İş Yeri Arkadaşlığı (Workplace Friendship)
Özet
Gönüllü ve kişisel bir tercih olan iş yeri arkadaşlığı bütün organizasyonlarda, hiyerarşinin her kademesinde, her tür çalışan arasında ve çok çeşitli yoğunluklarda gelişebilmektedir. Bireyler için en değerli kişiler arası ilişkilerin arasında yer almakta olan iş yeri arkadaşlığı, klasik arkadaşlık görüşüne uymamakta ve işle ilgili olmanın yanı sıra duygusal ilişkileri de içermektedir. Bu kitap bölümünde, kişilerarası ilişkilerin iş yerindeki yansıması olan iş yeri arkadaşlığı kavramı tanıtılarak iş yeri arkadaşlığının diğer iş yeri ilişkilerinden farkı irdelenmektedir. Ayrıca, insanların yaşamının büyük çoğunluğunu geçirdikleri iş yerlerinde yaygın bir şekilde görülen iş yeri arkadaşlığı türleri teorik temellere dayanarak açıklanmakta ve kişiler arası etkileşimin artmasına dayanan iş yeri arkadaşlığının bireysel ve örgütsel açıdan işlevleri ortaya koyulmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, işin gerektirdiği roller ile arkadaşlığa bağlı özelliklerin ters düşmesi sonucunda ilişkilerin zamanla kötüleşerek iş yeri arkadaşlıklarının bozulabileceği bildirilmekte ve ele alınması gereken karanlık taraflardan biri olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuçları açısından oldukça karmaşık bir konu olan iş yeri arkadaşlığının çalışanlar ve kurumlar üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri de açıklanmaktadır. Son olarak, sağlık bakımı için kritik öneme sahip olan iş yeri arkadaşlığının hemşirelikle ilişkisi ele alınmaktadır.
Workplace friendship, which is a voluntary and personal choice, can develop in all organizations, at all levels of the hierarchy, among all types of employees and in a wide variety of intensities. Workplace friendship, which is among the most valuable interpersonal relationships for individuals, does not comply with the classical view of friendship and includes emotional relationships as well as being work-related. In this book chapter, the concept of workplace friendship, which is the reflection of interpersonal relationships in the workplace, is introduced and the difference of workplace friendship from other workplace relationships is examined. In addition, the types of workplace friendships commonly seen in workplaces where people spend most of their lives are explained based on theoretical foundations, and the individual and organizational functions of workplace friendships, which are based on increased interpersonal interaction, are revealed. On the other hand, it is reported that workplace friendships may deteriorate over time because of the conflict between the roles required by the job and the characteristics of friendship, and it is emphasized that this is one of the dark sides that need to be addressed. The positive and negative effects of workplace friendship, which is a very complex issue in terms of its consequences, on employees and institutions are explained. Finally, the relationship between workplace friendship, which is of critical importance for health care, and the nursing profession is discussed.
Referanslar
Zarankin TG, Kunkel D. Colleagues and friends: A theoretical framework of workplace friendship. Journal of Organizational Psychology; 2019;19(5):156–170. doi: 10.33423/jop.v19i5.2517
Suliman M, Uneby J. Dealing with Drama: A qualitative study on workplace friendship deterioration 2019. (29/01/2024 tarihinde http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161283 adresinden ulaşılmışır).
Dickie C. Exploring workplace friendships in business: Cultural variations of employee behaviour. Research and Practice Human Resource Management; 2009;17(1):128–137.
Nielsen IK, Jex SM, Adams GA. Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement; 2000;60(4): 628–643. doi: 10.1177/00131640021970655
Sias PM, Heath RG, Perry T, et al. Narratives of workplace friendship deterioration. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships; 2004;21(3): 321–340. doi: 10.1177/0265407504042835
Song SH. Workplace friendship and employees’ productivity: Lmx theory and the case of the seoul city government. International Review of Public Administration; 2006;11(1):47–58. doi: 10.1080/12294659.2006.10805077
Ok AEL, Sa R, Es M, et al. Workplace friendship among Minia University Hospitals’ nurses. Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine; 2019;43(3):441–452.
Chen CY, Mao HY, Hsieh AT, et al. The relationship among interactive justice, leader-member exchange, and workplace friendship. Social Science Journal; 2013;50(1):89–95. doi: 10.1016/j.soscij.2012.09.009
Pillemer J, Rothbard NP. Friends without benefits: Understanding the dark sides of workplace friendship. Academy of Management Review; 2018;43(4):635–660. doi: 10.5465/amr.2016.0309
Berman EM, West JP, Richter MN. Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review; 2002;62(2):217–230. doi: 10.1111/0033-3352.00172
Sias PM, Gallagher E. Developing, maintaining and disengaging from workplace friendships. In: Morrison R, Wright SL (eds) Friends and Enemies in Organizations. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2009. p. 78–100.
Ingram P, Zou X. Business friendships. Research in Organizational Behaviour; 2008;28:167–184. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.006
D’Cruz P, Noronha E. The limits to workplace friendship: Managerialist HRM and bystander behaviour in the context of workplace bullying. Employee Relationsions; 2011;33(3):269–288. doi: 10.1108/01425451111121777
Şahinbaş F, Erigüç G. Pozitif örgütsel davranış yaklaşımıyla işyeri arkadaşlığı ve işe adanma ilişkisi: Sağlık çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Management Economics and Business; 2019;15(4): 1201–1225. doi: 10.17130/ijmeb.2019456405
Biçer C, Büyükyılmaz O. The effect of perceptions of organizational politics on workplace friendship: A study on healthcare employees. International Journal of Management Economics and Business; 2019;15(2): 515–531. doi: 10.17130/ijmeb.2019252108
Kramer MW. Uncertainty reduction during job transitions: An exploratory study of the communication experiences of newcomers and transferees. Management Communication Quarterly; 1994;7(4): 384–412. doi: 10.1177/0893318994007004002
Sias PM, Cahill DJ. From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace. Western Journal of Communication; 1998;62(3): 273–299. doi: 10.1080/10570319809374611
Akın A, Akın Ü. Arkadaşlık kalitesi ve öznel mutluluk: Öznel zindeliğin aracılık rolü. Eğitim ve Bilim; 2015;40:233–242. doi: 10.15390/EB.2015.3786
İnce M. Değişim olgusu ve örgütlerde insan kaynakları yönetiminin değişen fonksiyonları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; 2005;14:319–339.
Kurşun A, Sevinç İ. Bilgi paylaşma davranışının sağlık çalışanları arasında incelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi; 2016;11:133–142.
Altındiş S, Ağca V. Örgütsel bilgi paylaşımını engelleyen faktörler: Sağlık sektöründe bir görgül araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; 2011;26:45–61.
Omolawal SA, Okewole YB. The role of workplace friendship among employees in selected Universities, Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal Philosophy and Social-Psychological Science; 2019;5(1):1–12.
Sias PM. Organizing relationships: Traditional and emerging perspectives on workplace relationships. United Stataes of America: Sage Publications; 2009.
Altındiş M, Altındiş S, Saylı H. An investigation to determine attitudes of health professional toward change process. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi; 2011;7: 75–94.
Allen B. Effective design, implementation and management of change in healthcare. Nursing Standard; 2016;31(3): 58–71. doi: 10.7748/ns.2016.e10375
Çelebi Çakıroğlu O, Harmancı Seren AK. The relationship between attitudes towards change and five factor personality traits in nurses. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing; 2019;10(3): 211–217. doi: 10.14744/phd.2019.34713
Tuğlacı Yılmaz M, Öztop S. Sağlık çalışanlarının örgütsel deği̇şi̇m süreci̇ndeki̇ algıları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi; 2020;11(26): 259–278. doi: 10.21076/vizyoner.651448
Sias PM, Bartoo H. Friendship, social support, and health. In: L’Abate L (ed) Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Springer; 2007. p. 455–72.
Velando-Soriano A, Ortega-Campos E, Gómez-Urquiza JL, et al. Impact of social support in preventing burnout syndrome in nurses: A systematic review. Japan Journal Nursing Science; 2020;17(1): e12269. doi: 10.1111/jjns.12269
Amarneh BH, Abu Al-Rub RF, Abu Al-Rub NF. Co-workers’ support and job performance among nurses in Jordanian hospitals. Journal of Research in Nursing; 2010;15(5): 391–401. doi: 10.1177/1744987109347134
Başaran S, Duygulu S. Hemşirelikte güç kavramının analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi; 2015;1(3): 62–73.
Sias PM, Gallagher EB, Kopaneva I, et al. Maintaining workplace friendships: Perceived politeness and predictors of maintenance tactic choice. Communication Research; 2012;39(2): 239–68. doi: 10.1177/0093650210396869
Sias PM, Perry T. Disengaging from Workplace Relationships. Human Communication Research; 2004;30: 589–602. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00746.x
Sias PM. Workplace friendship deterioration. In: Harden Fritz JM, Omdahl BL (eds) Problematic Relationships in the Workplace. New York: Peter Lang Publishing; 2006. p. 60–87.
Ozbek MF. Do we need friendship in the workplace? The theory of workplace friendship and employee outcomes: The role of work ethics. Journal of Economy Culture and Society; 2018;58: 153–176. doi: 10.26650/JECS417777.
Gordon J, Hartman RL. Affinity-seeking strategies and open communication in peer workplace relationships. Atlantic Journal of Communication; 2009;17(3) :115–125. doi: 10.1080/15456870902873184
Ayvaz A, Güneş M, Çiçek H. İş yeri arkadaşlığının iş yeri mutluluğu üzerindeki etkisi: İş yaşam kalitesinin aracı rolü. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi; 2023;24(3): 197–212 doi: 10.53443/anadoluibfd.1165523
Morrison RKL. Informal relationship in the workplace: Association with job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intentions 2005. (29/01/2024 tarihinde https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/1666 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Bandiera O, Barankay I, Rasul I. Social capital in the workplace: Evidence on its formation and consequences. Labour Economics; 2008;15(4): 724–748. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.006
Chang HT, Chou YJ, Liou JW, et al. The effects of perfectionism on innovative behavior and job burnout: Team workplace friendship as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences; 2016;96:260–265. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.088
Sias PM, Tsetsi E, Woo N, et al. With a little help from my friends: Perceived task interdependence, coworker communication, and workplace friendship. Communication Studies; 2020;71(4):528–549. doi: 10.1080/10510974.2020.1749863
Morrison RL, Nolan T. I get by with a little help from my friends ... at work. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online; 2009;4(1): 41–54. doi: 10.1080/1177083X.2009.9522443
Sias PM, Smith G, Avdeyeva T. Sex and sex‐composition differences and similarities in peer workplace friendship development. Communication Studies; 2003;54(3): 322–40. doi: 10.1080/10510970309363289
Akdöl B. Yalnızlık ve işyerinde dışlanma. In: Aydın E (ed) Güncel Örgütsel Davranış Yaklaşımları. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayıncılık; 2023. p. 7–22.
Ali R, Kashif M. The role of resonant leadership, workplace friendship and serving culture in predicting organizational commitment: The mediating role of compassion at work. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios; 2020;22:799–819. doi: 10.7819/rbgn.v22i4.4085
Othman N, Ghazali Z, Ahmad S. Work engagement in nursing: Do job demands and resources really matter? Science International; 2017;29(2):411–411.
Ray EB, Apker J. A review of research in health organizations. In: Thompson TL, Parrott R, Nussbaum JF (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication. New York: Routledge; 2011. p. 428–40.
Duddle M, Boughton M. Intraprofessional relations in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing; 2007;59(1):29–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04302.x
Durmuş S, Günay O. Hemşirelerde iş doyumu ve anksiyete düzeyini etkileyen faktörler. Erciyes Tip Dergisi; 2007;29(2):139–146.
Referanslar
Zarankin TG, Kunkel D. Colleagues and friends: A theoretical framework of workplace friendship. Journal of Organizational Psychology; 2019;19(5):156–170. doi: 10.33423/jop.v19i5.2517
Suliman M, Uneby J. Dealing with Drama: A qualitative study on workplace friendship deterioration 2019. (29/01/2024 tarihinde http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161283 adresinden ulaşılmışır).
Dickie C. Exploring workplace friendships in business: Cultural variations of employee behaviour. Research and Practice Human Resource Management; 2009;17(1):128–137.
Nielsen IK, Jex SM, Adams GA. Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement; 2000;60(4): 628–643. doi: 10.1177/00131640021970655
Sias PM, Heath RG, Perry T, et al. Narratives of workplace friendship deterioration. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships; 2004;21(3): 321–340. doi: 10.1177/0265407504042835
Song SH. Workplace friendship and employees’ productivity: Lmx theory and the case of the seoul city government. International Review of Public Administration; 2006;11(1):47–58. doi: 10.1080/12294659.2006.10805077
Ok AEL, Sa R, Es M, et al. Workplace friendship among Minia University Hospitals’ nurses. Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine; 2019;43(3):441–452.
Chen CY, Mao HY, Hsieh AT, et al. The relationship among interactive justice, leader-member exchange, and workplace friendship. Social Science Journal; 2013;50(1):89–95. doi: 10.1016/j.soscij.2012.09.009
Pillemer J, Rothbard NP. Friends without benefits: Understanding the dark sides of workplace friendship. Academy of Management Review; 2018;43(4):635–660. doi: 10.5465/amr.2016.0309
Berman EM, West JP, Richter MN. Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review; 2002;62(2):217–230. doi: 10.1111/0033-3352.00172
Sias PM, Gallagher E. Developing, maintaining and disengaging from workplace friendships. In: Morrison R, Wright SL (eds) Friends and Enemies in Organizations. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2009. p. 78–100.
Ingram P, Zou X. Business friendships. Research in Organizational Behaviour; 2008;28:167–184. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.006
D’Cruz P, Noronha E. The limits to workplace friendship: Managerialist HRM and bystander behaviour in the context of workplace bullying. Employee Relationsions; 2011;33(3):269–288. doi: 10.1108/01425451111121777
Şahinbaş F, Erigüç G. Pozitif örgütsel davranış yaklaşımıyla işyeri arkadaşlığı ve işe adanma ilişkisi: Sağlık çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Management Economics and Business; 2019;15(4): 1201–1225. doi: 10.17130/ijmeb.2019456405
Biçer C, Büyükyılmaz O. The effect of perceptions of organizational politics on workplace friendship: A study on healthcare employees. International Journal of Management Economics and Business; 2019;15(2): 515–531. doi: 10.17130/ijmeb.2019252108
Kramer MW. Uncertainty reduction during job transitions: An exploratory study of the communication experiences of newcomers and transferees. Management Communication Quarterly; 1994;7(4): 384–412. doi: 10.1177/0893318994007004002
Sias PM, Cahill DJ. From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace. Western Journal of Communication; 1998;62(3): 273–299. doi: 10.1080/10570319809374611
Akın A, Akın Ü. Arkadaşlık kalitesi ve öznel mutluluk: Öznel zindeliğin aracılık rolü. Eğitim ve Bilim; 2015;40:233–242. doi: 10.15390/EB.2015.3786
İnce M. Değişim olgusu ve örgütlerde insan kaynakları yönetiminin değişen fonksiyonları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; 2005;14:319–339.
Kurşun A, Sevinç İ. Bilgi paylaşma davranışının sağlık çalışanları arasında incelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi; 2016;11:133–142.
Altındiş S, Ağca V. Örgütsel bilgi paylaşımını engelleyen faktörler: Sağlık sektöründe bir görgül araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; 2011;26:45–61.
Omolawal SA, Okewole YB. The role of workplace friendship among employees in selected Universities, Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal Philosophy and Social-Psychological Science; 2019;5(1):1–12.
Sias PM. Organizing relationships: Traditional and emerging perspectives on workplace relationships. United Stataes of America: Sage Publications; 2009.
Altındiş M, Altındiş S, Saylı H. An investigation to determine attitudes of health professional toward change process. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi; 2011;7: 75–94.
Allen B. Effective design, implementation and management of change in healthcare. Nursing Standard; 2016;31(3): 58–71. doi: 10.7748/ns.2016.e10375
Çelebi Çakıroğlu O, Harmancı Seren AK. The relationship between attitudes towards change and five factor personality traits in nurses. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing; 2019;10(3): 211–217. doi: 10.14744/phd.2019.34713
Tuğlacı Yılmaz M, Öztop S. Sağlık çalışanlarının örgütsel deği̇şi̇m süreci̇ndeki̇ algıları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi; 2020;11(26): 259–278. doi: 10.21076/vizyoner.651448
Sias PM, Bartoo H. Friendship, social support, and health. In: L’Abate L (ed) Low-Cost Approaches to Promote Physical and Mental Health: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Springer; 2007. p. 455–72.
Velando-Soriano A, Ortega-Campos E, Gómez-Urquiza JL, et al. Impact of social support in preventing burnout syndrome in nurses: A systematic review. Japan Journal Nursing Science; 2020;17(1): e12269. doi: 10.1111/jjns.12269
Amarneh BH, Abu Al-Rub RF, Abu Al-Rub NF. Co-workers’ support and job performance among nurses in Jordanian hospitals. Journal of Research in Nursing; 2010;15(5): 391–401. doi: 10.1177/1744987109347134
Başaran S, Duygulu S. Hemşirelikte güç kavramının analizi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi; 2015;1(3): 62–73.
Sias PM, Gallagher EB, Kopaneva I, et al. Maintaining workplace friendships: Perceived politeness and predictors of maintenance tactic choice. Communication Research; 2012;39(2): 239–68. doi: 10.1177/0093650210396869
Sias PM, Perry T. Disengaging from Workplace Relationships. Human Communication Research; 2004;30: 589–602. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00746.x
Sias PM. Workplace friendship deterioration. In: Harden Fritz JM, Omdahl BL (eds) Problematic Relationships in the Workplace. New York: Peter Lang Publishing; 2006. p. 60–87.
Ozbek MF. Do we need friendship in the workplace? The theory of workplace friendship and employee outcomes: The role of work ethics. Journal of Economy Culture and Society; 2018;58: 153–176. doi: 10.26650/JECS417777.
Gordon J, Hartman RL. Affinity-seeking strategies and open communication in peer workplace relationships. Atlantic Journal of Communication; 2009;17(3) :115–125. doi: 10.1080/15456870902873184
Ayvaz A, Güneş M, Çiçek H. İş yeri arkadaşlığının iş yeri mutluluğu üzerindeki etkisi: İş yaşam kalitesinin aracı rolü. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi; 2023;24(3): 197–212 doi: 10.53443/anadoluibfd.1165523
Morrison RKL. Informal relationship in the workplace: Association with job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intentions 2005. (29/01/2024 tarihinde https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/1666 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Bandiera O, Barankay I, Rasul I. Social capital in the workplace: Evidence on its formation and consequences. Labour Economics; 2008;15(4): 724–748. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.006
Chang HT, Chou YJ, Liou JW, et al. The effects of perfectionism on innovative behavior and job burnout: Team workplace friendship as a moderator. Personality and Individual Differences; 2016;96:260–265. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.088
Sias PM, Tsetsi E, Woo N, et al. With a little help from my friends: Perceived task interdependence, coworker communication, and workplace friendship. Communication Studies; 2020;71(4):528–549. doi: 10.1080/10510974.2020.1749863
Morrison RL, Nolan T. I get by with a little help from my friends ... at work. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online; 2009;4(1): 41–54. doi: 10.1080/1177083X.2009.9522443
Sias PM, Smith G, Avdeyeva T. Sex and sex‐composition differences and similarities in peer workplace friendship development. Communication Studies; 2003;54(3): 322–40. doi: 10.1080/10510970309363289
Akdöl B. Yalnızlık ve işyerinde dışlanma. In: Aydın E (ed) Güncel Örgütsel Davranış Yaklaşımları. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayıncılık; 2023. p. 7–22.
Ali R, Kashif M. The role of resonant leadership, workplace friendship and serving culture in predicting organizational commitment: The mediating role of compassion at work. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios; 2020;22:799–819. doi: 10.7819/rbgn.v22i4.4085
Othman N, Ghazali Z, Ahmad S. Work engagement in nursing: Do job demands and resources really matter? Science International; 2017;29(2):411–411.
Ray EB, Apker J. A review of research in health organizations. In: Thompson TL, Parrott R, Nussbaum JF (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication. New York: Routledge; 2011. p. 428–40.
Duddle M, Boughton M. Intraprofessional relations in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing; 2007;59(1):29–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04302.x
Durmuş S, Günay O. Hemşirelerde iş doyumu ve anksiyete düzeyini etkileyen faktörler. Erciyes Tip Dergisi; 2007;29(2):139–146.
