İşe Yabancılaşma (Work Alienation)
Özet
Yabancılaşma, sosyal sistemin insanlara dayattığı istenmeyen bir durum olarak değerlendirilmektedir. İşe yabancılaşma kavramı, sağlık çalışanlarının neden işlerine bağlı olmadığı ve hoşnutsuz hissettiklerini anlamaya yardımcı olma potansiyeline sahiptir ve bireysel boyutta olabildiği gibi sosyal boyutta da olabilmektedir. Bireysel yabancılaşma boyutunda birey, her gün yapmakta olduğu işe ve özbenliğine karşı yabancılaşmakta iken sosyal yabancılaşma da kişi başka insanlarla etkileşimlerini kısıtlamakta, hatta bazen de etkileşimde bulunmayarak yalnızlaşmaktadır. İşe yabancılaşmanın birey ve örgüt için olumsuz sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Çalışanların işe yabancılaşmasının bireysel, çevresel ve örgütsel nedenleri vardır. İşine yabancılaşan çalışanlar, işten temel ihtiyaç ve beklentilerini karşılayamadığı ve yerine getiremediği için örgütlerinde verimli olamamaktadır. Bu durum pek çok meslekte olduğu gibi hemşirelik mesleğinide etkilemektedir. İşe yabancılaşan hemşireler, destekleyici iş ilişkileri eksikliği yaşamakta ve daha kötü klinik performans göstermektedirler. Bu nedenle, hangi meslek grubu olursa olsun işe yabancılaşma birey ve örgüte zarar vermekle birlikte, işe bağlılığı azaltmakta, hemşirelerde sürekli hastalığa bağlı rapor alma, meslektaşlarla çatışmalara neden olan olumsuz davranışlar sergilemesine neden olmaktadır. Yönetici hemşireler, mesleki bağlılığı arttırıcı önlemler almalı, kişi- iş uyumunu iyileştirmeli ve böylece yüksek kaliteli bir işgücü ve hemşireler arasında olumlu iletişim sağlamalıdır.
Alienation is considered as an undesirable situation imposed on people by the social system. The concept of work alienation has the potential to help understand why healthcare workers feel disengaged and dissatisfied with their jobs, and it can have an individual dimension as well as a social dimension. In the individual alienation dimension, the individual becomes alienated from the work he/she does every day and from his/her own self, while in social alienation, the individual restricts his/her interactions with other people and sometimes even becomes lonely by not interacting. Work alienation has negative consequences for the individual and the organization. There are individual, environmental and organizational reasons for employee alienation. Employees who are alienated from their jobs cannot be productive in their organizations because they cannot meet and fulfill their basic needs and expectations from work. This situation affects the nursing profession as in many other professions. Nurses who are alienated from work experience a lack of supportive work relationships and show worse clinical performance. For this reason, alienation from work, regardless of the occupational group, harms the individual and the organization, reduces work engagement, and causes nurses to exhibit negative behaviors such as taking reports due to continuous illness and conflicts with colleagues. Nurse managers should take measures to increase professional commitment, improve person-job harmony and thus ensure a high quality workforce and positive communication among nurses.
Referanslar
Tulsi P, Ji Y. A conceptual approach to green human resource management and corporate environmental responsibility in the hospitality industry. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business; 2020;7(1):195-203. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no1.195
Afrasiabi H, Solokloo BJ, Ghodratı H. A Study of job satisfaction concerning participation and alienation among employees of Fars regional electric company. Applied Sociology; 2013; 24(49): 56-68.
Durrah O. Injustice perception and work alienation: Exploring the mediating role of employee's cynicism in healthcare sector. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business; 2020; 7(9): 811-824. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no9.811
Fedi A, Pucci L, Tartaglia S, Rollero C. Correlates of work-alienation and positive job attitudes in high-and low-status workers. Career Development International; 2016; 21(7): 713-725. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-03-2016-0027
Ozer O, Ugurluoglu O, Saygılı M, Songur C. The impact of work alienation on organizational health: A field study in health sector. Journal International Journal of Healthcare Management; 2019; 12(1): 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2017.1312804
Şimşek MŞ, Çelik A, Akgemci T, Fettahlıoğlu T. Örgütlerde yabancılaşmanın yönetimi araştırması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; 2006; (15): 569-587.
Mottaz CJ. Some determinants of work alienation. Sociological Quarterly; 1981; 22(4): 515-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1981.tb00678.x
Kerse G, Babadag M. A path from bullying at work to alienation: A multi-level view. Management Research Review; 2019; 1201-1215. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11-2018-0412
Kozhina AA, Vinokurov LV. Work alienation during covid-19: Main factors and conditions (an example of university professors). Psychology in Russia: State of the Art; 2020; 13(4): 106-118.
Jiang H, Chen Y, Sun P, Li C. Authoritarian leadership and employees’ unsafe behaviors: The mediating roles of organizational cynicism and work alienation. Current Psychology; 2019; 38(6): 1668-1678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9726-1
Khdour N, Durrah O, Harris M. The effect of job burnout on employees’ satisfaction: a comparison study between public universities and private universities in Jordan. Journal of Management Research; 2015; 7(4): 54-81.
Çalışkan A, Pekkan NÜ. Psikolojik sermayenin işe yabancılaşmaya etkisinde örgütsel desteğin aracılık rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi; 2017; 4(1): 17-33. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.303183
Amarat M, Akbolat M, Ünal Ö, Güneş Karakaya B. The mediating role of work alienation in the effect of workplace loneliness on nurses’ performance. Journal of Nursing Management; 2019; 27(3): 553-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12710
Yu H, Yang F, Wang T, Sun J, Hu W. How perceived overqualification relates to work alienation and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of LMX. Current Psychology; 2019; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00538-w.
Ceylan A, Sulu S. Work alienation as a mediator of the relationship of procedural injustice to job stress. South East European Journal of Economics and Business; 2010; 5(2): 65-74.
Tuna M, Yeşiltaş M. Etik iklim, işe yabancılaşma ve örgütsel özdeşleşmenin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2014; 25(1): 105-117. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol25iss110650
Usman M, Ali M, Yousaf Z, Anwar F, Waqas M, Khan MA. The relationship between laissez‐faire leadership and burnout: Mediation through work alienation and the moderating role of political skill. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences; 2020;37(4):423-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1568
Vinokurov LV, Kozhina AA. The contribution of individual psychological features to the determination of the phenomenon of work alienation. Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 15: 10(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010034
Atay SE, Gerçek M. Algılanan rol belirsizliğinin işe yabancılaşma üzerindeki etkisinin ve demografik değişkenlere göre farklılıklarının incelenmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2017;7(2):321-32.
Seeman M. On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review; 1959; 24(6): 783-791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088565
Golden TD, Veiga JF. Self-estrangement’s toll on job performance: The pivotal role of social exchange relationships with coworkers. Journal of Management. 2018 Apr;44(4):1573-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315615400
Dagli A, Averbek E. The Relationship between the organizational alienation and the organizational citizenship behaviors of primary school teachers. Universal Journal of Educational Research. 2017;5(10):1707-17. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.051006
Nabavi SA, Shahryari M. Reasons and outcomes of work-family conflict and work alienation as one of its outcomes. Security ve Social Order Strategic Studies; 2014; 7(1): 13-15.
Ertekin P, Özmen D. Bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan hemşirelerde işe yabancılaşmayı yordayan değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi; 2017; 14(1): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.5222/HEAD.2017.025
Kartal N. Sağlık çalışanlarının işe yabancılaşma düzeylerini ölçmeye yönelik bir araştırma: Üniversite, kamu ve özel hastane farklılıkları üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi; 2017; 8(21): 113-130.
Gümüş E, Alan H, Eskici GT, Bacaksız FE. Relationship between professional quality of life and work alienation among healthcare professionals. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing; 2021; 29(3), 342. https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2021.20095
Durmuş İT, Atalay E. Sağlık çalışanlarında duygusal tükenmişlik ve yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2023 (Özel Sayı 1 (Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılına):1550-1564. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1371526
Chiaburu DS, Thundiyil T, Wang J. Alienation and its correlates: A meta-analysis. European Management Journal; 2014; 32(1): 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.06.003
Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara P, Viera‐Armas M. Using alienation at work to explain why managers' dishonesty does not lead to firm performance. European Management Review; 2019 Jun;16(2):273-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12181
Usul H, Atan, A. Sağlık sektöründe yabancılaşma düzeyi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi; 2014; (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.49515
Valikhani M, Zamani S. Investigation of demographic factors influencing the work alienation among Isfahan Tejarat Bank employees. Qualitative Research Journal; 2019; 4(5): 1-6.
Greenberg ES, Grunberg L. Work alienation and problem alcohol behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior; 1995; 36: 83–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137289
Aşık NA. Örgüt iklimi ve işe yabancılaşma ilişkisini belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2018; 2(1): 29-41.
Kanten P, Ulker FE. The effect of organizational climate on counterproductive behaviors: An empirical study on the employees of manufacturing enterprises. The Macrotheme Review; 2013; 2(4): 144-160.
Seeman M. On the personal consequences of alienation in work. American Sociological Review; 1967; 32(2): 273-285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2091817
Tutar H. İşgören yabancılaşması ve örgütsel sağlık ilişkisi: Bankacilik sektöründe bir uygulama. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi; 2010; 65(01): 175-204. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002149
Shantz A, Alfes K, Bailey C, Soane E. Drivers and outcomes of work alienation: Reviving a concept. Journal of Management Inquiry; 2015; 24(4): 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492615573325
Tummers LG, Den Dulk L. The effects of work alienation on organisational commitment, work effort and work-to-family enrichment. Journal of Nursing Management; 2013; 21: 850–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12159
Shantz A, Alfes K, Truss C. Alienation from work: Marxist ideologies and twenty-first-century practice. The International Journal of Human Resource Management; 2014; 25(18): 2529-2550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.667431
Söyük S, Şengün H. Sağlık çalışanlarında işe yabancılaşma. Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi; 10: 1-11.
Uğur A, Erol Z. Örgütlerde kritik sorun kaynağı olarak işe yabancılaşma, yabancılaşma ve bürokrasi arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik kavramsal bir yaklaşım. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi; 2015; 8(2): 182-192.
Kanungo RN. Alienation and empowerment: Some ethical imperatives in business. Journal of Business Ethics; 1992; 11 (5-6): 413–422.
Pearlin LI. Alienation from work: A study of nursing personnel. American Sociological Review; 1962; 314-326. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089793
Abd-Elrhaman AE, Helal HW, ArabyEbraheem MS. Organizational justice, work alienation and deviant behaviors among staff nurses. International Journal of Nursing Didactics; 2020; 10 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15520/ijnd.v10i01.2790
Rezapour M, Mousavian H. (2007). An analysis on relation of job self alienation, demographic components, and job components with mental health of industries’ personnel. Work and Society; 2007; 87/88: 51.
Iliffe S, Manthorpe J. Job dissatisfaction,‘burnout’and alienation of labour: Undercurrents in England’s NHS. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 2019; 112(9): 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819855956
Oruç D. Kocaeli’ndeki kamu hastanelerinde çalışan hemşirelerde yabancılaşmayı etkileyen faktörler (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kocaeli, 2004.
Sayü P. The relationship between organizational justice and work alienation. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi), İstanbul, 2014.
Referanslar
Tulsi P, Ji Y. A conceptual approach to green human resource management and corporate environmental responsibility in the hospitality industry. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business; 2020;7(1):195-203. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no1.195
Afrasiabi H, Solokloo BJ, Ghodratı H. A Study of job satisfaction concerning participation and alienation among employees of Fars regional electric company. Applied Sociology; 2013; 24(49): 56-68.
Durrah O. Injustice perception and work alienation: Exploring the mediating role of employee's cynicism in healthcare sector. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business; 2020; 7(9): 811-824. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no9.811
Fedi A, Pucci L, Tartaglia S, Rollero C. Correlates of work-alienation and positive job attitudes in high-and low-status workers. Career Development International; 2016; 21(7): 713-725. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-03-2016-0027
Ozer O, Ugurluoglu O, Saygılı M, Songur C. The impact of work alienation on organizational health: A field study in health sector. Journal International Journal of Healthcare Management; 2019; 12(1): 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2017.1312804
Şimşek MŞ, Çelik A, Akgemci T, Fettahlıoğlu T. Örgütlerde yabancılaşmanın yönetimi araştırması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; 2006; (15): 569-587.
Mottaz CJ. Some determinants of work alienation. Sociological Quarterly; 1981; 22(4): 515-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1981.tb00678.x
Kerse G, Babadag M. A path from bullying at work to alienation: A multi-level view. Management Research Review; 2019; 1201-1215. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11-2018-0412
Kozhina AA, Vinokurov LV. Work alienation during covid-19: Main factors and conditions (an example of university professors). Psychology in Russia: State of the Art; 2020; 13(4): 106-118.
Jiang H, Chen Y, Sun P, Li C. Authoritarian leadership and employees’ unsafe behaviors: The mediating roles of organizational cynicism and work alienation. Current Psychology; 2019; 38(6): 1668-1678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9726-1
Khdour N, Durrah O, Harris M. The effect of job burnout on employees’ satisfaction: a comparison study between public universities and private universities in Jordan. Journal of Management Research; 2015; 7(4): 54-81.
Çalışkan A, Pekkan NÜ. Psikolojik sermayenin işe yabancılaşmaya etkisinde örgütsel desteğin aracılık rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi; 2017; 4(1): 17-33. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.303183
Amarat M, Akbolat M, Ünal Ö, Güneş Karakaya B. The mediating role of work alienation in the effect of workplace loneliness on nurses’ performance. Journal of Nursing Management; 2019; 27(3): 553-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12710
Yu H, Yang F, Wang T, Sun J, Hu W. How perceived overqualification relates to work alienation and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of LMX. Current Psychology; 2019; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00538-w.
Ceylan A, Sulu S. Work alienation as a mediator of the relationship of procedural injustice to job stress. South East European Journal of Economics and Business; 2010; 5(2): 65-74.
Tuna M, Yeşiltaş M. Etik iklim, işe yabancılaşma ve örgütsel özdeşleşmenin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2014; 25(1): 105-117. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol25iss110650
Usman M, Ali M, Yousaf Z, Anwar F, Waqas M, Khan MA. The relationship between laissez‐faire leadership and burnout: Mediation through work alienation and the moderating role of political skill. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences; 2020;37(4):423-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1568
Vinokurov LV, Kozhina AA. The contribution of individual psychological features to the determination of the phenomenon of work alienation. Behavioral Sciences. 2020; 15: 10(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010034
Atay SE, Gerçek M. Algılanan rol belirsizliğinin işe yabancılaşma üzerindeki etkisinin ve demografik değişkenlere göre farklılıklarının incelenmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2017;7(2):321-32.
Seeman M. On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review; 1959; 24(6): 783-791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088565
Golden TD, Veiga JF. Self-estrangement’s toll on job performance: The pivotal role of social exchange relationships with coworkers. Journal of Management. 2018 Apr;44(4):1573-1597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315615400
Dagli A, Averbek E. The Relationship between the organizational alienation and the organizational citizenship behaviors of primary school teachers. Universal Journal of Educational Research. 2017;5(10):1707-17. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.051006
Nabavi SA, Shahryari M. Reasons and outcomes of work-family conflict and work alienation as one of its outcomes. Security ve Social Order Strategic Studies; 2014; 7(1): 13-15.
Ertekin P, Özmen D. Bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan hemşirelerde işe yabancılaşmayı yordayan değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi; 2017; 14(1): 25-30. https://doi.org/10.5222/HEAD.2017.025
Kartal N. Sağlık çalışanlarının işe yabancılaşma düzeylerini ölçmeye yönelik bir araştırma: Üniversite, kamu ve özel hastane farklılıkları üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi; 2017; 8(21): 113-130.
Gümüş E, Alan H, Eskici GT, Bacaksız FE. Relationship between professional quality of life and work alienation among healthcare professionals. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing; 2021; 29(3), 342. https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2021.20095
Durmuş İT, Atalay E. Sağlık çalışanlarında duygusal tükenmişlik ve yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2023 (Özel Sayı 1 (Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılına):1550-1564. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1371526
Chiaburu DS, Thundiyil T, Wang J. Alienation and its correlates: A meta-analysis. European Management Journal; 2014; 32(1): 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.06.003
Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara P, Viera‐Armas M. Using alienation at work to explain why managers' dishonesty does not lead to firm performance. European Management Review; 2019 Jun;16(2):273-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12181
Usul H, Atan, A. Sağlık sektöründe yabancılaşma düzeyi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi; 2014; (1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.49515
Valikhani M, Zamani S. Investigation of demographic factors influencing the work alienation among Isfahan Tejarat Bank employees. Qualitative Research Journal; 2019; 4(5): 1-6.
Greenberg ES, Grunberg L. Work alienation and problem alcohol behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior; 1995; 36: 83–102. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137289
Aşık NA. Örgüt iklimi ve işe yabancılaşma ilişkisini belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi; 2018; 2(1): 29-41.
Kanten P, Ulker FE. The effect of organizational climate on counterproductive behaviors: An empirical study on the employees of manufacturing enterprises. The Macrotheme Review; 2013; 2(4): 144-160.
Seeman M. On the personal consequences of alienation in work. American Sociological Review; 1967; 32(2): 273-285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2091817
Tutar H. İşgören yabancılaşması ve örgütsel sağlık ilişkisi: Bankacilik sektöründe bir uygulama. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi; 2010; 65(01): 175-204. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002149
Shantz A, Alfes K, Bailey C, Soane E. Drivers and outcomes of work alienation: Reviving a concept. Journal of Management Inquiry; 2015; 24(4): 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492615573325
Tummers LG, Den Dulk L. The effects of work alienation on organisational commitment, work effort and work-to-family enrichment. Journal of Nursing Management; 2013; 21: 850–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12159
Shantz A, Alfes K, Truss C. Alienation from work: Marxist ideologies and twenty-first-century practice. The International Journal of Human Resource Management; 2014; 25(18): 2529-2550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.667431
Söyük S, Şengün H. Sağlık çalışanlarında işe yabancılaşma. Uluslararası Hakemli İletişim ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi; 10: 1-11.
Uğur A, Erol Z. Örgütlerde kritik sorun kaynağı olarak işe yabancılaşma, yabancılaşma ve bürokrasi arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik kavramsal bir yaklaşım. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi; 2015; 8(2): 182-192.
Kanungo RN. Alienation and empowerment: Some ethical imperatives in business. Journal of Business Ethics; 1992; 11 (5-6): 413–422.
Pearlin LI. Alienation from work: A study of nursing personnel. American Sociological Review; 1962; 314-326. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089793
Abd-Elrhaman AE, Helal HW, ArabyEbraheem MS. Organizational justice, work alienation and deviant behaviors among staff nurses. International Journal of Nursing Didactics; 2020; 10 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15520/ijnd.v10i01.2790
Rezapour M, Mousavian H. (2007). An analysis on relation of job self alienation, demographic components, and job components with mental health of industries’ personnel. Work and Society; 2007; 87/88: 51.
Iliffe S, Manthorpe J. Job dissatisfaction,‘burnout’and alienation of labour: Undercurrents in England’s NHS. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 2019; 112(9): 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819855956
Oruç D. Kocaeli’ndeki kamu hastanelerinde çalışan hemşirelerde yabancılaşmayı etkileyen faktörler (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kocaeli, 2004.
Sayü P. The relationship between organizational justice and work alienation. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi), İstanbul, 2014.
