. The CPA journal. 2007. The CPA Journal; Jun 2007; 77(6); ABI/INFORM Global. 66. Availbale at: Whistleblowing and Good Governance (marquette.edu)
Aydın U. İş hukuku açısından işçinin bilgi uçurması (Whistleblowing). Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi; 2003; 2(2), 79-100.
White SM. Confidentiality,‘no blame culture’and whistleblowing, non-physician practice and accountability. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology; 2006 Dec 1;20(4):525-43.
Banisar D. Whistleblowing: International standards and developments. Corruption and transparency: Debating the frontiers between state, market and society, I. Sandoval, ed., World Bank-Institute for Social Research, UNAM, Washington, DC. 2011 Feb 1.
Davis AJ, Konishi E. Whistleblowing in japan. Nursing Ethics; 2007 Mar;14(2):194-202.
Jackson D, Hickman LD, Hutchinson M, Andrew S, Smith J, Potgieter I, Cleary M, Peters K. Whistleblowing: an integrative literature review of data-based studies involving nurses. Contemporary Nurse; 2014 Oct 1;48(2):240-52.
Mannion R, Davies HT. Cultures of silence and cultures of voice: the role of whistleblowing in healthcare organisations. International Journal of Health Policy And Management; 2015 Aug;4(8):503.
Hutchinson E, Balabanova D, McKee M. We need to talk about corruption in health systems. International Journal of Health Policy and Management; 2019 Apr;8(4):191-194.
Demirci Ş, Erigüç G. Sağlık yönetimi literatüründe ihbar etme üzerine yürütülen çalışmaların incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 2019 Mar 3;8(1):35-43.
Çi̇ftci̇ B. Türkiye’de toplumsal kültürün örgütlerde ihbarcılık üzerine etkisi: Hofstede’in kültürel boyutlar teorisi bağlamında bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Academic Value Studies; 2017;3(10):147-66.
Powell M. The whistleblower stages model in British National health service inquiries. Journal of Health Organization and Management; 2022 Mar 25;36(3):314-331.
Park H, Rehg MT, Lee D. The influence of confucian ethics and collectivism on whistleblowing intentions: A study of South Korean public employees. Journal of Business Ethics; 2005; 58: 387-403.
Park H, Blenkınsopp John. Whistleblowing as planned behavior–A survey of South Korean police officers. Journal of Business Ethics; 2009; 85: 545-556.
Sayğan S. Whistleblowing ve örgütsel etik iklimi ilişkisi üzerine bir uygulama. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya;2011.
Referanslar
Ahmad SA, Yunos RM, Ahmad RAR, et al. Whistleblowing behaviour: the influence of ethical climates theory. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier; 2014 Dec 31;164:445-50.
Cemaloğlu N, Akyürek Mİ. Örgütlerde whistleblowing (bilgi uçurma). Turkish Journal of Educational Studies. DergiPark; 2017 Nov 9;4(3):123-142.
Ash A. Whistleblowing and ethics in health and social care. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2016 May 19.
Jackson D, Hickman LD, Hutchinson M, et al. Whistleblowing: an integrative literature review of data-based studies involving nurses. Contemporary nurse. Elsevier; 2014 Oct 1;48(2):240-52.
Fleddermann CB, Sanadhya SK. Engineering ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1999 Mar.
De Graaf G. A report on reporting: Why peers report integrity and law violations in public organizations. Public Administration Review. Wiley; 2010 Sep;70(5):767-779.
Behram NK. Örgütsel politika ve etik olmayan davranış bildirimi. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. 2015.
Demirtaş Ö. İşyerlerinde olumsuz durumları ifşa etmenin etik iklim üzerindeki etkisi: Yıldırma algısının moderatör rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;43(1):136-56.
Yürür S, Nart S. Örgütsel adalet algısı kamu çalışanlarının ihbar etme niyetinin belirleyicisi midir?. Amme İdaresi Dergisi. 2016 Sep 1;49(3).
Aktan CC. Organizasyonlarda yanlış uygulamalara karşı bir sivil erdem, ahlaki tepki ve vijdani red davranışı: Whistleblowing. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi. DergiPark, 2015 Jan 12;7(2):19-36.
Yılmaz E. Kurumsal iletişim ve prensiplere dayalı kurumla uyuşmazlık davranışı: Whistleblowing Küresel Diyalog. Isparta: Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi. 2009.
MacGregor J, Robinson M, Stuebs M. Creating an effective whistleblowing environment. Strategic Finance. Montvaila; 2014 Mar 1;95(9):35.
Seifert DL, Stammerjohan WW, Martin RB. Trust, organizational justice, and whistleblowing: A research note. Behavioral Research in Accounting. American Accpunting Associaiton; 2014 Apr 1;26(1):157-68.
Mesmer-Magnus JR, Viswesvaran C. Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of business ethics. 2005 Dec;62:277-297.
Celep C, Konaklı T. Bilgi uçurma: Eğitim örgütlerinde etik ve kural dışı uygulamalara yönelik bir tepki. E-International Journal of Educational Research; 2012;3(4): 65-88.
Nartgün Ş, Ayça K. Öğretmenlerin bilgi uçurma davranışları ve bilgi uçurma nedenleri ile bireysel değerleri arasındaki ilişki. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies; 2019 Aug 8;1(54):65-89.
Cassematis PG, Wortley R. Prediction of whistleblowing or non-reporting observation: The role of personal and situational factors. Journal of Business Ethics; 2013 Oct;117:615-34.
Miceli MP, Near JP, Dworkin TM. A word to the wise: How managers and policy-makers can encourage employees to report wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics. 2009 May;86:379-96.
Dasgupta S, Kesharwani A. Whistleblowing: A survey of literature. The IUP Journal of Corporate Governance; 2010;9(4): 57-70.
Liu SM, Liao JQ, Wei H. Authentic leadership and whistleblowing: Mediating roles of psychological safety and personal identification. Journal of Business Ethics; 2015 Sep;131:107-19.
Park H, Blenkinsopp J, Oktem MK, et al. Cultural orientation and attitudes toward different forms of whistleblowing: A comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the UK. Journal of Business Ethics; 2008 Nov;82:929-39.
Sprinks J. Calls for whistleblowing lead and standardised policy at every trust. Nursing Standard (through 2013). 2013 Jul 3;27(44):11.
ACFE. Report to the nations. 2020 Global study on occupational fraud and abuse. 2020. Available at 2020-Report-to-the-Nations.pdf (acfepublic.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com)
ACFE. Occupational fraud: A report to the nations. 2024. Available at 2024-report-to-the-nations.pdf (acfe.com)
Mercan N, Altınay A, Aksanyar Y. Whıstleblowıng (Bilgi İfşası, İhbar) ve Yolsuzlukla Mücadelede İç Denetimin Değişen ve Gelişen Rolü. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi; 2015;4(2):167-76.
Başol O, Karatuna I. Örgütlerde olumsuz durumların ifşa edilmesi ve örgütsel iletişim ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi; 2015;37(2):153-70.
Aguilar MK. Whistleblower policy a necessity in weak economy. Compliance Week. 2009;6(67):14-6.
Keil M, Tiwana A, Sainsbury R, et al. Toward a theory of whistleblowing intentions: A benefit‐to‐cost differential perspective. Decision Sciences; 2010 Nov;41(4):787-812.
Shimabukuro JO, Whitaker LP, Roberts EE. Survey of federal whistleblower and anti-retaliation laws. Congressional Reserach Services. Available at Survey of Federal Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Laws (cornell.edu)
Eaton TV, Akers MD. Whistleblowing and good governance. The CPA journal. 2007. The CPA Journal; Jun 2007; 77(6); ABI/INFORM Global. 66. Availbale at: Whistleblowing and Good Governance (marquette.edu)
Aydın U. İş hukuku açısından işçinin bilgi uçurması (Whistleblowing). Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi; 2003; 2(2), 79-100.
White SM. Confidentiality,‘no blame culture’and whistleblowing, non-physician practice and accountability. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology; 2006 Dec 1;20(4):525-43.
Banisar D. Whistleblowing: International standards and developments. Corruption and transparency: Debating the frontiers between state, market and society, I. Sandoval, ed., World Bank-Institute for Social Research, UNAM, Washington, DC. 2011 Feb 1.
Davis AJ, Konishi E. Whistleblowing in japan. Nursing Ethics; 2007 Mar;14(2):194-202.
Jackson D, Hickman LD, Hutchinson M, Andrew S, Smith J, Potgieter I, Cleary M, Peters K. Whistleblowing: an integrative literature review of data-based studies involving nurses. Contemporary Nurse; 2014 Oct 1;48(2):240-52.
Mannion R, Davies HT. Cultures of silence and cultures of voice: the role of whistleblowing in healthcare organisations. International Journal of Health Policy And Management; 2015 Aug;4(8):503.
Hutchinson E, Balabanova D, McKee M. We need to talk about corruption in health systems. International Journal of Health Policy and Management; 2019 Apr;8(4):191-194.
Demirci Ş, Erigüç G. Sağlık yönetimi literatüründe ihbar etme üzerine yürütülen çalışmaların incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi; 2019 Mar 3;8(1):35-43.
Çi̇ftci̇ B. Türkiye’de toplumsal kültürün örgütlerde ihbarcılık üzerine etkisi: Hofstede’in kültürel boyutlar teorisi bağlamında bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Academic Value Studies; 2017;3(10):147-66.
Powell M. The whistleblower stages model in British National health service inquiries. Journal of Health Organization and Management; 2022 Mar 25;36(3):314-331.
Park H, Rehg MT, Lee D. The influence of confucian ethics and collectivism on whistleblowing intentions: A study of South Korean public employees. Journal of Business Ethics; 2005; 58: 387-403.
Park H, Blenkınsopp John. Whistleblowing as planned behavior–A survey of South Korean police officers. Journal of Business Ethics; 2009; 85: 545-556.
Sayğan S. Whistleblowing ve örgütsel etik iklimi ilişkisi üzerine bir uygulama. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya;2011.
