Sağlık Gazeteciliğinin Rolü: Tarihsel Kökler ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar
Özet
Sağlık gazeteciliği, sağlıkla ilgili bilgileri halkı bilgilendirme ve eğitme amacıyla sunmanın yanı sıra, kültürel bağlamlarda anlam inşa eden ve bu anlamları şekillendiren bir pratiktir. Sağlık konularının medyada nasıl temsil edildiği, halkın sağlık ve hastalık algısının oluşmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Temsil ve söylem analizleri, medya içeriklerinin toplumsal normları ve değerleri nasıl yeniden ürettiğini ve güç ilişkilerini nasıl pekiştirdiğini gösterir. Makalenin amacı, sağlık gazeteciliğinin tarihsel gelişimini, etik ilkelerini ve günümüzdeki rolünü inceleyerek bu alanın karmaşıklığını ve çok boyutlu doğasını ortaya koymaktır. Bu makale, literatür taraması yöntemi kullanarak, mevcut akademik çalışmalar ve haber teorileri üzerinden sağlık gazeteciliğinin farklı perspektiflerini ve yaklaşımlarını bir araya getirmektedir. Sağlık krizlerinde kritik rol oynayan sağlık gazeteciliği, 20. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren uzman tıp gazetecileriyle profesyonel hale gelmiştir. Dijital çağda internet ve sosyal medya aracılığıyla geniş kitlelere ulaşmaktadır. Bu süreçte sağlık gazeteciliği, kültürel değerleri ve inançları yeniden üreterek sağlık sorunlarına ilişkin kamuoyunun algısını şekillenmesinde etkindir. Sonuç olarak, sağlık gazeteciliği sosyal adaleti teşvik etme ve sağlık eşitsizliklerini görünür kılma potansiyeline sahiptir. Kültürel çalışmalar perspektifi, sağlık gazeteciliğinin toplumsal ve kültürel bağlamlarını anlamanın önemini vurgular. Etik ilkeler, temsil sorunları ve nesnellik-savunuculuk tartışmaları bu alandaki önemli konular arasındadır. Sağlık gazeteciliğinin karmaşıklığı ve çok boyutlu doğası, duyarlı bir sağlık iletişimi stratejisinin geliştirilmesini gerektirir.
Referanslar
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Ardıç Çobaner, A., Alkan, N., & Dural Tasouji, C. (2022). Evaluation of Digital News about the COVID-19 Vaccine Turkovac in terms of Health Reporting Criteria. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 24–43. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1143278
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Hodgetts, D., Chamberlain, K., Scammell, M., Karapu, R., & Waimarie Nikora, L. (2008). Constructing health news: possibilities for a civic-oriented journalism. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 12(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459307083697
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Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and healers in the context of culture : an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry . University of California Press.
Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned Social Change. Journal of Marketing, 35(3), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297103500302
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Referanslar
Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (1995). Healthy culture : beyond the Western paradigm. Sage.
Althusser, L. (2010). Ideoloji ve Devletin Ideolojik Aygitlari. İthaki .
Ardıç Çobaner, A., Alkan, N., & Dural Tasouji, C. (2022). Evaluation of Digital News about the COVID-19 Vaccine Turkovac in terms of Health Reporting Criteria. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 24–43. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1143278
Atabek, Ü., Atabek, G., & Bilge, D. (2014). Televizyon Sağlık Programlarında İdeolojik Söylemler. Galatasaray University Journal of Communication, 20(3), 11–30.
Ayaz, F., & Yüksel, E. (2021). Medyadaki Sağlık İçeriklerini Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir Model Önerisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 599–626. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.959284
Barnes, C., & British Council Of Organizations Of Disabled People. (1992). Disabling imagery and the media : an exploration of the principles for media representations of disabled people. Erscheinungsort Nicht Ermittelbar] Bcodp.
Barry, J. M. (2004). The great influenza : the epic story of the deadliest plague in history. Viking.
Berry, T. R., Wharf-Higgins, J., & Naylor, P. J. (2007). SARS Wars: An Examination of the Quantity and Construction of Health Information in the News Media. Health Communication, 21(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230701283322
Bilişli, Y. (2019). İnternet Sağlık Haberlerinde Tıbbileştirmenin İnşaası: Sağlık Haber Söylemine Eleştirel Bir Bakış. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(4), 3608–3629. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.538440
Block, B. A. (2007). The visual story : creating the visual structure of film, TV and digital media. Focal Press.
Boyce, T. (2006). JOURNALISM AND EXPERTISE. Journalism Studies, 7(6), 889–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700600980652
Briggs, C. L., & Hallin, D. C. (2016). Making Health Public. Routledge.
Briggs, C. L., & Mantini-Briggs, C. (2003). Stories in the Time of Cholera. Univ of California Press.
C. Edwin Baker. (2001). Media, Markets, and Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Clarke, J. N. (1999). Prostate Cancer’s Hegemonic Masculinity in Select Print Mass Media Depictions (1974-1995). Health Communication, 11(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1101_4
Clive Seale. (2002). Media and health. Sage Publications.
Conrad, P. (1992). Medicalization and Social Control. Annual Review of Sociology, 18(1), 209–232.
Conrad, P. (2007). The Medicalization of Society : On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Coverdale, J., Nairn, R., & Claasen, D. (2002). Depictions of Mental Illness in Print Media: A Prospective National Sample. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(5), 697–700. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00998.x
Doyle, G. (2006). Media ownership : the economics and politics of convergence and concentration in the UK and European media. Sage.
Dudo, A. D., Dahlstrom, M. F., & Brossard, D. (2007). Reporting a Potential Pandemic. Science Communication, 28(4), 429–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547007302211
Dutta, M. J. (2018). Culture-centered Approach in Addressing Health Disparities: Communication Infrastructures for Subaltern Voices. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(4), 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1453057
Dutta, M. J., Anaele, A., & Jones, C. (2013). Voices of Hunger: Addressing Health Disparities Through the Culture-Centered Approach. Journal of Communication, 63(1), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12009
Eckler, P., & Mantar, O. B. (2023). The ethics of health journalism: Reporting a pandemic. In S. Duncan (Ed.), Ethics for Journalists (pp. 199–222). Routledge.
Entman, R. M. (1990). Democracy without Citizens. Oxford University Press.
Ettema, J. S., & Glasser, T. L. (1998). Custodians of conscience : investigative journalism and public virtue. Columbia University Press.
Everett Mitchell Rogers. (2005). A history of communication study : a biographical approach. The Free Press, [Post ], Cop.
Eysenbach, G. (2008). Medicine 2.0: Social Networking, Collaboration, Participation, Apomediation, and Openness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10(3), e22. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1030
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. Pantheon Books.
Freimuth, V. S., & Quinn, S. C. (2004). The Contributions of Health Communication to Eliminating Health Disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 94(12), 2053–2055. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.12.2053
Fulya Şen. (2013). Sağlık Hakkı ve Medya: “Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı”nın Medyada Yansımaları. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 20(3), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.16878/gsuileti%C5%9Fim.99970
Gamze Dinler. (2020). “Güzellik-Estetik-Sağlık” İçerikli İnternet Haberlerinin Sağlık İletişimi ve Gazetecilik Etiği Bağlamında İncelenmesi. Aksaray İletişim Dergisi, 2(2), 119–134.
Gibbons, M. C. (2005). A Historical Overview of Health Disparities and the Potential of eHealth Solutions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(5), e50. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7.5.e50
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Polity Press.
Gollust, S. E., Lantz, P. M., & Ubel, P. A. (2009). The Polarizing Effect of News Media Messages About the Social Determinants of Health. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2160–2167. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.161414
Gramci, A. (2007). Hapishane defterleri. Belge Yayınları.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. Sage.
Hallin, D. C., & Briggs, C. L. (2015). Transcending the medical/media opposition in research on news coverage of health and medicine. Media, Culture & Society, 37(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714549090
Hodgetts, D., Chamberlain, K., Scammell, M., Karapu, R., & Waimarie Nikora, L. (2008). Constructing health news: possibilities for a civic-oriented journalism. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 12(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459307083697
Holmes, B. J. (2008). Communicating about emerging infectious disease: The importance of research. Health, Risk & Society, 10(4), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570802166431
James Keith Colgrove. (2006). State of immunity : the politics of vaccination in twentieth-century America. University Of California Press ; New York.
Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30(25), 3778–3789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
Kaya, A., Erkan Yüksel, & Pelin Öğüt. (2013). Sağlık Haberlerinde “Mucize Tedvi”ler. Selçuk İletişim, 7(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.18094/si.33714
Kiernan, V. (2006). Embargoed science. University Of Illinois Press.
Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and healers in the context of culture : an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry . University of California Press.
Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned Social Change. Journal of Marketing, 35(3), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224297103500302
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2014). The elements of journalism : what newspeople should know and the public should expect. Three Rivers Press.
Larrondo Ureta, A., & Santos Diez, T. (2017). Features and Dimensions of Health Care Journalism: A Case Study on Spanish Free Magazines. SAGE Open, 7(4), 215824401774817. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017748176
Lee Wright, P. (2010). Culture Shock: New media and organizational change in the BBC. In N. Fenton (Ed.), New Media, Old News: Journalism and Democracy in the Digital (pp. 73–86). Sage Publications Ltd.
Macquail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory. Sage Publ.
Maden, S. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve sağlık haberciliği: Prof. Dr. Erkan Yüksel ile söyleşi. Etkileşim, 3(6), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2020.6.83
Mcchesney, R. W. (2008). The political economy of media : enduring issues, emerging dilemmas. Monthly Review Press.
Navarro, V. (2009). What we mean by social determinants of health. Global Health Promotion, 16(1), 05-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975908100746
Nordeen , N., & Hettiarachchi, D. (2020). The Impact and Challenges of Medical Journalism: A Review. University of Colombo Review (Series Lll), 1(1), 37–46.
Parkes, E. (2013). Mode of Communication of Cholera. By John Snow, MD: Second Edition - London, 1855, pp 162. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(6), 1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt193
Robert Waterman Mcchesney, & Nichols, J. (2010). The death and life of American journalism : the media revolution that will begin the world again. Nation Books.
Rosenberg, C. (1962). The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. University Of Chicago Press.
Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
Schwitzer, G. (2004). Ten troublesome trends in TV health news. BMJ, 329(7478), 1352. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7478.1352
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