İşyeri Nezaketsizliği (Workplace Incivility)
Özet
İşyerinde nezaketsiz davranışlar sağlıksız çalışma ortamlarının bir özelliği olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu davranışlar hasta bakım kalitesini ve hasta güvenliğini olumsuz şekilde etkilemektedir. Dünyada farklı ülkelerde yapılan çalışmalar, kültür ve coğrafya farkı gözetmeksizin hemşirelerin sık şekilde bu davranışlara maruz kaldığını göstermektedir. Uluslararası meslek örgütleri yöneticilere işyerinde nezaketsiz davranışlara sıfır tolerans çağrısı yapmaktadırlar.
Çalışma ortamı, yönetici özellikleri, kişilerarası iletişim ve yapısal güçlendirme algısının işyerinde nezaketsiz davranışlar için belirleyici faktörler olduğu bilinmektedir. Nezaketsiz davranışlar çalışanlar arasında iletişimi bozarak hasta ve hemşire sonuçlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bununla birlikte kurum kültürü de etkilenmekte ve maliyet kaybına yol açmaktadır.
Sık yaşanan bir işyeri şiddeti türü olan nezaketsiz davranışları önleme yönetici hemşirelerin öncelikleri arasında olmalıdır. Yönetici hemşireler, bu davranışların yol açtığı sonuçlar diğer yöneticilere iyi anlatılmalı ve önleyici stratejilerin oluşturulmasında liderlik yapmalıdırlar.
In the workplace, incivility is considered a characteristic of an unhealthy work environment. These behaviours have a negative impact on the quality of patient care and patient safety. Studies conducted in different countries around the world show that nurses often experience such behaviours, regardless of culture and geography. International professional organisations call on managers to have zero tolerance for uncivil behaviour in the workplace.
The work environment, leadership characteristics, interpersonal communication, and perceptions of structural empowerment are known to be predictors of incivility in the workplace. Incivlity behaviours disrupt communication among staff and negatively affect patient and nurse outcomes. They also affect organisational culture and result in financial losses.
Preventing incivility, which is a common form of workplace violence, should be a priority for nurse managers. Nurse managers should effectively communicate the consequences of these behaviours to other managers and take the lead in developing prevention strategies.
Referanslar
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. AACN standards for establishing and sustaining healthy work environments: a journey to excellence. American Journal of Critical Care;2005;14(3): 187-197. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2005.14.3.187
American Nurses Association (ANA). Incivility, bullying, and workplace violence. 2015. MD: Silver Spring. (13.12.2023 https://www.nursingworld.org/~49d6e3/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/incivility-bullying-and-workplace-violence--ana-position-statement.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Guidroz AM, Burnfield-Geimer JL, Clark O, Schwetschenau HM, Jex SM. The nursing incivility scale: development and validation of an occupation-specific measure. Journal of Nursing Measurement;2010;18(3):176-200. doi: 10.1891/1061-3749.18.3.176
Schilpzand P, DePater IE, & Erez A. Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior;2016;37(S1): 57-88. doi: 10.1002/job.1976
Stanley KM, Martin MM, Michel Y, Welton JM, & Nemeth LS. Examining lateral violence in the nursing workforce. Issues in Mental Health Nursing;2007;28(11): 1247-1265. doi: 10.1080/01612840701651470
Smith LM, Andrusyszyn MA, & Spence Laschinger HK. Effects of workplace incivility and empowerment on newly‐graduated nurses’ organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management;2010;18(8): 1004-1015. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01165.x
Spence Laschinger HK, Leiter M, Day A, Gilin D. Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: Impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management;2009a;17: 302-311. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00999.x
Spence Laschinger HK, Finegan J, & Wilk P. New graduate burnout: The impact of professional practice environment, workplace incivility, and empowerment. Nursing Economics; 2009b;27(6): 377-383.
Lewis PS, Malecha A. The impact of workplace incivility on the work environment, manager skill, and productivity. Journal of Nursing Administration;2011;41(1): 41-47. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182002a4c
Leiter M. Analyzing and theorizing the dynamics of the workplace incivility crisis. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.
Vagharseyyedin SA. Workplace ıncivility: A concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse;2015;50(1): 115-125. doi: 10.1080/10376178.2015.1010262
Ceravolo DJ, Schwartz DG, Foltz-Ramos KM. & Castner J. Strengthening communication to overcome lateral violence. Journal of Nursing Management;2012;20: 599-606. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01402.x
Hutchinson M, Vickers MH, Wilkes L. & Jackson D. A Typology of bullying behaviours: the experiences of australian nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing;2010;19: 2319-2328. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03160.x
Lim S, & Lee A. Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology;2011;16(1): 95. doi: 10.1037/a0021726
McNamara SA. Incivility in nursing: unsafe nurse, unsafe patients. AORN Journal;2012;95(4): 535-540. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2012.01.020
Felblinger DM. Incivility and bullying in the workplace and nurses’ shame responses. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing;2008;37(2): 234-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00227.x
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Workplace violence in healthcare; Understanding the challenge, 2015. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3826.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
American Nurses Association (ANA). American Nurses Foundation, Pulse on the Nation’s Nurses Survey Series: 2022 Workplace Survey. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.nursingworld.org/~4a209f/globalassets/covid19/anf-2022-workforce-written-report-final.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Porath C, & Pearson C. The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review;2013;91(1-2): 114-121.
Bambi S, Foà C, De Felippis C, Lucchini A, Guazzini A, Rasero L. Workplace incivility, lateral violence and bullying among nurses. A review about their prevalence and related factors. Journal on Clinical and Surgical Aspects of Medicine (Acta Biomed);2018;89(6-S): 51-79. doi: 10.23750/abm.v89i6-S.7461
Shoorideh FA, Moosavi S, Balouchi A. Incivility toward nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine;2021;3: 14:15. doi: 10.18502/jmehm.v14i15.7670
Zhang S, Ma C, Meng D, Shi Y, Xie F, Wang J, Dong X, Liu J, Cang S, & Sun T. Impact of workplace incivility in hospitals on the work ability, career expectations and job performance of Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open;2018;8(12): e021874. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021874
Leiter MP, Spence Laschinger HK, Day A, & Oore DG. The impact of civility interventions on employee social behavior, distress, and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology;2011;96(6): 1258. doi: 10.1037/a0024442
MacKusick CI, & Minick P. Why are nurses leaving? Findings from an initial qualitative study on nursing attrition. Medsurg Nursing;2020;19(6): 335-340.
Hunt C, Marini ZA. Incivility in the practice environment: A perspective from clinical teachers. Nurse Education in Practice;2012;12(6): 366-370. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2012.05.001
Hodgins M, MacCurtain S, & Mannix-McNamara P. Workplace bullying and incivility: a systematic review of interventions. International Journal of Workplace Health Management;2014;7(1): 54-72. doi: 10.1108/IJWHM-08-2013-0030
Torkelson E, Holm K, Bäckström M, & Schad E. Factors contributing to the perpetration of workplace incivility: the importance of organizational aspects and experiencing incivility from others. Work Stress;2016;30(2): 115-131. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2016.1175524
D'ambra AM, & Andrews DR. Incivility, retention and new graduate nurses: an integrated review of the literature. Journal of Nursing Management;2014;22(6): 735-742. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12060
Delen MG. Çalışma hayatında işyeri kabalığı olgusu. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları;2011;53: 43-58. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/7244 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Bal Taştan S. İşyeri nezaketsizliğini öngören örgütsel ve durumsal önceller ile çalışanların davranışsal sonuçları arasındaki ilişkinin ve sosyo-psikolojik kaynakların rolünün incelenmesi: Sağlık kurumlarında yapılan bir araştırma. “İş, Güç” Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi;2014;16(3): 60-75. doi: 10.4026/1303-2860.2014.0255.x
Wing T, Regan S, & Spence Laschinger HK. The influence of empowerment and incivility on the mental health of new graduate nurses. Journal of Nursing Management;2015;23(5): 632-643. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12190
Tunajek S. Workplace incivility-Part I: Anger, harassment, and horizontal violence. American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology (AANA Journal);2007;61(3): 30.
Khadjehturian RE. Stopping the culture of workplace incivility in nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing;16(6):638-639. doi: 10.1188/12.CJON.638-639
Lim S, Cortina LM, & Magley VJ. Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology;2008;93(1): 95. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95
Clark MC. Stress, coping, healing and the quest for civility. Imprint;2013;60(3): 34-39.
Leiter MP, Price SL, & Spence Laschinger HK. Generational differences in distress, attitudes and incivility among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management;2010;18(8): 970-980. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01168.x
Simmons DC. Organizational culture, workplace incivility, and turnover: The impact of human resources practices. University of Louisville. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2008. Paper 1327. doi: 10.18297/etd/1327
Spence Laschinger HK. Job and career satisfaction and turnover intentions of newly graduated nurses. Journal of Nursing Management;2012;20(4): 472-484. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01293.x
Spence Laschinger HK, & Nosko A. Exposure to workplace bullying and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of Nursing Management;2015;23(2): 252-262. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12122
Pearson CM, & Porath CL. On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for “nice”? Think again. Academy of Management Perspectives;2005;19(1): 7-18. doi: 10.5465/ame.2005.15841946
Jiang W, Chai H, Li Y, Feng T. How workplace incivility influences job performance: The role of image outcome expectations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources;2018;57(4): 1-25. doi: 10.1111/1744-7941.12197
Rosenstein AH, & O’Daniel M. Disruptive behavior and clinical outcomes: perceptions of nurses and physicians: Nurses, physicians, and administrators say that clinicians’ disruptive behavior has negative effects on clinical outcomes. The American Journal of Nursing;2005;105(1): 54-64. doi: 10.1097/00000446-200501000-00025
Kisner T. Workplace incivility: How do you address it? Nursing;2018;48(6): 36-40. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000532746.88129.e9
Arslan Yürümezoğlu H, Kocaman G. Structural empowerment, workplace ıncivility, nurses’ intentions to leave their organisation and profession: A path analysis. Journal of Nursing Management;2019;27(4): 732-739. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12751
Nursing Center. Workplace incivility, 2020. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.nursingcenter.com/getattachment/Clinical-Resources/nursing-pocket-cards/Workplace-Incivility/Pocket-Card_Workplace-Incivility_March-2020.pdf.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCHAO). Behaviors that undermine a culture of safety, 2008. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/sentinel-event/sea_40.pdf. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hutton S, Gates D. Workplace incivility and productivity losses among direct care staff. Workplace Health & Safety: Promoting Environments Conducive to Well-Being and Productivity (AAOHN Journal);2008;56(4): 168-175. doi: 10.3928/08910162-20080401-01
Spence Laschinger HK, Wong CA, Cummings GG, & Grau AL. Resonant leadership and workplace empowerment: The value of positive organizational cultures in reducing workplace incivility. Nursing Economics;2014;32(1): 5.
Alshehry AS, Alquwez N, Almazan J, Namis IM, & Cruz JP. Influence of workplace incivility on the quality of nursing care. Journal of Clinical Nursing;2019;28(23-24): 4582-4594. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15051
Leiter MP, & Maslach C. Banishing burnout: Six strategies for improving your relationship with work. John Wiley & Sons; 2005.
Pearson C, & Porath C. The costs of bad behavior: How incivility is damaging your business and what to do about it. New York: Penguin Books Ltd; 2009.
Tillman Harris C. Incivility in nursing. NC Board Nursing Bulletin;2011;8(1): 16-20. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://otb.smsu.edu/annotated-works1/nursing-scholarly-annotated-Incivility%20in%20Nursing.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Neubert MJ, Hunter EM, & Tolentino RC. Modeling character: servant leaders, ıncivility and patient outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics;2021:1-18. doi: 10.1007/s10551-021-04783-7
Armstrong N. Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care settings: A systematic review. Workplace Health & Safety;2018;66(8): 403-410. doi: 10.1177/2165079918771106
American Organization of Nurse Executive (AONE). Guiding principles on mitigating violence in the workplace, 2014. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.aonl.org/sites/default/files/aone/mitigating-workplace-violence.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCHAO). New and revised workplace violence prevention requirements, 2021. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/standards/prepublications/cah_wvp_jan2022_prepublication_report_.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. AACN Position statement: zero tolerance for bullying, incivility, and verbal abuse, 2019. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.aacn.org/policy-and-advocacy/aacn-position-statement-zero-tolerance adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Cortina LM, Magley VJ, Williams JH, & Langhout RD. Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology;2001;6(1): 64-80. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64
Gök S, Karatuna I, & Başol O. İşyeri nezaketsizliği ölçeği’nin türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları;2019;22(44): 106-115. doi: 10.31828/tpy1301996120181128m000009
Kutlu A. & Bilgin N. İşyeri nezaketsizlik ölçeğinin hemşireler üzerinde türkçe’ye geçerlik ve güvenirliği çalışması. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi;2017;2(4): 56-62. doi: 10.5222/SHYD.2017.056
Matthews RA, & Ritter KJ. A concise, content valid, gender invariant measure of workplace incivility. Journal Occupational Health Psychology;2016;21: 352–365. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000017
Bolat E, & Özmen D. Hemşirelikte nezaketsizlik ölçeği’nin türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi;2019;22(4): 250-260. doi: 10.17049/ataunihem.454253
Referanslar
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. AACN standards for establishing and sustaining healthy work environments: a journey to excellence. American Journal of Critical Care;2005;14(3): 187-197. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2005.14.3.187
American Nurses Association (ANA). Incivility, bullying, and workplace violence. 2015. MD: Silver Spring. (13.12.2023 https://www.nursingworld.org/~49d6e3/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/incivility-bullying-and-workplace-violence--ana-position-statement.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Guidroz AM, Burnfield-Geimer JL, Clark O, Schwetschenau HM, Jex SM. The nursing incivility scale: development and validation of an occupation-specific measure. Journal of Nursing Measurement;2010;18(3):176-200. doi: 10.1891/1061-3749.18.3.176
Schilpzand P, DePater IE, & Erez A. Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior;2016;37(S1): 57-88. doi: 10.1002/job.1976
Stanley KM, Martin MM, Michel Y, Welton JM, & Nemeth LS. Examining lateral violence in the nursing workforce. Issues in Mental Health Nursing;2007;28(11): 1247-1265. doi: 10.1080/01612840701651470
Smith LM, Andrusyszyn MA, & Spence Laschinger HK. Effects of workplace incivility and empowerment on newly‐graduated nurses’ organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management;2010;18(8): 1004-1015. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01165.x
Spence Laschinger HK, Leiter M, Day A, Gilin D. Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: Impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management;2009a;17: 302-311. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00999.x
Spence Laschinger HK, Finegan J, & Wilk P. New graduate burnout: The impact of professional practice environment, workplace incivility, and empowerment. Nursing Economics; 2009b;27(6): 377-383.
Lewis PS, Malecha A. The impact of workplace incivility on the work environment, manager skill, and productivity. Journal of Nursing Administration;2011;41(1): 41-47. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182002a4c
Leiter M. Analyzing and theorizing the dynamics of the workplace incivility crisis. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.
Vagharseyyedin SA. Workplace ıncivility: A concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse;2015;50(1): 115-125. doi: 10.1080/10376178.2015.1010262
Ceravolo DJ, Schwartz DG, Foltz-Ramos KM. & Castner J. Strengthening communication to overcome lateral violence. Journal of Nursing Management;2012;20: 599-606. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01402.x
Hutchinson M, Vickers MH, Wilkes L. & Jackson D. A Typology of bullying behaviours: the experiences of australian nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing;2010;19: 2319-2328. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03160.x
Lim S, & Lee A. Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology;2011;16(1): 95. doi: 10.1037/a0021726
McNamara SA. Incivility in nursing: unsafe nurse, unsafe patients. AORN Journal;2012;95(4): 535-540. doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2012.01.020
Felblinger DM. Incivility and bullying in the workplace and nurses’ shame responses. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing;2008;37(2): 234-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00227.x
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Workplace violence in healthcare; Understanding the challenge, 2015. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3826.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
American Nurses Association (ANA). American Nurses Foundation, Pulse on the Nation’s Nurses Survey Series: 2022 Workplace Survey. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.nursingworld.org/~4a209f/globalassets/covid19/anf-2022-workforce-written-report-final.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Porath C, & Pearson C. The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review;2013;91(1-2): 114-121.
Bambi S, Foà C, De Felippis C, Lucchini A, Guazzini A, Rasero L. Workplace incivility, lateral violence and bullying among nurses. A review about their prevalence and related factors. Journal on Clinical and Surgical Aspects of Medicine (Acta Biomed);2018;89(6-S): 51-79. doi: 10.23750/abm.v89i6-S.7461
Shoorideh FA, Moosavi S, Balouchi A. Incivility toward nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine;2021;3: 14:15. doi: 10.18502/jmehm.v14i15.7670
Zhang S, Ma C, Meng D, Shi Y, Xie F, Wang J, Dong X, Liu J, Cang S, & Sun T. Impact of workplace incivility in hospitals on the work ability, career expectations and job performance of Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open;2018;8(12): e021874. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021874
Leiter MP, Spence Laschinger HK, Day A, & Oore DG. The impact of civility interventions on employee social behavior, distress, and attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology;2011;96(6): 1258. doi: 10.1037/a0024442
MacKusick CI, & Minick P. Why are nurses leaving? Findings from an initial qualitative study on nursing attrition. Medsurg Nursing;2020;19(6): 335-340.
Hunt C, Marini ZA. Incivility in the practice environment: A perspective from clinical teachers. Nurse Education in Practice;2012;12(6): 366-370. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2012.05.001
Hodgins M, MacCurtain S, & Mannix-McNamara P. Workplace bullying and incivility: a systematic review of interventions. International Journal of Workplace Health Management;2014;7(1): 54-72. doi: 10.1108/IJWHM-08-2013-0030
Torkelson E, Holm K, Bäckström M, & Schad E. Factors contributing to the perpetration of workplace incivility: the importance of organizational aspects and experiencing incivility from others. Work Stress;2016;30(2): 115-131. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2016.1175524
D'ambra AM, & Andrews DR. Incivility, retention and new graduate nurses: an integrated review of the literature. Journal of Nursing Management;2014;22(6): 735-742. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12060
Delen MG. Çalışma hayatında işyeri kabalığı olgusu. Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları;2011;53: 43-58. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/7244 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Bal Taştan S. İşyeri nezaketsizliğini öngören örgütsel ve durumsal önceller ile çalışanların davranışsal sonuçları arasındaki ilişkinin ve sosyo-psikolojik kaynakların rolünün incelenmesi: Sağlık kurumlarında yapılan bir araştırma. “İş, Güç” Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi;2014;16(3): 60-75. doi: 10.4026/1303-2860.2014.0255.x
Wing T, Regan S, & Spence Laschinger HK. The influence of empowerment and incivility on the mental health of new graduate nurses. Journal of Nursing Management;2015;23(5): 632-643. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12190
Tunajek S. Workplace incivility-Part I: Anger, harassment, and horizontal violence. American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology (AANA Journal);2007;61(3): 30.
Khadjehturian RE. Stopping the culture of workplace incivility in nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing;16(6):638-639. doi: 10.1188/12.CJON.638-639
Lim S, Cortina LM, & Magley VJ. Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology;2008;93(1): 95. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95
Clark MC. Stress, coping, healing and the quest for civility. Imprint;2013;60(3): 34-39.
Leiter MP, Price SL, & Spence Laschinger HK. Generational differences in distress, attitudes and incivility among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management;2010;18(8): 970-980. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01168.x
Simmons DC. Organizational culture, workplace incivility, and turnover: The impact of human resources practices. University of Louisville. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2008. Paper 1327. doi: 10.18297/etd/1327
Spence Laschinger HK. Job and career satisfaction and turnover intentions of newly graduated nurses. Journal of Nursing Management;2012;20(4): 472-484. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01293.x
Spence Laschinger HK, & Nosko A. Exposure to workplace bullying and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptomology: the role of protective psychological resources. Journal of Nursing Management;2015;23(2): 252-262. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12122
Pearson CM, & Porath CL. On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for “nice”? Think again. Academy of Management Perspectives;2005;19(1): 7-18. doi: 10.5465/ame.2005.15841946
Jiang W, Chai H, Li Y, Feng T. How workplace incivility influences job performance: The role of image outcome expectations. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources;2018;57(4): 1-25. doi: 10.1111/1744-7941.12197
Rosenstein AH, & O’Daniel M. Disruptive behavior and clinical outcomes: perceptions of nurses and physicians: Nurses, physicians, and administrators say that clinicians’ disruptive behavior has negative effects on clinical outcomes. The American Journal of Nursing;2005;105(1): 54-64. doi: 10.1097/00000446-200501000-00025
Kisner T. Workplace incivility: How do you address it? Nursing;2018;48(6): 36-40. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000532746.88129.e9
Arslan Yürümezoğlu H, Kocaman G. Structural empowerment, workplace ıncivility, nurses’ intentions to leave their organisation and profession: A path analysis. Journal of Nursing Management;2019;27(4): 732-739. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12751
Nursing Center. Workplace incivility, 2020. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.nursingcenter.com/getattachment/Clinical-Resources/nursing-pocket-cards/Workplace-Incivility/Pocket-Card_Workplace-Incivility_March-2020.pdf.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCHAO). Behaviors that undermine a culture of safety, 2008. (13.12.2023 tarihinde https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/sentinel-event/sea_40.pdf. adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Hutton S, Gates D. Workplace incivility and productivity losses among direct care staff. Workplace Health & Safety: Promoting Environments Conducive to Well-Being and Productivity (AAOHN Journal);2008;56(4): 168-175. doi: 10.3928/08910162-20080401-01
Spence Laschinger HK, Wong CA, Cummings GG, & Grau AL. Resonant leadership and workplace empowerment: The value of positive organizational cultures in reducing workplace incivility. Nursing Economics;2014;32(1): 5.
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