Haberde Nesnelliği Yeniden Düşünmek: Tarihsel Temellerin, Teorik Zorlukların ve Güncel Pratiklerin Eleştirel Bir İncelemesi
Özet
Batı medya kültürlerinde derin kökleri olan gazetecilikte nesnellik kavramı, haber üretimini önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Uzun süredir devam eden etkisine rağmen, nesnellik yoğun eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Bu bölüm, gerçekliğin tarafsız bir yansıması olarak habere ilişkin geleneksel bakış açısına meydan okuyarak bu tartışmaları incelemektedir. Geleneksel liberal yaklaşımlar, bilimsel yöntemlerle haberlerin tarafsız olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Buna karşılık, Marksist ve Kültürel Çalışmalar da dahil olmak üzere eleştirel bakış açıları, haberin ideolojik, ekonomik ve politik güçler tarafından şekillendirilen ve çoğunlukla baskın çıkarlara hizmet eden, toplumsal olarak inşa edilmiş bir söylem olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bölüm, haber üretimi üzerindeki ekonomik ve politik etkileri tartışmakta, çeşitliliği ve hesap verebilirliği teşvik edecek düzenleyici çerçevelere duyulan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır. Daha bilinçli ve demokratik bir kamusal söylemi teşvik etmek için ekonomik çıkarlar, güç dinamikleri ve kültürel bağlamlar arasındaki etkileşimi dikkate alarak, nesnellik kavramını eleştirel bir açıdan ele alınması gerektiğini savunmaktadır.
Referanslar
Apuke, O. D. (2017). Another Look at the Political Economy of the Mainstream and New Media: The Capitalists Influence. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism, 07(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7912.1000341
Bailard, C. S. (2016). Corporate Ownership and News Bias Revisited: Newspaper Coverage of the Supreme Court’s Citizens United Ruling. Political Communication, 33(4), 583–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1142489
Bhayroo, S. (2008). The ownership of online news: a political economy analysis of www.FOXNews.com and www.news.yahoo.com Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Louisiana State University.
Boudana, S. (2011). A definition of journalistic objectivity as a performance. Media, Culture & Society, 33(3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710394899
Bulut, S. (2020). The Political Economy of News Production. İçinde S. Karlidag & S. Bulut (Eds.), Handbook of Research on the Political Economy of Communications and Media (pp. 98–115). IGI Global.
Chakravartty, P., ve Schiller, D. (2010). Neoliberal Newspeak and Digital Capitalism in Crisis. International Journal of Communication, 4, 670–692.
Clausen, L. (2003). Global news production. Copenhagen Business School.
Curran, J., Gurevitch, M., ve Woollacott, J. (1991). İletişim Araçları Üzerine Çalışma: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar. İlef Yıllık, 228–253.
Dahlgren, P. (1986). Beyond Information: TV News as a Cultural Discourse. Communications, 12(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.1986.12.2.125
Durham, M. G. (1998). On the Relevance of Standpoint Epistemology to the Practice of Journalism: The Case for “Strong Objectivity.” Communication Theory, 8(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1998.tb00213.x
Elliot, P., Murdock, G., ve Schlesinger, P. (1986). Terrorism and the state: a case study of the discourses of television. İçinde R. Collins (Ed.), Media, Culture and Society: A Critical Reader (pp. 264–287). Sage.
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises In Four Norwegian Newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what’s news. Random House.
Garnham, N. (1994). Capitalism and communication: global culture and the economics of information. Sage.
Glasgow University Media Group. (1976). Bad news. Routledge & K. Paul.
Golding, P., ve Murdock, G. (1979). Ideology and the Mass Media: The Question of Determination. İçinde M. Barrett, P. Corrigan, A. Kuhn, & J. Wolff (Eds.), Routledge Revivals: Ideology and Cultural Production (pp. 198–224). Routledge.
Goldstein, T. (2007). Journalism and truth: strange bedfellows. Northwestern University Press.
Goodarzi, M., Fahimifar, A. A., ve Shakeri Daryani, E. (2021). New Media and Ideology: A Critical Perspective. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 5(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2021.327938.1065
Hackett, R. A. (1998). Bir Paradigmanın Önemini. Yitirişi: Haber Medyası Çalışmalarında Yanlılık ve Nesnellik. İLEF Yıllık , 1997-1998, 31–72.
Hall, S. (2005). “İdeolojinin Yeniden Keşfi: Medya Çalışmalarında Baskı Altında Tutulanın Geri Dönüşü. İçinde M. Küçük (Ed.), Medya, İktidar, İdeoloji (pp. 75–123). Bilim ve Sanat YayInları.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., ve Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order. Macmillan Education.
Hallin, D. C. (2005). Eleştirel Kuram Perspektifinden Amerikan Haber Medyası. İçinde E. Mutlu (Ed.), Kitle İletişim Kuramları (pp. 291–320). Ütopya Yayınevi.
Hardy, J. (2013). Critical political economy of the media: an introduction. Routledge.
Hendrickson, E., ve Wilkins, L. (2009). THE WAGES OF SYNERGY. Journalism Practice, 3(4), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780902798729
Hindman, E. B. (1998). “Spectacles of the Poor”: Conventions of Alternative News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(1), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500117
Humprecht, E., ve Esser, F. (2016). Mapping digital journalism: Comparing 48 news websites from six countries. Journalism, 19(4), 500–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916667872
İnal, M. A. (1995). Yazılı Basın Haberlerinde Yapısal Yanlılık Sorunu. Toplum ve Bilim, 67, 111–133.
Jansen, Z. L. (2013). International Media and Cultural Flows: A Critical Political Economy of Media Organisations in the 21stCentury, A case of the Reuters News Agency. South African Review of Sociology, 44(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2013.784450
Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman. (2014). The Political Economy of News in China. Lexington Books.
Kaderoğlu Bulut, Ç. (2020). The Political Economy of Mediain Turkey: An Infrastructural Analysis. İçinde S. Karlidag & S. Bulut (Eds.), Handbook of Resear ch on the Political Economy of Communications and Media (pp. 181–206). IGI Global.
Kitch, C. (1999). Rethinking Objectivity in Journalism and History. American Journalism, 16(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08821127.1999.10739177
Klaehn, J. (2002). A Critical Review and Assessment of Herman and Chomsky’s`PropagandaModel’. European Journal of Communication, 17(2), 147–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323102017002691
KOLLMEYER, C. J. (2004). Corporate Interests: How the News Media Portray the Economy. Social Problems, 51(3), 432–452. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2004.51.3.432
Lacy, S., Fico, F., ve Simon, T. (1989). Relationships among economic, newsroom, and content variables: A path model. Journal of Media Economics, 2(2), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997768909358185
LeBrun, B., Todd, K., ve Piper, A. (2022). Buying the news: A quantitative study of the effects of corporate acquisition on local news. New Media & Society, 26(4), 2189–2212. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221079030
Lee, T., ve Hwang, F. H. (2004). Journalistic ideologies versus corporate interests: How time and Warner’s Merger influencestime’scontent. Communication Research Reports, 21(2), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090409359980
Mansell, R. (2004). Political Economy, Power and New Media. New Media & Society, 6(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804039910
Martin, H. J., ve Souder, L. (2009). Interdependence in Media Economics: Ethical Implications of the Economic Characteristics of News. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(2-3), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520902885210
McChesney, R. W. (2012). The Political Economy of Communication. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies., 1, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444361506.wbiems031
Meadows, M. (1999). Cultural Studies and Journalism. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 90(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000107
Molotch, H., ve Lester, M. (1981). News as purposive behaviour: on the strategic use of routine events, accidents and scandals. İçinde S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News (pp. 118–138). Sage.
Mosco, V. (2009). The Political Economy of Communication. SAGE.
Murdock, G. (1981). Political deviance: the pres presentation of a militant mass demonstration. İçinde S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News (pp. 206–226). Sage.
Powers, A., ve An, S. (2009). The Effect of Ownership Structure on News Coverage in the United States. Observatorio (OBS*), 3(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs312009220
Price, C. J. (2003). Interfering Owners or Meddling Advertisers: How Network Television News Correspondents Feel About Ownership and Advertiser Influence on News Stories. Journal of Media Economics, 16(3), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1603_3
Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic Ethics, Objectivity, Existential Journalism, Standpoint Epistemology, and Public Journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1601_2
Schudson, M. (1994). Haber Üretiminin Sosyolojisi. İLEF Yıllık‟94, 307–326.
Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
Sobbrio, F. (2014). The political economy of news media: theory, evidence and open issues. İçinde F. Forte, R. Mudambi ve P. M. Navarra (Eds.), A Handbook of Alternative Theories of Public Economics (pp. 278–320). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Steffen, L. S., Henriques, M. N., & Lisboa Filho, F. F. (2020). Cultural-mediatic analysis as a theoretical-methodological protocol of communication research. Intercom: Revista Brasileira de Ciências Da Comunicação, 43(3), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-5844202031
Sussman, G. (2012). Systemic Propaganda as Ideology and Productive Exchange. TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 474–487. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.370
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News: a Study in the Construction of Reality. Free Press.
Wasko, J. (2005). Studying the political economy of media and information. Comunicação E Sociedade, 7, 25–48. https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.7(2005).1208
Wien, C. (2005). Defining Objectivity within Journalism. Nordicom Review, 26(2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0255
Referanslar
Apuke, O. D. (2017). Another Look at the Political Economy of the Mainstream and New Media: The Capitalists Influence. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism, 07(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7912.1000341
Bailard, C. S. (2016). Corporate Ownership and News Bias Revisited: Newspaper Coverage of the Supreme Court’s Citizens United Ruling. Political Communication, 33(4), 583–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1142489
Bhayroo, S. (2008). The ownership of online news: a political economy analysis of www.FOXNews.com and www.news.yahoo.com Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Louisiana State University.
Boudana, S. (2011). A definition of journalistic objectivity as a performance. Media, Culture & Society, 33(3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710394899
Bulut, S. (2020). The Political Economy of News Production. İçinde S. Karlidag & S. Bulut (Eds.), Handbook of Research on the Political Economy of Communications and Media (pp. 98–115). IGI Global.
Chakravartty, P., ve Schiller, D. (2010). Neoliberal Newspeak and Digital Capitalism in Crisis. International Journal of Communication, 4, 670–692.
Clausen, L. (2003). Global news production. Copenhagen Business School.
Curran, J., Gurevitch, M., ve Woollacott, J. (1991). İletişim Araçları Üzerine Çalışma: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar. İlef Yıllık, 228–253.
Dahlgren, P. (1986). Beyond Information: TV News as a Cultural Discourse. Communications, 12(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.1986.12.2.125
Durham, M. G. (1998). On the Relevance of Standpoint Epistemology to the Practice of Journalism: The Case for “Strong Objectivity.” Communication Theory, 8(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1998.tb00213.x
Elliot, P., Murdock, G., ve Schlesinger, P. (1986). Terrorism and the state: a case study of the discourses of television. İçinde R. Collins (Ed.), Media, Culture and Society: A Critical Reader (pp. 264–287). Sage.
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises In Four Norwegian Newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what’s news. Random House.
Garnham, N. (1994). Capitalism and communication: global culture and the economics of information. Sage.
Glasgow University Media Group. (1976). Bad news. Routledge & K. Paul.
Golding, P., ve Murdock, G. (1979). Ideology and the Mass Media: The Question of Determination. İçinde M. Barrett, P. Corrigan, A. Kuhn, & J. Wolff (Eds.), Routledge Revivals: Ideology and Cultural Production (pp. 198–224). Routledge.
Goldstein, T. (2007). Journalism and truth: strange bedfellows. Northwestern University Press.
Goodarzi, M., Fahimifar, A. A., ve Shakeri Daryani, E. (2021). New Media and Ideology: A Critical Perspective. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 5(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcss.2021.327938.1065
Hackett, R. A. (1998). Bir Paradigmanın Önemini. Yitirişi: Haber Medyası Çalışmalarında Yanlılık ve Nesnellik. İLEF Yıllık , 1997-1998, 31–72.
Hall, S. (2005). “İdeolojinin Yeniden Keşfi: Medya Çalışmalarında Baskı Altında Tutulanın Geri Dönüşü. İçinde M. Küçük (Ed.), Medya, İktidar, İdeoloji (pp. 75–123). Bilim ve Sanat YayInları.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., ve Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state, and law and order. Macmillan Education.
Hallin, D. C. (2005). Eleştirel Kuram Perspektifinden Amerikan Haber Medyası. İçinde E. Mutlu (Ed.), Kitle İletişim Kuramları (pp. 291–320). Ütopya Yayınevi.
Hardy, J. (2013). Critical political economy of the media: an introduction. Routledge.
Hendrickson, E., ve Wilkins, L. (2009). THE WAGES OF SYNERGY. Journalism Practice, 3(4), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780902798729
Hindman, E. B. (1998). “Spectacles of the Poor”: Conventions of Alternative News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(1), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500117
Humprecht, E., ve Esser, F. (2016). Mapping digital journalism: Comparing 48 news websites from six countries. Journalism, 19(4), 500–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916667872
İnal, M. A. (1995). Yazılı Basın Haberlerinde Yapısal Yanlılık Sorunu. Toplum ve Bilim, 67, 111–133.
Jansen, Z. L. (2013). International Media and Cultural Flows: A Critical Political Economy of Media Organisations in the 21stCentury, A case of the Reuters News Agency. South African Review of Sociology, 44(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2013.784450
Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman. (2014). The Political Economy of News in China. Lexington Books.
Kaderoğlu Bulut, Ç. (2020). The Political Economy of Mediain Turkey: An Infrastructural Analysis. İçinde S. Karlidag & S. Bulut (Eds.), Handbook of Resear ch on the Political Economy of Communications and Media (pp. 181–206). IGI Global.
Kitch, C. (1999). Rethinking Objectivity in Journalism and History. American Journalism, 16(2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08821127.1999.10739177
Klaehn, J. (2002). A Critical Review and Assessment of Herman and Chomsky’s`PropagandaModel’. European Journal of Communication, 17(2), 147–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323102017002691
KOLLMEYER, C. J. (2004). Corporate Interests: How the News Media Portray the Economy. Social Problems, 51(3), 432–452. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2004.51.3.432
Lacy, S., Fico, F., ve Simon, T. (1989). Relationships among economic, newsroom, and content variables: A path model. Journal of Media Economics, 2(2), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997768909358185
LeBrun, B., Todd, K., ve Piper, A. (2022). Buying the news: A quantitative study of the effects of corporate acquisition on local news. New Media & Society, 26(4), 2189–2212. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221079030
Lee, T., ve Hwang, F. H. (2004). Journalistic ideologies versus corporate interests: How time and Warner’s Merger influencestime’scontent. Communication Research Reports, 21(2), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090409359980
Mansell, R. (2004). Political Economy, Power and New Media. New Media & Society, 6(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804039910
Martin, H. J., ve Souder, L. (2009). Interdependence in Media Economics: Ethical Implications of the Economic Characteristics of News. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(2-3), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520902885210
McChesney, R. W. (2012). The Political Economy of Communication. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies., 1, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444361506.wbiems031
Meadows, M. (1999). Cultural Studies and Journalism. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 90(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000107
Molotch, H., ve Lester, M. (1981). News as purposive behaviour: on the strategic use of routine events, accidents and scandals. İçinde S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News (pp. 118–138). Sage.
Mosco, V. (2009). The Political Economy of Communication. SAGE.
Murdock, G. (1981). Political deviance: the pres presentation of a militant mass demonstration. İçinde S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The Manufacture of News (pp. 206–226). Sage.
Powers, A., ve An, S. (2009). The Effect of Ownership Structure on News Coverage in the United States. Observatorio (OBS*), 3(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.15847/obsobs312009220
Price, C. J. (2003). Interfering Owners or Meddling Advertisers: How Network Television News Correspondents Feel About Ownership and Advertiser Influence on News Stories. Journal of Media Economics, 16(3), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1603_3
Ryan, M. (2001). Journalistic Ethics, Objectivity, Existential Journalism, Standpoint Epistemology, and Public Journalism. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1601_2
Schudson, M. (1994). Haber Üretiminin Sosyolojisi. İLEF Yıllık‟94, 307–326.
Schudson, M. (2001). The objectivity norm in American journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 2(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201
Sobbrio, F. (2014). The political economy of news media: theory, evidence and open issues. İçinde F. Forte, R. Mudambi ve P. M. Navarra (Eds.), A Handbook of Alternative Theories of Public Economics (pp. 278–320). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Steffen, L. S., Henriques, M. N., & Lisboa Filho, F. F. (2020). Cultural-mediatic analysis as a theoretical-methodological protocol of communication research. Intercom: Revista Brasileira de Ciências Da Comunicação, 43(3), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-5844202031
Sussman, G. (2012). Systemic Propaganda as Ideology and Productive Exchange. TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 474–487. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.370
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News: a Study in the Construction of Reality. Free Press.
Wasko, J. (2005). Studying the political economy of media and information. Comunicação E Sociedade, 7, 25–48. https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.7(2005).1208
Wien, C. (2005). Defining Objectivity within Journalism. Nordicom Review, 26(2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0255
