İşte Var Olamama (Presenteeism)
Özet
İşte var olamama, çalışma ortamı üzerinde olumsuz etkisi olan mesleki ve psikososyal bir olgudur. İşte var olamama özellikle sağlık sektöründe çalışanlarda görülmekle birlikte yüksek iş yükü, zorlu fazla mesailer, vardiyalı çalışma gibi koşullar nedeniyle hemşirelik mesleğinde yüksek oranda görülmektedir. İşte var olamama, hemşirelerin yüksek kaliteli bakım sağlama kapasitesini azaltarak hasta güvenliğini riske atmakta ve hemşire sağlığı, iş yaşamı kalitesi ve kurumsal maliyetler açısından da olumsuz sonuçlara yol açabilmektedir.
Bu kitap bölümü, işte var olamama kavramını, nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını ele alarak, işte var olamamanın etkin bir şekilde yönetilmesi için gerekli stratejileri ortaya koymaktadır. Hemşirelerde işte var olamama nedenleri, sağlık durumuna, bireysel özelliklere ve örgütsel özelliklere bağlı nedenler olarak üç başlık altında incelenerek ele alınmıştır. İşte var olamamanın olumsuz sonuçlarının ortadan kaldırılabilmesi için örgüt kültürünün yeniden şekillendirilmesi, çalışma koşullarının ve kişiler arası ilişkilerin iyileştirilmesi ve çalışan destek programlarının yürütülmesi faaliyetleri detaylı şekilde açıklanmıştır. Bu bölüm, hemşirelere ve özellikle işte var olamamanın azaltılması konusunda yönetici hemşirelere kapsamlı bir içerik sunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda kaliteli, güvenli, maliyet etkin hemşirelik hizmetlerinin yürütülmesinde hemşirelere önemli katkıları olacaktır.
Presenteeism is an occupational and psychosocial phenomenon that has a negative impact on the work environment. Although presenteeism is especially seen in those working in the healthcare sector, it is also seen at a high rate in the nursing profession due to conditions such as high workload, difficult overtime, and shift work. Presenteeism compromises patient safety by reducing nurses' capacity to provide high-quality care and can also have negative consequences for nurse health, quality of work life, and organizational costs.
This book chapter covers the concept of presenteeism, its causes, and impact, and reveals strategies for effectively managing presenteeism. The reasons for nurses' presenteeism at work were examined and discussed under three headings: reasons related to health status, individual characteristics and organizational characteristics. In order to eliminate the negative consequences of presenteeism, the activities of reshaping the organizational culture, improving working conditions and interpersonal relations, and carrying out employee support programs are explained in detail. This chapter provides comprehensive content for nurses, and especially nurse managers, on reducing presenteeism. In this context, it will make significant contributions to nurses in the provision of quality, safe, cost-effective nursing services.
Referanslar
Çiftçi B. (2010). İşte var ol(ama)ma sorunu ve işletmelerin uygulayabileceği çözüm önerileri. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi. 2010;1(24): 153-174.
Homrich P, Dantas-Filho FF, Martins LL, et al. Presenteeism among health care workers: Literature review. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho. 2020; 18(1):97-102. doi: 10.5327/Z1679443520200478.
Kinman G. Sickness presenteeism at work: prevalence, costs and management. British Medical Bulletin. 2019;129(1):69-78. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldy043.
Letvak SA, Ruhm CJ, Gupta SN. Nurses’ presenteeism and its effects on self-reported quality of care and costs. AJN The American Journal of Nursing. 2012;112(2): 30-38. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000411176.15696.f9.
Dalkılıç E, Harmancı Seren AK. İşte var olamama: Nedenleri ve sonuçları. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi. 2018;5(2):123-131.doi: 10.5222/SHYD.2018.123.
Cooper CL. The changing nature of work. Community Work & Family. 1998;1(3): 313-317. doi: 10.1080/13668809808414238.
Aslan M, Ulupınar F. Hemşirelikte bakım kalitesi ve hasta güvenliği için bir tehlike: İşte var olamama. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2020; 17(3):267-272. doi: 10.5222/KUHEAD.2020.56873.
Miraglia M, Johns G. Going to work ill: A meta-analysis of the correlates of presenteeism and a dual-path model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2016;21(3):261-83. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000015.
Hansen CD, Andersen JH. Going ill to work- what personal circumstances, attitudes and work-related factors are associated with sickness presenteeism. Social Science and Medicine. 2008;67(6): 956-964. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.022.
Eurofound. Health and wellbeing at work: A Report Based on the Fifth European Working Conditions Survey 2012. Available from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2013/working-conditions/health-and-well-being-at-work (Accessed 25th January 2024).
Zhang J, Wang S, Wang W, et al. Nurses’ job ınsecurity and emotional exhaustion: The Mediating effect of presenteeism and the moderating effect of supervisor support. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;18(11): 2239.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02239.
Fiorini LA, Houdmont J, Griffiths A. Nurses' perceived work performance and health during presenteeism: Cross‐sectional associations with personal and organisational factors. Journal of Nursing Management. 2022; 30(5): O37-O45.doi: 10.1111/jonm.13065.
Martinez LF, Ferreira AI. Sick at work: Presenteeism among nurses in a Portuguese public hospital. Stress and Health. 2012; 28(4):297-304. doi: 10.1002/smi.1432.
Silva-Costa A, Ferreira PCS, Griep RH, et al. Association between presenteeism, psychosocial aspects of work and common mental disorders among nursing personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(18):6758. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186758.
Kim J, Suh EE, Ju S, et al. Sickness experiences of Korean registered nurses at work: A qualitative study on presenteeism. Asian Nursing Research (Korean Society of Nursing Science). 2016;10(1):32-38.
Dhaini S, Zúñiga F, Ausserhofer D, et al. Absenteeism and Presenteeism among care workers in swiss nursing homes and their association with psychosocial work environment: A multi-site cross-sectional study. Gerontology. 2016;62(4):386-395. doi:10.1159/000442088.
Çelik A, Kardaş Kin Ö. Presenteeism: Hemşirelik bakım davranışlarını etkileyen bir faktör. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022; 7(3): 463-469.
Güneş S, Bayer N, Bulut S. Hemşirelerde presenteeism davranışı: Bir özel hastane örneği. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2021;4(3): 199-207.doi:10.53493/avrasyasbd.964807.
Oktay S, Ay FA. The relationship between presenteeism and tendency to make medical error: a research on nurses, Journal of Health Sciences Institute. 2022; 7(1): 1-8. doi: 10.51754/cusbed.1011550.
Şahan S, Yıldız A. Determinig the relationship between presenteeism and organizational support in nursing. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. 2020; 5(3): 306-314. doi: 10.33457/ijhsrp.778017.
Johns G. Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2010;31(4): 519-542. doi: 10.1002/job.630.
Beklemis N, Harmanci Seren AK, Gilbreath B. Psychometrics of job stress-related presenteeism scale among Turkish nurses. Evaluation & the Health Professions. 2023;46(3):270-276. doi:10.1177/01632787231164377.
Shan G, Wang S, Wang W, et al. Presenteeism in nurses: Prevalence, consequences, and causes from the perspectives of nurses and chief nurses. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;11: 584040. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.584040
Allemann A, Siebenhüner K, Hämmig O. Predictors of presenteeism among hospital employees-A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study in Switzerland. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2019;61(12):1004-1010. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001721.
Rainbow JG. Presenteeism: Nurse perceptions and consequences. Journal of Nursing Management. 2019;27(7):1530-1537. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12839.
Sanderson K, Cocker F. Presenteeism--implications and health risks. Australian Family Physician. 2013;42(4):172-175.
Webster RK, Liu R, Karimullina K, et al. A systematic review of infectious illness presenteeism: Prevalence, reasons and risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:799. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7138-x.
Garrow V. Presenteeism: A review of current thinking. Institute for Employment Studies 2016. Available from:https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/report-summaries/report-summary-presenteeism-review-current-thinking.(Accessed 25th January 2024).
Yang T, Zhu M, Xie X. The determinants of presenteeism: A comprehensive investigation of stress-related factors at work, health, and individual factors among the aging workforce. Journal of Occupational Health. 2016; 58(1): 25-35. doi: 10.1539/joh.15-0114-OA.
Aronsson G, Gustafsson K, Dallner M. Sick but yet at work. An empirical study of sickness presenteeism. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2000;54(7):502-509.doi: 10.1136/jech.54.7.502.
Kandemir A. Hastane çalışanları arasında sağlık sorunları nedeniyle yaşanan işte var olamama ve işte devamsızlık davranışı ile maliyetini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2014.
Etyemez S. İş güvencesizliğinin işte var olamama sorununa etkisinde sürekli kaygının aracılık rolü: Konaklama işletmelerinde bir araştırma. [Doktora Tezi]. Nevşehir: Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi; 2016.
Merrill RM, Aldana SG, Pope JE, et al. HERO Research Study Subcommittee. Self-rated job performance and absenteeism according to employee engagement, health behaviors, and physical health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2013;55(1):10-18.doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31827b73af.
Frone MR, Blais AR. Organizational downsizing, work conditions, and employee outcomes: Identifying targets for workplace ıntervention among survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):719. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030719.
Jiang H, Jia H, Zhang J, et al. Nurses' occupational stress and presenteeism: The mediating role of public service motivation and the moderating role of health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(7):3523. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073523.
Pohling R, Buruck G, Jungbauer KL, et al. Work-related factors of presenteeism: The mediating role of mental and physical health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2015;21(2):220-234. doi: 10.1037/a0039670.
Rainbow JG, Steege LM. Presenteeism in nursing: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing Outlook. 2017;65(5):615-623. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.03.005.
Alcan G. İş talepleri ve iş kaynakları modeli ile çalışanların psikolojik iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişki. Management and Political Sciences Review. 2020; 2(2):86-103.
Dew K, Keefe V, Small K. 'Choosing' to work when sick: Workplace presenteeism. Social Science & Medicine. 2005; 60(10): 2273-2282. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.022.
Chang YT, Su CT, Chen RY, et al. Association Between organization culture, health status, and presenteeism. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine. 2015;57(7):765-771. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000439.
Chiu S, Black CL, Yue X, et al. Working with influenza-like illness: Presenteeism among US health care personnel during the 2014-2015 influenza season. American Journal of Infection Control. 2017;45(11):1254-1258. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.04.008.
Lohaus D, Habermann W, El Kertoubi I, et al. Working while ill is not always bad-positive effects of presenteeism. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;11:620918.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620918.
Hemp P. Presenteeism: At work-but out of it. Harvard Business Review. 2004; 82(10):49-58.
Freeling M, Rainbow JG, Chamberlain D. Painting a picture of nurse presenteeism: A multi-country integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020;109:103659. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103659.
Tok Y, Çiçek Korkmaz A, Altuntaş S. İşte var olamama ve hemşirelik hizmetlerine etkisi. International Journal of Social Science Research. 2022;11(2):1-9.
Koopman C, Pelletier KR, Murray JF, et al. Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002;44(1):14-20. doi: 10.1097/00043764-200201000-00004.
Teoman E, Harmancı Seren AK. Psychometrics of Stanford Presenteeism Scale-short form in Turkish. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2022; 30(2): 190-195. doi:10.54614/FNJN.2022.21100.
Gilbreath B, Frew EJ. The stress-related presenteeism scale [Measurement instrument]. Pueblo: Colorado State University; 2008.
Mathieu C, Gilbreath B. Measuring presenteeism from work stress: The job-stress-related presenteeism scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2023;65(3): 210-216. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002753.
Baris VK, Intepeler SS, Unal A. Development and psychometric validation of the Sickness Presenteeism Scale-Nurse. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2023; 29(5): e13168. doi:10.1111/ijn.13168.
Referanslar
Çiftçi B. (2010). İşte var ol(ama)ma sorunu ve işletmelerin uygulayabileceği çözüm önerileri. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi. 2010;1(24): 153-174.
Homrich P, Dantas-Filho FF, Martins LL, et al. Presenteeism among health care workers: Literature review. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho. 2020; 18(1):97-102. doi: 10.5327/Z1679443520200478.
Kinman G. Sickness presenteeism at work: prevalence, costs and management. British Medical Bulletin. 2019;129(1):69-78. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldy043.
Letvak SA, Ruhm CJ, Gupta SN. Nurses’ presenteeism and its effects on self-reported quality of care and costs. AJN The American Journal of Nursing. 2012;112(2): 30-38. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000411176.15696.f9.
Dalkılıç E, Harmancı Seren AK. İşte var olamama: Nedenleri ve sonuçları. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi. 2018;5(2):123-131.doi: 10.5222/SHYD.2018.123.
Cooper CL. The changing nature of work. Community Work & Family. 1998;1(3): 313-317. doi: 10.1080/13668809808414238.
Aslan M, Ulupınar F. Hemşirelikte bakım kalitesi ve hasta güvenliği için bir tehlike: İşte var olamama. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2020; 17(3):267-272. doi: 10.5222/KUHEAD.2020.56873.
Miraglia M, Johns G. Going to work ill: A meta-analysis of the correlates of presenteeism and a dual-path model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2016;21(3):261-83. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000015.
Hansen CD, Andersen JH. Going ill to work- what personal circumstances, attitudes and work-related factors are associated with sickness presenteeism. Social Science and Medicine. 2008;67(6): 956-964. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.022.
Eurofound. Health and wellbeing at work: A Report Based on the Fifth European Working Conditions Survey 2012. Available from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2013/working-conditions/health-and-well-being-at-work (Accessed 25th January 2024).
Zhang J, Wang S, Wang W, et al. Nurses’ job ınsecurity and emotional exhaustion: The Mediating effect of presenteeism and the moderating effect of supervisor support. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;18(11): 2239.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02239.
Fiorini LA, Houdmont J, Griffiths A. Nurses' perceived work performance and health during presenteeism: Cross‐sectional associations with personal and organisational factors. Journal of Nursing Management. 2022; 30(5): O37-O45.doi: 10.1111/jonm.13065.
Martinez LF, Ferreira AI. Sick at work: Presenteeism among nurses in a Portuguese public hospital. Stress and Health. 2012; 28(4):297-304. doi: 10.1002/smi.1432.
Silva-Costa A, Ferreira PCS, Griep RH, et al. Association between presenteeism, psychosocial aspects of work and common mental disorders among nursing personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(18):6758. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186758.
Kim J, Suh EE, Ju S, et al. Sickness experiences of Korean registered nurses at work: A qualitative study on presenteeism. Asian Nursing Research (Korean Society of Nursing Science). 2016;10(1):32-38.
Dhaini S, Zúñiga F, Ausserhofer D, et al. Absenteeism and Presenteeism among care workers in swiss nursing homes and their association with psychosocial work environment: A multi-site cross-sectional study. Gerontology. 2016;62(4):386-395. doi:10.1159/000442088.
Çelik A, Kardaş Kin Ö. Presenteeism: Hemşirelik bakım davranışlarını etkileyen bir faktör. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022; 7(3): 463-469.
Güneş S, Bayer N, Bulut S. Hemşirelerde presenteeism davranışı: Bir özel hastane örneği. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2021;4(3): 199-207.doi:10.53493/avrasyasbd.964807.
Oktay S, Ay FA. The relationship between presenteeism and tendency to make medical error: a research on nurses, Journal of Health Sciences Institute. 2022; 7(1): 1-8. doi: 10.51754/cusbed.1011550.
Şahan S, Yıldız A. Determinig the relationship between presenteeism and organizational support in nursing. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. 2020; 5(3): 306-314. doi: 10.33457/ijhsrp.778017.
Johns G. Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2010;31(4): 519-542. doi: 10.1002/job.630.
Beklemis N, Harmanci Seren AK, Gilbreath B. Psychometrics of job stress-related presenteeism scale among Turkish nurses. Evaluation & the Health Professions. 2023;46(3):270-276. doi:10.1177/01632787231164377.
Shan G, Wang S, Wang W, et al. Presenteeism in nurses: Prevalence, consequences, and causes from the perspectives of nurses and chief nurses. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021;11: 584040. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.584040
Allemann A, Siebenhüner K, Hämmig O. Predictors of presenteeism among hospital employees-A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study in Switzerland. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2019;61(12):1004-1010. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001721.
Rainbow JG. Presenteeism: Nurse perceptions and consequences. Journal of Nursing Management. 2019;27(7):1530-1537. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12839.
Sanderson K, Cocker F. Presenteeism--implications and health risks. Australian Family Physician. 2013;42(4):172-175.
Webster RK, Liu R, Karimullina K, et al. A systematic review of infectious illness presenteeism: Prevalence, reasons and risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:799. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7138-x.
Garrow V. Presenteeism: A review of current thinking. Institute for Employment Studies 2016. Available from:https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/report-summaries/report-summary-presenteeism-review-current-thinking.(Accessed 25th January 2024).
Yang T, Zhu M, Xie X. The determinants of presenteeism: A comprehensive investigation of stress-related factors at work, health, and individual factors among the aging workforce. Journal of Occupational Health. 2016; 58(1): 25-35. doi: 10.1539/joh.15-0114-OA.
Aronsson G, Gustafsson K, Dallner M. Sick but yet at work. An empirical study of sickness presenteeism. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2000;54(7):502-509.doi: 10.1136/jech.54.7.502.
Kandemir A. Hastane çalışanları arasında sağlık sorunları nedeniyle yaşanan işte var olamama ve işte devamsızlık davranışı ile maliyetini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2014.
Etyemez S. İş güvencesizliğinin işte var olamama sorununa etkisinde sürekli kaygının aracılık rolü: Konaklama işletmelerinde bir araştırma. [Doktora Tezi]. Nevşehir: Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi; 2016.
Merrill RM, Aldana SG, Pope JE, et al. HERO Research Study Subcommittee. Self-rated job performance and absenteeism according to employee engagement, health behaviors, and physical health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2013;55(1):10-18.doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31827b73af.
Frone MR, Blais AR. Organizational downsizing, work conditions, and employee outcomes: Identifying targets for workplace ıntervention among survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):719. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030719.
Jiang H, Jia H, Zhang J, et al. Nurses' occupational stress and presenteeism: The mediating role of public service motivation and the moderating role of health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(7):3523. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073523.
Pohling R, Buruck G, Jungbauer KL, et al. Work-related factors of presenteeism: The mediating role of mental and physical health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2015;21(2):220-234. doi: 10.1037/a0039670.
Rainbow JG, Steege LM. Presenteeism in nursing: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing Outlook. 2017;65(5):615-623. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.03.005.
Alcan G. İş talepleri ve iş kaynakları modeli ile çalışanların psikolojik iyi oluşları arasındaki ilişki. Management and Political Sciences Review. 2020; 2(2):86-103.
Dew K, Keefe V, Small K. 'Choosing' to work when sick: Workplace presenteeism. Social Science & Medicine. 2005; 60(10): 2273-2282. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.022.
Chang YT, Su CT, Chen RY, et al. Association Between organization culture, health status, and presenteeism. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine. 2015;57(7):765-771. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000439.
Chiu S, Black CL, Yue X, et al. Working with influenza-like illness: Presenteeism among US health care personnel during the 2014-2015 influenza season. American Journal of Infection Control. 2017;45(11):1254-1258. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.04.008.
Lohaus D, Habermann W, El Kertoubi I, et al. Working while ill is not always bad-positive effects of presenteeism. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;11:620918.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620918.
Hemp P. Presenteeism: At work-but out of it. Harvard Business Review. 2004; 82(10):49-58.
Freeling M, Rainbow JG, Chamberlain D. Painting a picture of nurse presenteeism: A multi-country integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020;109:103659. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103659.
Tok Y, Çiçek Korkmaz A, Altuntaş S. İşte var olamama ve hemşirelik hizmetlerine etkisi. International Journal of Social Science Research. 2022;11(2):1-9.
Koopman C, Pelletier KR, Murray JF, et al. Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2002;44(1):14-20. doi: 10.1097/00043764-200201000-00004.
Teoman E, Harmancı Seren AK. Psychometrics of Stanford Presenteeism Scale-short form in Turkish. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2022; 30(2): 190-195. doi:10.54614/FNJN.2022.21100.
Gilbreath B, Frew EJ. The stress-related presenteeism scale [Measurement instrument]. Pueblo: Colorado State University; 2008.
Mathieu C, Gilbreath B. Measuring presenteeism from work stress: The job-stress-related presenteeism scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2023;65(3): 210-216. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002753.
Baris VK, Intepeler SS, Unal A. Development and psychometric validation of the Sickness Presenteeism Scale-Nurse. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2023; 29(5): e13168. doi:10.1111/ijn.13168.
