Güçlendirme (Empowerment)
Özet
Güçlendirme, hasta bakım kalitesinin ve güvenliğinin iyileştirilmesinde, hemşire memnuniyetinin sağlanmasında ve sağlık kuruluşlarının hedeflerine ulaşmasında hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, sağlık bakım kuruluşlarında çalışan her düzey hemşirenin yapısal ve psikolojik olarak güçlendirilmesi önemlidir. Yapısal güçlendirmede özellikle yöneticilere önemli sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Yöneticiler, hemşirelere uygun çalışma ortamı oluşturarak hemşirelerin fırsatlara, bilgiye, desteğe, kaynaklara erişimini sağlamalıdır. Bununla birlikte hemşirelerin kendi yaptıkları işten anlam bulabilmeleri, bir işi en iyi şekilde yapabileceği inancı, örgütsel sonuçlar üzerinde etkisi olduğu düşüncesi ve otonomi sahibi olabilmeleri için de psikolojik olarak güçlendirilmeleri gerekmektedir. Hemşirelerin güçlendirilmesi kurumların kendi mekanizmalarını oluşturmalarını ve bu mekanizmaların etkililiğini de düzenli olarak izleyip, değerlendirip, gerekli iyileştirmeleri gerçekleştirmelerini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu anlamda özellikle kurum yöneticilerine ve konuya ilişkin karar vericilere de önemli sorumluluklar yüklemektedir.
Empowerment is vital in improving the quality and safety of patient care, ensuring nurse satisfaction and achieving the goals of health care organizations. In this context, structural and psychological empowerment of all levels of nurses working in healthcare organizations is important. Managers in particular have important responsibilities in structural empowerment. They should ensure that nurses have access to opportunities, information, support and resources by creating a suitable work environment for them. In addition, nurses need to be psychologically empowered in order to find meaning in their work, to believe that they can achieve their best performsnce, to think that they have an impact on organizational results and to have autonomy. Empowerment of nurses requires organizations to establish their own mechanisms and regularly monitor, evaluate and improve the effectiveness of these mechanisms. Therefore, it imposes important responsibilities particularly on institutional managers and decision makers.
Referanslar
Conger, J.A. and Kanungo, R.N. (1988) The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13, 471-482.
Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and Women of the Corporation (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An "interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. The Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–681. https://doi.org/10.2307/258687.
Wilkinson, A. (1998). Empowerment: Theory and practice. Personnel Review, 27(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483489810368549.
Donovan, S. B., & Kleiner, B. H. (1994). Effective stress management. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(6), 31-34.
Jones, R. A. P. (2007). Nursing leadership and management: Theories, processes, and practice. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.
Erstad, M. (1997). Empowerment and organizational change, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Manegement, 9(7), 325- 333.
Kanter R. M. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, 57(4), 65–75.
Randolph, W.A. (2000). “Re-thinking Empowerment:-Why is it so hard to achieve?”, Organizational Dynamics, 2(29), 94-107.
Koçel T. (2018). İşletme Yöneticiliği. 17. Baskı. İstanbul; Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım. A.Ş. 418-425.
Ollikainen, M., & Varis, J. (2006). Human Errors play a remarkable role in sheet metal industry. Mechanika, 5 (61), 51-56.
Spence Laschinger, H. K., Nosko, A., Wilk, P., & Finegan, J. (2014). Effects of unit empowerment and perceived support for professional nursing practice on unit effectiveness and individual nurse well-being: a time-lagged study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(12), 1615–1623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.04.010.
Ramesh, R., & Kumar, K. S. (2014). Role of employee empowerment in organizational development. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 2(8), 1241-1245.
Stark, J. (2006). Maturity model for PDM. Product Lifecycle Management: 21st Century Paradigm for Product Realisation, Edition: 3. Printing Publisher: ISBN: 1852338105. Springer Publishing Company.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256865.
Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2001). Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings: expanding Kanter's model. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(5), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200105000-00006.
Laschinger, H.K., Finegan, J.E., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of the impact of workplace empowerment on work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 527-545.
Spence Laschınger, H., Gılbert, S., Smıth, L., & Leslıe, K. (2010). Towards a comprehensive theory of nurse/patient empowerment: applying Kanter’s empowerment theory to patient care. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(1), 4-13.
Laschinger HSK, Day A, Leiter MP, Gilin- Oore D, Mackinnon SP. (2012) Building empowering work environments that foster civility and organisational trust: testing an intervention. Nursing Research. 61:316–325.
Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S. C., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to lead: The role of psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(4), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199907)20:4<511::AID-JOB900>3.0.CO;2-L
Hossein, R.D., Saleh, P.A., Iman, A., & Jaafar, A. (2012). An analysis of the empowerment level of employees and it's relation to organizational factors. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(15), 255-263.
Oladipo, S.E. (2009). Psychological empowerment and development. Edo Journal of Counseling, 2(1), 119-126.
Spradley, B. ve Allender, J. (2001). Roles and Settings for Community Health Practice, Allender, J., Spradley, B.,(Ed.) Community Health Nursing, Concept and Practice ( Fifth Ed., s.49-51). Lippincot Williams and Wilkins.
Laschinger, H. K., & Havens, D. S. (1996). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived control over nursing practice, Conditions for work effectiveness. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(9), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199609000-00007.
Eo, Y. S., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, N. Y. (2014). Path analysis of empowerment and work effectiveness among staff nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 8(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2014.02.001
Manojlovich M. (2007). Power and empowerment in nursing: looking backward to inform the future. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12(1),2.
Al-Dweik G, Al-Daken LI, Abu-Snieneh H, Ahmad MM. (2016).‘Work-related empowerment among nrses: literature review’, Int. J. Productivity and Quality Management, 19(2):168–186.
García-Sierra, R., & Fernández-Castro, J. (2018). Relationships between leadership, structural empowerment, and engagement in nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2809–2819. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13805.
Donahue, M. O., Piazza, I. M., Griffin, M. Q., Dykes, P. C., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2008). The relationship between nurses' perceptions of empowerment and patient satisfaction. Applied Nursing Research, 21(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2007.11.001.
Nursalam, N., Fibriansari, R. D., Yuwono, S. R., Hadi, M., Efendi, F., & Bushy, A. (2018). Development of an empowerment model for burnout syndrome and quality of nursing work life in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(4), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.05.001.
Amiri, M., Khademian, Z., & Nikandish, R. (2018). The effect of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety culture: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1255-6.
Boamah S. (2018). Linking Nurses' Clinical Leadership to Patient Care Quality: The Role of Transformational Leadership and Workplace Empowerment. Can J Nurs Res. 50(1):9-19. doi:10.1177/0844562117732490.
Costa Freire, C. M., & Azevedo, R. M. (2015). Empowering and trustful leadership: ımpact on nurses’ commitment, Personnel Review, 44(5), 702 -719.
Aggarwal, A., Dhaliwal, R. S., & Nobi, K. (2018). Impact of structural empowerment on organizational commitment: The mediating role of women's psychological empowerment. Vision, 22(3), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262918786049.
Özbaş, A. A., & Tel, H. (2016). The effect of a psychological empowerment program based on psychodrama on empowerment perception and burnout levels in oncology nurses: Psychological empowerment in oncology nurses. Palliative & Supportive Care, 14(4), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951515001121.
Potratz Elizabeth. (2012) Transforming Care at the Bedside: A Model to Promote Staff Nurse Empowerment and Engagement. Master of Arts in Nursing Theses. St. Catherine University.
Spencer, C., & McLaren, S. (2017). Empowerment in nurse leader groups in middle management: a quantitative comparative investigation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(1-2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13426.
Spence H. K. (2008). Effect of empowerment on professional practice environments, work satisfaction, and patient care quality: further testing the Nursing Worklife Model. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 23(4), 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000318028.67910.6b.
Purdy, N., Spence Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Kerr, M., & Olivera, F. (2010). Effects of work environments on nurse and patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 901–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01172.x.
Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Lake, E. T., & Cheney, T. (2008). Effects of hospital care environment on patient mortality and nurse outcomes. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 38(5), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNA.0000312773.42352.d7.
Hauck, A., Quinn Griffin, M. T., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2011). Structural empowerment and anticipated turnover among critical care nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(2), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01205.x.
Gilbert, S., Laschinger, H. K., & Leiter, M. (2010). The mediating effect of burnout on the relationship between structural empowerment and organizational citizenship behaviours. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(3), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01074.x.
Goedhart, N. S., van Oostveen, C. J., & Vermeulen, H. (2017). The effect of structural empowerment of nurses on quality outcomes in hospitals: a scoping review. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(3), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12455.
Bogue RJ, Joseph ML. (2019). C-Suite Strategies for Nurse Empowerment and Executive Accountability. J Nurs Adm. 49(5):266-272. doi:10.1097/NNA.0000000000000749.
Leiter, M. P., & Spence Laschinger, H. K. (2006). Relationships of work and practice environment to professional burnout: testing a causal model. Nursing Research, 55(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200603000-00009.
Dos Santos Alves, D. F., da Silva, D., & de Brito Guirardello, E. (2017). Nursing practice environment, job outcomes and safety climate: a structural equation modelling analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12427.
Babaeipour-Divshali, M., Amrollahimishavan, F., Vanaki, Z., Abdollahimohammad, A., & Firouzkouhi, M. (2016). Effect of head nurse empowerment program on staff nurses' job satisfaction at two educational hospitals in Rasht, Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(3), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.180379.
Yılmaz A., & Duygulu S. (2021). Developing Psychological Empowerment and Patient Safety Culture: A Pre-experimental Study. J Basic Clin Health Sci, 2: 94-103.
Yılmaz A. (2019). Servis Sorumlu Hemşirelerine Uygulanan Güçlendirme Programının Güçlendirme Hemşirelik Uygulamaları Üzerinde Kontrol ve Hasta Güvenliği Kültürüne Etkisi. T.C. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi.
Bradbury-Jones, C., Sambrook, S., & Irvine, F. (2011). Empowerment and being valued: a phenomenological study of nursing students' experiences of clinical practice. Nurse Education Today, 31(4), 368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.07.008.
Trus, M., Doran, D., Martinkenas, A., Asikainen, P., & Suominen, T. (2018). Perception of work-related empowerment of nurse managers. Journal of Research in Nursing : JRN, 23(4), 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987117748347.
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Referanslar
Conger, J.A. and Kanungo, R.N. (1988) The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13, 471-482.
Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and Women of the Corporation (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An "interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. The Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–681. https://doi.org/10.2307/258687.
Wilkinson, A. (1998). Empowerment: Theory and practice. Personnel Review, 27(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483489810368549.
Donovan, S. B., & Kleiner, B. H. (1994). Effective stress management. Managerial Auditing Journal, 9(6), 31-34.
Jones, R. A. P. (2007). Nursing leadership and management: Theories, processes, and practice. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.
Erstad, M. (1997). Empowerment and organizational change, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Manegement, 9(7), 325- 333.
Kanter R. M. (1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, 57(4), 65–75.
Randolph, W.A. (2000). “Re-thinking Empowerment:-Why is it so hard to achieve?”, Organizational Dynamics, 2(29), 94-107.
Koçel T. (2018). İşletme Yöneticiliği. 17. Baskı. İstanbul; Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım. A.Ş. 418-425.
Ollikainen, M., & Varis, J. (2006). Human Errors play a remarkable role in sheet metal industry. Mechanika, 5 (61), 51-56.
Spence Laschinger, H. K., Nosko, A., Wilk, P., & Finegan, J. (2014). Effects of unit empowerment and perceived support for professional nursing practice on unit effectiveness and individual nurse well-being: a time-lagged study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(12), 1615–1623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.04.010.
Ramesh, R., & Kumar, K. S. (2014). Role of employee empowerment in organizational development. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 2(8), 1241-1245.
Stark, J. (2006). Maturity model for PDM. Product Lifecycle Management: 21st Century Paradigm for Product Realisation, Edition: 3. Printing Publisher: ISBN: 1852338105. Springer Publishing Company.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256865.
Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2001). Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings: expanding Kanter's model. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(5), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200105000-00006.
Laschinger, H.K., Finegan, J.E., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of the impact of workplace empowerment on work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 527-545.
Spence Laschınger, H., Gılbert, S., Smıth, L., & Leslıe, K. (2010). Towards a comprehensive theory of nurse/patient empowerment: applying Kanter’s empowerment theory to patient care. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(1), 4-13.
Laschinger HSK, Day A, Leiter MP, Gilin- Oore D, Mackinnon SP. (2012) Building empowering work environments that foster civility and organisational trust: testing an intervention. Nursing Research. 61:316–325.
Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S. C., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to lead: The role of psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(4), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199907)20:4<511::AID-JOB900>3.0.CO;2-L
Hossein, R.D., Saleh, P.A., Iman, A., & Jaafar, A. (2012). An analysis of the empowerment level of employees and it's relation to organizational factors. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(15), 255-263.
Oladipo, S.E. (2009). Psychological empowerment and development. Edo Journal of Counseling, 2(1), 119-126.
Spradley, B. ve Allender, J. (2001). Roles and Settings for Community Health Practice, Allender, J., Spradley, B.,(Ed.) Community Health Nursing, Concept and Practice ( Fifth Ed., s.49-51). Lippincot Williams and Wilkins.
Laschinger, H. K., & Havens, D. S. (1996). Staff nurse work empowerment and perceived control over nursing practice, Conditions for work effectiveness. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 26(9), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199609000-00007.
Eo, Y. S., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, N. Y. (2014). Path analysis of empowerment and work effectiveness among staff nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 8(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2014.02.001
Manojlovich M. (2007). Power and empowerment in nursing: looking backward to inform the future. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12(1),2.
Al-Dweik G, Al-Daken LI, Abu-Snieneh H, Ahmad MM. (2016).‘Work-related empowerment among nrses: literature review’, Int. J. Productivity and Quality Management, 19(2):168–186.
García-Sierra, R., & Fernández-Castro, J. (2018). Relationships between leadership, structural empowerment, and engagement in nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2809–2819. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13805.
Donahue, M. O., Piazza, I. M., Griffin, M. Q., Dykes, P. C., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2008). The relationship between nurses' perceptions of empowerment and patient satisfaction. Applied Nursing Research, 21(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2007.11.001.
Nursalam, N., Fibriansari, R. D., Yuwono, S. R., Hadi, M., Efendi, F., & Bushy, A. (2018). Development of an empowerment model for burnout syndrome and quality of nursing work life in Indonesia. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(4), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.05.001.
Amiri, M., Khademian, Z., & Nikandish, R. (2018). The effect of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety culture: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1255-6.
Boamah S. (2018). Linking Nurses' Clinical Leadership to Patient Care Quality: The Role of Transformational Leadership and Workplace Empowerment. Can J Nurs Res. 50(1):9-19. doi:10.1177/0844562117732490.
Costa Freire, C. M., & Azevedo, R. M. (2015). Empowering and trustful leadership: ımpact on nurses’ commitment, Personnel Review, 44(5), 702 -719.
Aggarwal, A., Dhaliwal, R. S., & Nobi, K. (2018). Impact of structural empowerment on organizational commitment: The mediating role of women's psychological empowerment. Vision, 22(3), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262918786049.
Özbaş, A. A., & Tel, H. (2016). The effect of a psychological empowerment program based on psychodrama on empowerment perception and burnout levels in oncology nurses: Psychological empowerment in oncology nurses. Palliative & Supportive Care, 14(4), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951515001121.
Potratz Elizabeth. (2012) Transforming Care at the Bedside: A Model to Promote Staff Nurse Empowerment and Engagement. Master of Arts in Nursing Theses. St. Catherine University.
Spencer, C., & McLaren, S. (2017). Empowerment in nurse leader groups in middle management: a quantitative comparative investigation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(1-2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13426.
Spence H. K. (2008). Effect of empowerment on professional practice environments, work satisfaction, and patient care quality: further testing the Nursing Worklife Model. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 23(4), 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000318028.67910.6b.
Purdy, N., Spence Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Kerr, M., & Olivera, F. (2010). Effects of work environments on nurse and patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 901–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01172.x.
Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Lake, E. T., & Cheney, T. (2008). Effects of hospital care environment on patient mortality and nurse outcomes. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 38(5), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNA.0000312773.42352.d7.
Hauck, A., Quinn Griffin, M. T., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2011). Structural empowerment and anticipated turnover among critical care nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(2), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01205.x.
Gilbert, S., Laschinger, H. K., & Leiter, M. (2010). The mediating effect of burnout on the relationship between structural empowerment and organizational citizenship behaviours. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(3), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01074.x.
Goedhart, N. S., van Oostveen, C. J., & Vermeulen, H. (2017). The effect of structural empowerment of nurses on quality outcomes in hospitals: a scoping review. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(3), 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12455.
Bogue RJ, Joseph ML. (2019). C-Suite Strategies for Nurse Empowerment and Executive Accountability. J Nurs Adm. 49(5):266-272. doi:10.1097/NNA.0000000000000749.
Leiter, M. P., & Spence Laschinger, H. K. (2006). Relationships of work and practice environment to professional burnout: testing a causal model. Nursing Research, 55(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200603000-00009.
Dos Santos Alves, D. F., da Silva, D., & de Brito Guirardello, E. (2017). Nursing practice environment, job outcomes and safety climate: a structural equation modelling analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(1), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12427.
Babaeipour-Divshali, M., Amrollahimishavan, F., Vanaki, Z., Abdollahimohammad, A., & Firouzkouhi, M. (2016). Effect of head nurse empowerment program on staff nurses' job satisfaction at two educational hospitals in Rasht, Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(3), 306–309. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-9066.180379.
Yılmaz A., & Duygulu S. (2021). Developing Psychological Empowerment and Patient Safety Culture: A Pre-experimental Study. J Basic Clin Health Sci, 2: 94-103.
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