Yapay Zeka ve Gazetecilik İlişkisi
Özet
Yapay zeka teknolojilerinin ortaya çıkışı, birçok alanda olduğu gibi gazetecilik açısından da köklü değişiklikler yaratmıştır. Gazetecilik ve teknoloji, her ne kadar birbirinden ayrılamaz olarak görülse de, insan gazetecilerin haber üretim yeteneğini aşan yapay zeka teknolojilerinin yükselişi, gazetecilik rollerinin yeniden tanımlanması gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Yapay zeka teknolojileri; doğal dil işleme (natural language process), makine öğrenimi, derin öğrenme ve görüntü tanıma gibi temel bileşenleri çerçevesinde; otomatik haber yazımı, veri analitiği ve kişiselleştirilmiş içerik dağıtımı gibi uygulamalarla haber üretim süreçlerinde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla söz konusu teknolojiler haber toplama, işleme, üretme ve dağıtma biçimlerinde önemli dönüşümler ortaya çıkarırken, gazetecilik mesleği açısından yarattığı birtakım fırsatlar ve zorluklar üzerinden önemli tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, yapay zeka teknolojileri ve bu teknolojilerin haber süreçlerinde kullanımı ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda doğrulama, gizlilik ve veri güvenliği gibi konuların yanı sıra yapay zeka teknolojilerinin habercilikte kullanımına ilişkin etik tartışmalar ile bu teknolojilerin yarattığı yeni iş modelleri ve potansiyel etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu yönüyle çalışma, yapay zeka ve gazetecilik arasındaki ilişkiye, bu ilişkinin gelişimine, yarattığı değişimlere ve bu doğrultuda ortaya çıkan tartışmalara odaklanmakta, yapay zekanın gazetecilikte kullanımına ilişkin bir çerçeve ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.
Referanslar
Abdulmajeed, M., & Fahmy, N. (2022). Meta-analysis of AI research in journalism: Challenges, opportunities and future research agenda for Arab journalism. In Lecture notes in networks and systems (pp. 213–225). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17746-0_18
Aljalabneh, A., Aljawawdeh, H., Mahmoud, A., Sharadqa, T., & Al-Zoubi, A. (2024). Balancing efficiency and ethics: The challenges of artificial intelligence implementation in journalism. In R. E. Khoury & N. Nasrallah (Eds.), Intelligent systems, business, and innovation research (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, Vol. 489, pp. 579–590). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36895-0_64
Alqahtani, T., Badreldin, H. A., Alrashed, M., Alshaya, A. I., Alghamdi, S. S., Saleh, K. B., Alowais, S. A., Alshaya, O. A., Rahman, I., Yami, M. S. A., & Albekairy, A. M. (2023). The emergent role of artificial intelligence, natural learning processing, and large language models in higher education and research. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 19(8), 1236–1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.05.016
Altman, S. (2023). Planning for AGI and beyond. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/planning-for-agi-and-beyond/
Baldessar, M. J., & Zandomênico, R. (2024). Journalistic ethics in the face of news produced by artificial intelligence. In S. V. Moreira, K. Moles, L. Robinson, & J. Schulz (Eds.), Creating culture through media and communication (Studies in Media and Communications, Vol. 24, pp. 131-137). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020240000024010
Balkin, J. (2018). Free speech in the algorithmic society: Big data, private governance, and new school speech regulation. University of California, Davis Law Review, 51, 1151-1210.
Batur, M. (2023). Veri gazeteciliği konusunda yapılmış tezlerin meta-sentez analizi: Bir derleme ve değerlendirme çalışması. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Ö13, 790–804. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1379222
Beckett, C. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. London School of Economics.
Bradshaw, P. (2014). Data journalism. In L. Zion & D. Craig (Eds.), Ethics for digital journalists: Emerging best practices (pp. 202-219). Routledge.
Broussard, M., Diakopoulos, N., Guzman, A. L., Abebe, R., Dupagne, M., & Chuan, C. H. (2019). Artificial intelligence and journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 673-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901
Calvo-Rubio, L.-M., & Rojas-Torrijos, J.-L. (2024). Criteria for journalistic quality in the use of artificial intelligence. Communication & Society, 37(2), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.37.2.247-259
Carlson, M. (2014). The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi. (2021). Ulusal yapay zeka stratejisi. https://cbddo.gov.tr/uyzs
Chartrand, G., Cheng, P. M., Vorontsov, E., Drozdzal, M., Turcotte, S., Pal, C. J., Kadoury, S., & Tang, A. (2017). Deep learning: A primer for radiologists. Radiographics, 37(7), 2113-2131. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017170077
De-Lima-Santos, M. F., & Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in news media: Current perceptions and future outlook. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002
Durdak, A. (2024, Şubat 10). Anadolu Ajansı Medyada Yapay Zeka Etik Kullanım Rehberi hazırladı. Anadolu Ajansı.https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kurumsal-haberler/anadolu-ajansi-medyada-yapay-zeka-etik-kullanim-rehberi-hazirladi/3133162
Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2023). GPTs are GPTs: An early look at the labor market impact potential of large language models. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.10130
European approach to artificial intelligence. (2024, June 12). Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence
Fanni, S. C., Febi, M., Aghakhanyan, G., & Neri, E. (2023). Natural language processing. In Imaging informatics for healthcare professionals (pp. 87–99). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25928-9_5
Furuncu, D., & Zinderen, A. (2021). Dijital çağda habercilik. İçinde S. K. Elitaş (Ed.), İletişimde dijitalleşme (ss. 151-166). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism.
Gunkel, D. J. (2012). Communication and artificial intelligence: Opportunities and challenges for the 21st century. communication +1, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.7275/R5QJ7F7R
Hamilton, J. T. (2016). Democracy’s detectives: The economics of investigative journalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hansen, M., Roca-Sales, M., Keegan, J. M., & King, G. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Practice and implications for journalism.
Hashimoto, D. A., Rosman, G., Rus, D., & Meireles, O. R. (2018). Artificial intelligence in surgery: Promises and perils. Annals of Surgery, 268(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000002693
Jamil, S. (2021). Automated journalism and the freedom of media: Understanding legal and ethical implications in competitive authoritarian regime. Journalism Practice, 17(6), 1115–1138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981148
Kızrak, A. (2022). Dezenformasyonun zehiri ve şifası: Yapay zeka. Medium. (October 15). Retrieved from https://ayyucekizrak.medium.com
Köroglu, Y. (2017). Yapay zekanın teorik ve pratik sınırları. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 1-10.
Kunert, J. (2020). Automation in sports reporting: Strategies of data providers, software providers, and media outlets. Media and Communication, 8(3), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i3.2996
Lewis, S. C., & Usher, N. (2016). Trading zones, boundary objects, and the pursuit of news innovation: A case study of journalists and programmers. Convergence, 22(5), 543-560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856515623865
Marconi, F. (2020). ENABLERS: THE AI technologies driving journalistic change. In Newsmakers: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism (pp. 55-128). New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/marc19136-005
Carlson, M. (2015). The robotic reporter. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
McAfee, A. P., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Big data: The management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 60-68.
Monti, M. (2019). Automated journalism and freedom of information: Ethical and juridical problems related to AI in the press field. Opinio Juris in Comparatione, 1/2018. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3318460
Moran, R. E., & Shaikh, S. J. (2022). Robots in the news and newsrooms: Unpacking meta-journalistic discourse on the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1756–1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129
Moravec, V., Hynek, N., Skare, M., Gavurova, B., & Kubak, M. (2024). Human or machine? The perception of artificial intelligence in journalism, its socio-economic conditions, and technological developments toward the digital future. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 200, 123162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123162
Nnamdi, C. N., & Nwanyanwu, M. (2021). Utilization of artificial intelligence in journalism in Nigeria. KIU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 205-212.
OECD, (2019a). OECD AI Principles https://www.oecd.org/digital/artificial-intelligence/
OECD, (2019b). G20 AI Principleshttps://oecd.ai/en/wonk/documents/g20-ai-principles
Pavlik, J. (2000). The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, 1, 229-237.
Pavlik, J. V. (2023). Collaborating With ChatGPT: Considering the implications of generative artificial intelligence for journalism and media education. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 78(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958221149577
Rahmani, A. M., Azhir, E., Ali, S., Mohammadi, M., Ahmed, O. H., Ghafour, M. Y., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence approaches and mechanisms for big data analytics: A systematic study. PeerJ. Computer Science, 7, e488. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.488
RSF. (2023, October 11). RSF and 16 partners unveil Paris Charter on AI and Journalism. Retrieved from https://rsf.org/en/rsf-and-16-partners-unveil-paris-charter-ai-and-journalism
Stray, J. (2019). Making Artificial Intelligence Work for Investigative Journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(8), 1076–1097. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1630289
Tejedor, S., & Vila, P. (2021). Exo Journalism: A Conceptual Approach to a Hybrid Formula between Journalism and Artificial Intelligence. Journalism and Media, 2(4), 830–840. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040048
Tison, D. (2023). The Future of Journalism: Opportunities and Challenges of Human-AI Collaboration.
Van Dalen, A. (2012). The Algorithms Behind the Headlines: How Machine-written News Redefines the Core Skills of Human Journalists. Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
Vasterman, P. L. M. (2005). Media-Hype: Self-Reinforcing News Waves, Journalistic Standards and the Construction of Social Problems. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 508-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105058254
Verma, M. (2018). Artificial intelligence and its scope in different areas with special reference to the field of education. International Journal of Advanced Educational Research, 3(1), 5-10.
Vinsel, L., & Funk, J. (2022, June 29). Hype is a weaponized form of optimism. NimenLab. Retrieved from https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/06/hype-is-a-weaponized-form-of-optimism/
Whittaker, J. P. (2019). Tech Giants, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of Journalism (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351013758
Yael de Haan, E., van den Berg, E., Goutier, N., Kruikemeier, S., & Lecheler, S. (2022). Invisible Friend or Foe? How Journalists Use and Perceive Algorithmic-Driven Tools in Their Research Process. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1775-1793. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2027798
Yurdigül, Y., & Yüksel, H. (2012). Gazeteciliğin dönüşümü: Yeni medyaya entegrasyon sürecinde değişen habercilik pratikleri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (18), 140-161.
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zhang, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Study on artificial intelligence: The state of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23, 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100224
Referanslar
Abdulmajeed, M., & Fahmy, N. (2022). Meta-analysis of AI research in journalism: Challenges, opportunities and future research agenda for Arab journalism. In Lecture notes in networks and systems (pp. 213–225). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17746-0_18
Aljalabneh, A., Aljawawdeh, H., Mahmoud, A., Sharadqa, T., & Al-Zoubi, A. (2024). Balancing efficiency and ethics: The challenges of artificial intelligence implementation in journalism. In R. E. Khoury & N. Nasrallah (Eds.), Intelligent systems, business, and innovation research (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, Vol. 489, pp. 579–590). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36895-0_64
Alqahtani, T., Badreldin, H. A., Alrashed, M., Alshaya, A. I., Alghamdi, S. S., Saleh, K. B., Alowais, S. A., Alshaya, O. A., Rahman, I., Yami, M. S. A., & Albekairy, A. M. (2023). The emergent role of artificial intelligence, natural learning processing, and large language models in higher education and research. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 19(8), 1236–1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.05.016
Altman, S. (2023). Planning for AGI and beyond. OpenAI. https://openai.com/index/planning-for-agi-and-beyond/
Baldessar, M. J., & Zandomênico, R. (2024). Journalistic ethics in the face of news produced by artificial intelligence. In S. V. Moreira, K. Moles, L. Robinson, & J. Schulz (Eds.), Creating culture through media and communication (Studies in Media and Communications, Vol. 24, pp. 131-137). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020240000024010
Balkin, J. (2018). Free speech in the algorithmic society: Big data, private governance, and new school speech regulation. University of California, Davis Law Review, 51, 1151-1210.
Batur, M. (2023). Veri gazeteciliği konusunda yapılmış tezlerin meta-sentez analizi: Bir derleme ve değerlendirme çalışması. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Ö13, 790–804. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1379222
Beckett, C. (2019). New powers, new responsibilities: A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence. London School of Economics.
Bradshaw, P. (2014). Data journalism. In L. Zion & D. Craig (Eds.), Ethics for digital journalists: Emerging best practices (pp. 202-219). Routledge.
Broussard, M., Diakopoulos, N., Guzman, A. L., Abebe, R., Dupagne, M., & Chuan, C. H. (2019). Artificial intelligence and journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 673-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901
Calvo-Rubio, L.-M., & Rojas-Torrijos, J.-L. (2024). Criteria for journalistic quality in the use of artificial intelligence. Communication & Society, 37(2), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.37.2.247-259
Carlson, M. (2014). The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi. (2021). Ulusal yapay zeka stratejisi. https://cbddo.gov.tr/uyzs
Chartrand, G., Cheng, P. M., Vorontsov, E., Drozdzal, M., Turcotte, S., Pal, C. J., Kadoury, S., & Tang, A. (2017). Deep learning: A primer for radiologists. Radiographics, 37(7), 2113-2131. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017170077
De-Lima-Santos, M. F., & Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial intelligence in news media: Current perceptions and future outlook. Journalism and Media, 3(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002
Durdak, A. (2024, Şubat 10). Anadolu Ajansı Medyada Yapay Zeka Etik Kullanım Rehberi hazırladı. Anadolu Ajansı.https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kurumsal-haberler/anadolu-ajansi-medyada-yapay-zeka-etik-kullanim-rehberi-hazirladi/3133162
Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2023). GPTs are GPTs: An early look at the labor market impact potential of large language models. arXiv (Cornell University). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.10130
European approach to artificial intelligence. (2024, June 12). Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence
Fanni, S. C., Febi, M., Aghakhanyan, G., & Neri, E. (2023). Natural language processing. In Imaging informatics for healthcare professionals (pp. 87–99). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25928-9_5
Furuncu, D., & Zinderen, A. (2021). Dijital çağda habercilik. İçinde S. K. Elitaş (Ed.), İletişimde dijitalleşme (ss. 151-166). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism.
Gunkel, D. J. (2012). Communication and artificial intelligence: Opportunities and challenges for the 21st century. communication +1, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.7275/R5QJ7F7R
Hamilton, J. T. (2016). Democracy’s detectives: The economics of investigative journalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hansen, M., Roca-Sales, M., Keegan, J. M., & King, G. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Practice and implications for journalism.
Hashimoto, D. A., Rosman, G., Rus, D., & Meireles, O. R. (2018). Artificial intelligence in surgery: Promises and perils. Annals of Surgery, 268(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000002693
Jamil, S. (2021). Automated journalism and the freedom of media: Understanding legal and ethical implications in competitive authoritarian regime. Journalism Practice, 17(6), 1115–1138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981148
Kızrak, A. (2022). Dezenformasyonun zehiri ve şifası: Yapay zeka. Medium. (October 15). Retrieved from https://ayyucekizrak.medium.com
Köroglu, Y. (2017). Yapay zekanın teorik ve pratik sınırları. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 1-10.
Kunert, J. (2020). Automation in sports reporting: Strategies of data providers, software providers, and media outlets. Media and Communication, 8(3), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i3.2996
Lewis, S. C., & Usher, N. (2016). Trading zones, boundary objects, and the pursuit of news innovation: A case study of journalists and programmers. Convergence, 22(5), 543-560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856515623865
Marconi, F. (2020). ENABLERS: THE AI technologies driving journalistic change. In Newsmakers: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism (pp. 55-128). New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/marc19136-005
Carlson, M. (2015). The robotic reporter. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
McAfee, A. P., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Big data: The management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 60-68.
Monti, M. (2019). Automated journalism and freedom of information: Ethical and juridical problems related to AI in the press field. Opinio Juris in Comparatione, 1/2018. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3318460
Moran, R. E., & Shaikh, S. J. (2022). Robots in the news and newsrooms: Unpacking meta-journalistic discourse on the use of artificial intelligence in journalism. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1756–1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129
Moravec, V., Hynek, N., Skare, M., Gavurova, B., & Kubak, M. (2024). Human or machine? The perception of artificial intelligence in journalism, its socio-economic conditions, and technological developments toward the digital future. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 200, 123162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123162
Nnamdi, C. N., & Nwanyanwu, M. (2021). Utilization of artificial intelligence in journalism in Nigeria. KIU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 205-212.
OECD, (2019a). OECD AI Principles https://www.oecd.org/digital/artificial-intelligence/
OECD, (2019b). G20 AI Principleshttps://oecd.ai/en/wonk/documents/g20-ai-principles
Pavlik, J. (2000). The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, 1, 229-237.
Pavlik, J. V. (2023). Collaborating With ChatGPT: Considering the implications of generative artificial intelligence for journalism and media education. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 78(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958221149577
Rahmani, A. M., Azhir, E., Ali, S., Mohammadi, M., Ahmed, O. H., Ghafour, M. Y., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence approaches and mechanisms for big data analytics: A systematic study. PeerJ. Computer Science, 7, e488. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.488
RSF. (2023, October 11). RSF and 16 partners unveil Paris Charter on AI and Journalism. Retrieved from https://rsf.org/en/rsf-and-16-partners-unveil-paris-charter-ai-and-journalism
Stray, J. (2019). Making Artificial Intelligence Work for Investigative Journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(8), 1076–1097. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1630289
Tejedor, S., & Vila, P. (2021). Exo Journalism: A Conceptual Approach to a Hybrid Formula between Journalism and Artificial Intelligence. Journalism and Media, 2(4), 830–840. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040048
Tison, D. (2023). The Future of Journalism: Opportunities and Challenges of Human-AI Collaboration.
Van Dalen, A. (2012). The Algorithms Behind the Headlines: How Machine-written News Redefines the Core Skills of Human Journalists. Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
Vasterman, P. L. M. (2005). Media-Hype: Self-Reinforcing News Waves, Journalistic Standards and the Construction of Social Problems. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 508-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323105058254
Verma, M. (2018). Artificial intelligence and its scope in different areas with special reference to the field of education. International Journal of Advanced Educational Research, 3(1), 5-10.
Vinsel, L., & Funk, J. (2022, June 29). Hype is a weaponized form of optimism. NimenLab. Retrieved from https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/06/hype-is-a-weaponized-form-of-optimism/
Whittaker, J. P. (2019). Tech Giants, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of Journalism (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351013758
Yael de Haan, E., van den Berg, E., Goutier, N., Kruikemeier, S., & Lecheler, S. (2022). Invisible Friend or Foe? How Journalists Use and Perceive Algorithmic-Driven Tools in Their Research Process. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1775-1793. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2027798
Yurdigül, Y., & Yüksel, H. (2012). Gazeteciliğin dönüşümü: Yeni medyaya entegrasyon sürecinde değişen habercilik pratikleri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (18), 140-161.
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zhang, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Study on artificial intelligence: The state of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23, 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100224
