Kardiyak Cerrahi Sonrası Pacing

DiBiase A, Tse TM, Schnittger I, et al. Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant recipients and need for pacemakers. Am J Cardiol. 1991 Jun 15;67(16):1385-1389.

Woo GW, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of cardiac pacing after cardiac transplantation: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Transplantation. 2008 Apr 27; 85(8):1216-1218. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31816b677c.

Weiss ES, Nwakanma LU, Russell SB, et al. Outcomes in bicaval versus biatrial techniques in heart transplantation: an analysis of the UNOS database. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008 Feb;27(2):178-183. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2007. 11.003.

Heinz G, Kratochwill C, Koller-Strametz J, et al. Benign prognosis of early sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 Feb; 21(2):422-429.

Scott CD, Dark JH, McComb JM. Sinus node function after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Nov 1;24(5): 1334-1341.

Miyamoto Y, Curtiss EI, Kormos RL, et al. Bradyarrhythmia after heart transplantation. Incidence, time course, and outcome. Circulation. 1990 Nov; 82(5 Suppl):IV313-IV317.

Awad M, Czer LSC, Hou M, et al. Early denervation and later reinnervation of the heart following cardiac transplantation: a review. J Am Heart Assoc JAHA 2016;5:e004070.

Hamon D, Taleski J, Vaseghi M, et al. Arrhythmias in the heart transplant patient. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014;3: 149–55.

Carter R, Al-Rawas O, Stevenson A, et al. Exercise responses following heart transplantation: 5 year follow-up. Scott Med J 2006;51:6–14.

Doering LV, Dracup K, Moser DK, et al. Evidence of time-dependent autonomic reinnervation after heart transplantation: nursing research 1999;48:308–16.

Kaye DM, Esler M, Kingwell B, et al. Functional and neurochemical evidence for partial cardiac sympathetic reinnervation after cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1993;88:1110–8.

Überfuhr P, Ziegler S, Schwaiblmair M, et al. Incomplete sympathetic reinnervation of the orthotopically transplanted human heart: observation up to 13 years after heart transplantation. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 2000;17:161–8.

Scott JM, Esch BTA, Haykowsky MJ, et al. Cardiovascular responses to incremental and sustained submaximal exercise in heart tran recipients. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H350–8.

Kim DT, Luthringer DJ, Lai AC, et al. Sympathetic nerve sprouting after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23: 1349–58.

Burke MN, McGinn AL, Homans DC, et al. Evidence for functional sympathetic reinnervation of left ventricle and coronary arteries after orthotopic cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1995;91:72–8.

Bengel FM, Ueberfuhr P, Schiepel N, et al. Effect of sympathetic reinnervation on cardiac performance after heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:731–8

Bacal F, Bocchi EA, Vieira ML, et al. Permanent and temporary pacemaker implantation after orthotopic heart transplantation. Arq Bras Cardio 2000;74:9–12.

Cooper MM, Smith CR, Rose EA, et al. Permanent pacing following cardiac transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104:812–6

Herrmann FEM, Wellmann P, Sadoni S, et al. Sinus node dysfunction after heart transplantation-an analysis of risk factors and atrial pacing burden. Clin Transplant 2018;32:e13202.

Herre JM, Barnhart GR, Llano A. Cardiac pacemakers in the transplanted heart: short term with the biatrial anastomosis and unnecessary with the bicaval anastomosis. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000;15:115–20.

Blanche C, Czer LS, Fishbein MC, et al. Permanent pacemaker for rejection episodes after heart transplantation: a poor prognostic sign. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;60: 1263–6.

Wellmann P, Herrmann FEM, Hagl C, et al. A single center study of 1,179 heart transplant patients-factors affecting pacemaker implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2017;40: 247–54.

Cantillon DJ, Tarakji KG, Hu T, et al. Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacemakerrequiring bradyarrhythmias after cardiac transplantation: analysis of the UNOS/OPTN cardiac transplant database. Heart Rhythm 2010;7: 1567–71.

Thajudeen A, Stecker EC, Shehata M, et al. Arrhythmias after heart transplantation: mechanisms and management. J Am Heart Assoc 2012;1: e001461.

Wright M, Takeda K, Mauro C, et al. Dose dependent association between amiodarone and severe primary graft dysfunction in orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017;36:1226–33.

Rothman SA, Jeevanandam V, Combs WG, et al. Eliminating bradyarrhythmias after orthotopic heart transplantation. Circulation 1996;94: II278–82.

Trento A, Takkenberg JM, Czer LS, et al. Clinical experience with one hundred consecutive patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation with bicaval and pulmonary venous anastomoses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112: 1496–502; discussion 1502–3.

Parry G, Holt ND, Dark JH, McComb JM. Declining need for pacemaker implantation after cardiac transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:2350–2.

Mallidi HR, Bates M. Pacemaker use following heart transplantation. Ochsner J 2017;17:20–4.

Woo GW, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of cardiac pacing after cardiac transplantation: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Transplantation 2008;85: 1216–8.

Redmond JM, Zehr KJ, Gillinov MA, et al. Use of theophylline for treatment of prolonged sinus node dysfunction in human orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993;12: 133–8; discussion 138–9.

Luebbert JJ, Lee FA, Rosenfeld LE. Pacemaker therapy for early and late sinus node dysfunction in orthotopic heart transplant recipients: a singlecenter experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008;31:1108–12

Raghavan C, Maloney JD, Nitta J, et al. Longterm follow-up of heart transplant recipients requiring permanent pacemakers. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995;14:1081–9.

Tay AE, Faddy S, Lim S, et al. Permanent pacing for late-onset atrioventricular block in patients with heart transplantation: a single center experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34: 72–5.

Rivinius R, Helmschrott M, Rahm A-K, et al. Risk factors and survival of patients with permanent pacemaker implantation after heart transplantation. J Thorac Dis 2019;11:5440–52.

Cantillon DJ, Gorodeski EZ, Caccamo M, et al. Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacing after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:791–8.

Ersilia M, DeFilippis, Geoffrey Rubin, et al. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Following Heart Transplantation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020 Aug;6(8):1028-1042

Melton IC, Gilligan DM, Wood MA, et al. Optimal cardiac pacing after heart transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22:1510–27.

Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74: e51–156.

Michael Glikson, Jens Cosedis Nielsen, Mads Brix Kronborg et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: Developed by the Task Force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 35, 14 September 2021, Pages 3427–3520

Kilic A, Saha-Chaudhuri P, Rankin JS, et al. Trends and outcomes of tricuspid valve surgery in North America: an analysis of more than 50,000 patients from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:1546–1552. discussion 1552.

Koplan BA, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM, et al. Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:795–801.

Leyva F, Qiu T, McNulty D, et al. Long-term requirement for pacemaker implantation after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:529–534.

Jokinen JJ, Turpeinen AK, Pitkanen O, et al. Pacemaker therapy after tricuspid valve operations: implications on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;87:1806–1814.

Mar PL, Angus CR, Kabra R, et al. Perioperative predictors of permanent pacing and long-term dependence following tricuspid valve surgery: a multicentre analysis. Europace 2017;9:1988–1993.

Jeganathan R, Armstrong S, Al-Alao B, et al. The risk and outcomes of reoperative tricuspid valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg.

Jouan J, Mele A, Florens E, et al. Conduction disorders after tricuspid annuloplasty with mitral valve surgery: implications for earlier tricuspid intervention. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 151:99–103.

Raphaël P Martins, Vincent Galand, Christophe Leclercq et al. Cardiac electronic implantable devices after tricuspid valve surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2018 Jul;15(7):1081-1088.

Esperer HD, Mahmoud FO, von der Emde J. Is epicardial dual chamber pacing a realistic alternative to endocardial DDD pacing? Initial results of a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992;15:155–161.

McLeod CJ, Attenhofer Jost CH, Warnes CA, et al. Epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in adults with congenital heart disease. J Interv Card El.

Mazine A, Bouchard D, Moss E, et al. Transvalvular pacemaker leads increase the recurrence of regurgitation after tricuspid valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:816–822.

Eleid MF, Blauwet LA, Cha YM, et al. Bioprosthetic tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with pacemaker or defibrillator lead implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:813–818.

Sharma PS, Subzposh FA, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Heart Rhythm 2016;14:59–64

Kemp A, Kjersgaard Johansen J, Kjaergaard E. Malplacement of endocardial pacemaker electrodes in the middle cardiac vein. Acta Med Scand 1976; 199:7–11.

Lee ME. Special considerations in ventricular pacing in patients with tricuspid valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1983;36:89–92.

Shettigar UR, Loungani RR, Smith CA. Inadvertent permanent ventricular pacing from the coronary vein: an electrocardiographic, roentgenographic, and echocardiographic assessment. Clin Cardiol 1989;12:267–274.

Blackburn ME, Gibbs JL. Ventricular pacing from the coronary sinus of a patient with a Fontan circulation. Br Heart J 1993;70:578–579.

Goldstein DJ, Rabkin D, Spotnitz HM. Unconventional approaches to cardiac pacing in patients with inaccessible cardiac chambers. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67:952–958.

Rosenthal E, Qureshi SA, Crick JC. Successful long-term ventricular pacing via the coronary sinus after the Fontan operation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995; 18:2103–2105.

Bai Y, Strathmore N, Mond H, Grigg L, Hunt D. Permanent ventricular pacing via the great cardiac vein. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:678–683.

Conti S, Liotta C, Virgilio A, et al. Left ventricular pacing in a patient with a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis and high surgical risk. World J Cardiovasc Dis 2014;4:567–569.

Tang GH, Kaple R, Cohen M, et al. First percutaneous Micra leadless pacemaker implantation and tricuspid valve repair with MitraClip NT for lead-associated severe tricuspid regurgitation. EuroIntervention 2017;12:e1845–e1848.

Kerwin SA, Mayotte MJ, Gornick CC. Transcatheter pacemaker implantation in a patient with a bioprosthetic tricuspid valve. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2015; 44:89–90.

Boveda S, Durand P, Combes S, et al. Leadless pacemaker surrounded by three valvular prostheses. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1421.

Baerman JM, Kirsh MM, Buitleir M, et al. Natural history and determinants of conduction defects following coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44(2):150-3.

Wexelman W, Lichstein E, Cunningham JN, et al. Etiology and clinical significance of new fascicular conduction defects following coronary bypass surgery. Am Heart J. 1986;111(5):923-7.

Zeldis SM, Morganroth J, Horowitz LN, et al. Fascicular conduction disturbances after coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1978;41(5):860-4.

Kumbhani DJ, Sharma GV, Khuri SF, et al. Fascicular conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass surgery: a review with a meta-analysis of their long-term significance. J Card Surg. 2006;21(4):428-34.

Kirdar JA, Sharma GV, Khuri SF, et al. Pathogenesis and prognostic significance of conduction abnormalities after coronary bypass surgery. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4(6):832-6.

Bateman TM, Weiss MH, Czer LS, et al. Fascicular conduction disturbances and ischemic heart disease: adverse prognosis despite coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(3):632-9.

Caspi J, Amar R, Elami A, Safadi T, et al. Frequency and significance of complete atrioventricular block after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(9):526-9.

Emlein G, Huang SK, Pires LA, et al. Prolonged bradyarrhythmias after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J. 1993;126(5):1084-90.

Rocha AS, Pitella FJ, Lorenzo AR et al. Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(1):45-51.

Emkanjoo Z, Mirza-Ali M, Alizadeh A, et al. Predictors and frequency of conduction disturbances after open-heart surgery. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2008;8(1):14-21.

Kusumoto FM, Goldschlager N (1996) Cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med 334(2):89–97

Del Rizzo DF, Nishimura S, Lau C et al. Cardiac pacing following surgery for acquired heart disease. J Card Surg 11(5): 332–340, (1996).

Koplan BA, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM et al. Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery. (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol 41(5): 795–801.

Ceyhan T, Damirbek O, Ersin Y, et al. Bradyarrhythmia development and permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery. North Clin Istanb. 2018; 5(4): 288–294. doi: 10.14744/nci.2017.20438

Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, et al. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:712.

Chung MK. Cardiac surgery: postoperative arrhythmias. Crit Care Med 2000;28:N136N14

DiBiase A, Tse TM, Schnittger I, et al. Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant recipients and need for pacemakers. Am J Cardiol. 1991 Jun 15;67(16):1385-1389.

Woo GW, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of cardiac pacing after cardiac transplantation: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Transplantation. 2008 Apr 27; 85(8):1216-1218. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e31816b677c.

Weiss ES, Nwakanma LU, Russell SB, et al. Outcomes in bicaval versus biatrial techniques in heart transplantation: an analysis of the UNOS database. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008 Feb;27(2):178-183. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2007. 11.003.

Heinz G, Kratochwill C, Koller-Strametz J, et al. Benign prognosis of early sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998 Feb; 21(2):422-429.

Scott CD, Dark JH, McComb JM. Sinus node function after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Nov 1;24(5): 1334-1341.

Miyamoto Y, Curtiss EI, Kormos RL, et al. Bradyarrhythmia after heart transplantation. Incidence, time course, and outcome. Circulation. 1990 Nov; 82(5 Suppl):IV313-IV317.

Awad M, Czer LSC, Hou M, et al. Early denervation and later reinnervation of the heart following cardiac transplantation: a review. J Am Heart Assoc JAHA 2016;5:e004070.

Hamon D, Taleski J, Vaseghi M, et al. Arrhythmias in the heart transplant patient. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014;3: 149–55.

Carter R, Al-Rawas O, Stevenson A, et al. Exercise responses following heart transplantation: 5 year follow-up. Scott Med J 2006;51:6–14.

Doering LV, Dracup K, Moser DK, et al. Evidence of time-dependent autonomic reinnervation after heart transplantation: nursing research 1999;48:308–16.

Kaye DM, Esler M, Kingwell B, et al. Functional and neurochemical evidence for partial cardiac sympathetic reinnervation after cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1993;88:1110–8.

Überfuhr P, Ziegler S, Schwaiblmair M, et al. Incomplete sympathetic reinnervation of the orthotopically transplanted human heart: observation up to 13 years after heart transplantation. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 2000;17:161–8.

Scott JM, Esch BTA, Haykowsky MJ, et al. Cardiovascular responses to incremental and sustained submaximal exercise in heart tran recipients. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H350–8.

Kim DT, Luthringer DJ, Lai AC, et al. Sympathetic nerve sprouting after orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23: 1349–58.

Burke MN, McGinn AL, Homans DC, et al. Evidence for functional sympathetic reinnervation of left ventricle and coronary arteries after orthotopic cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation 1995;91:72–8.

Bengel FM, Ueberfuhr P, Schiepel N, et al. Effect of sympathetic reinnervation on cardiac performance after heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:731–8

Bacal F, Bocchi EA, Vieira ML, et al. Permanent and temporary pacemaker implantation after orthotopic heart transplantation. Arq Bras Cardio 2000;74:9–12.

Cooper MM, Smith CR, Rose EA, et al. Permanent pacing following cardiac transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104:812–6

Herrmann FEM, Wellmann P, Sadoni S, et al. Sinus node dysfunction after heart transplantation-an analysis of risk factors and atrial pacing burden. Clin Transplant 2018;32:e13202.

Herre JM, Barnhart GR, Llano A. Cardiac pacemakers in the transplanted heart: short term with the biatrial anastomosis and unnecessary with the bicaval anastomosis. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000;15:115–20.

Blanche C, Czer LS, Fishbein MC, et al. Permanent pacemaker for rejection episodes after heart transplantation: a poor prognostic sign. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;60: 1263–6.

Wellmann P, Herrmann FEM, Hagl C, et al. A single center study of 1,179 heart transplant patients-factors affecting pacemaker implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2017;40: 247–54.

Cantillon DJ, Tarakji KG, Hu T, et al. Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacemakerrequiring bradyarrhythmias after cardiac transplantation: analysis of the UNOS/OPTN cardiac transplant database. Heart Rhythm 2010;7: 1567–71.

Thajudeen A, Stecker EC, Shehata M, et al. Arrhythmias after heart transplantation: mechanisms and management. J Am Heart Assoc 2012;1: e001461.

Wright M, Takeda K, Mauro C, et al. Dose dependent association between amiodarone and severe primary graft dysfunction in orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017;36:1226–33.

Rothman SA, Jeevanandam V, Combs WG, et al. Eliminating bradyarrhythmias after orthotopic heart transplantation. Circulation 1996;94: II278–82.

Trento A, Takkenberg JM, Czer LS, et al. Clinical experience with one hundred consecutive patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation with bicaval and pulmonary venous anastomoses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112: 1496–502; discussion 1502–3.

Parry G, Holt ND, Dark JH, McComb JM. Declining need for pacemaker implantation after cardiac transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:2350–2.

Mallidi HR, Bates M. Pacemaker use following heart transplantation. Ochsner J 2017;17:20–4.

Woo GW, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcomes of cardiac pacing after cardiac transplantation: an 11-year retrospective analysis. Transplantation 2008;85: 1216–8.

Redmond JM, Zehr KJ, Gillinov MA, et al. Use of theophylline for treatment of prolonged sinus node dysfunction in human orthotopic heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993;12: 133–8; discussion 138–9.

Luebbert JJ, Lee FA, Rosenfeld LE. Pacemaker therapy for early and late sinus node dysfunction in orthotopic heart transplant recipients: a singlecenter experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008;31:1108–12

Raghavan C, Maloney JD, Nitta J, et al. Longterm follow-up of heart transplant recipients requiring permanent pacemakers. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995;14:1081–9.

Tay AE, Faddy S, Lim S, et al. Permanent pacing for late-onset atrioventricular block in patients with heart transplantation: a single center experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34: 72–5.

Rivinius R, Helmschrott M, Rahm A-K, et al. Risk factors and survival of patients with permanent pacemaker implantation after heart transplantation. J Thorac Dis 2019;11:5440–52.

Cantillon DJ, Gorodeski EZ, Caccamo M, et al. Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors for pacing after cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:791–8.

Ersilia M, DeFilippis, Geoffrey Rubin, et al. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Following Heart Transplantation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020 Aug;6(8):1028-1042

Melton IC, Gilligan DM, Wood MA, et al. Optimal cardiac pacing after heart transplantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1999; 22:1510–27.

Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74: e51–156.

Michael Glikson, Jens Cosedis Nielsen, Mads Brix Kronborg et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: Developed by the Task Force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 35, 14 September 2021, Pages 3427–3520

Kilic A, Saha-Chaudhuri P, Rankin JS, et al. Trends and outcomes of tricuspid valve surgery in North America: an analysis of more than 50,000 patients from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:1546–1552. discussion 1552.

Koplan BA, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM, et al. Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:795–801.

Leyva F, Qiu T, McNulty D, et al. Long-term requirement for pacemaker implantation after cardiac valve replacement surgery. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:529–534.

Jokinen JJ, Turpeinen AK, Pitkanen O, et al. Pacemaker therapy after tricuspid valve operations: implications on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;87:1806–1814.

Mar PL, Angus CR, Kabra R, et al. Perioperative predictors of permanent pacing and long-term dependence following tricuspid valve surgery: a multicentre analysis. Europace 2017;9:1988–1993.

Jeganathan R, Armstrong S, Al-Alao B, et al. The risk and outcomes of reoperative tricuspid valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg.

Jouan J, Mele A, Florens E, et al. Conduction disorders after tricuspid annuloplasty with mitral valve surgery: implications for earlier tricuspid intervention. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 151:99–103.

Raphaël P Martins, Vincent Galand, Christophe Leclercq et al. Cardiac electronic implantable devices after tricuspid valve surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2018 Jul;15(7):1081-1088.

Esperer HD, Mahmoud FO, von der Emde J. Is epicardial dual chamber pacing a realistic alternative to endocardial DDD pacing? Initial results of a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992;15:155–161.

McLeod CJ, Attenhofer Jost CH, Warnes CA, et al. Epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in adults with congenital heart disease. J Interv Card El.

Mazine A, Bouchard D, Moss E, et al. Transvalvular pacemaker leads increase the recurrence of regurgitation after tricuspid valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:816–822.

Eleid MF, Blauwet LA, Cha YM, et al. Bioprosthetic tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with pacemaker or defibrillator lead implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:813–818.

Sharma PS, Subzposh FA, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Heart Rhythm 2016;14:59–64

Kemp A, Kjersgaard Johansen J, Kjaergaard E. Malplacement of endocardial pacemaker electrodes in the middle cardiac vein. Acta Med Scand 1976; 199:7–11.

Lee ME. Special considerations in ventricular pacing in patients with tricuspid valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1983;36:89–92.

Shettigar UR, Loungani RR, Smith CA. Inadvertent permanent ventricular pacing from the coronary vein: an electrocardiographic, roentgenographic, and echocardiographic assessment. Clin Cardiol 1989;12:267–274.

Blackburn ME, Gibbs JL. Ventricular pacing from the coronary sinus of a patient with a Fontan circulation. Br Heart J 1993;70:578–579.

Goldstein DJ, Rabkin D, Spotnitz HM. Unconventional approaches to cardiac pacing in patients with inaccessible cardiac chambers. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67:952–958.

Rosenthal E, Qureshi SA, Crick JC. Successful long-term ventricular pacing via the coronary sinus after the Fontan operation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995; 18:2103–2105.

Bai Y, Strathmore N, Mond H, Grigg L, Hunt D. Permanent ventricular pacing via the great cardiac vein. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:678–683.

Conti S, Liotta C, Virgilio A, et al. Left ventricular pacing in a patient with a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis and high surgical risk. World J Cardiovasc Dis 2014;4:567–569.

Tang GH, Kaple R, Cohen M, et al. First percutaneous Micra leadless pacemaker implantation and tricuspid valve repair with MitraClip NT for lead-associated severe tricuspid regurgitation. EuroIntervention 2017;12:e1845–e1848.

Kerwin SA, Mayotte MJ, Gornick CC. Transcatheter pacemaker implantation in a patient with a bioprosthetic tricuspid valve. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2015; 44:89–90.

Boveda S, Durand P, Combes S, et al. Leadless pacemaker surrounded by three valvular prostheses. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1421.

Baerman JM, Kirsh MM, Buitleir M, et al. Natural history and determinants of conduction defects following coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44(2):150-3.

Wexelman W, Lichstein E, Cunningham JN, et al. Etiology and clinical significance of new fascicular conduction defects following coronary bypass surgery. Am Heart J. 1986;111(5):923-7.

Zeldis SM, Morganroth J, Horowitz LN, et al. Fascicular conduction disturbances after coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1978;41(5):860-4.

Kumbhani DJ, Sharma GV, Khuri SF, et al. Fascicular conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass surgery: a review with a meta-analysis of their long-term significance. J Card Surg. 2006;21(4):428-34.

Kirdar JA, Sharma GV, Khuri SF, et al. Pathogenesis and prognostic significance of conduction abnormalities after coronary bypass surgery. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4(6):832-6.

Bateman TM, Weiss MH, Czer LS, et al. Fascicular conduction disturbances and ischemic heart disease: adverse prognosis despite coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(3):632-9.

Caspi J, Amar R, Elami A, Safadi T, et al. Frequency and significance of complete atrioventricular block after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(9):526-9.

Emlein G, Huang SK, Pires LA, et al. Prolonged bradyarrhythmias after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J. 1993;126(5):1084-90.

Rocha AS, Pitella FJ, Lorenzo AR et al. Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(1):45-51.

Emkanjoo Z, Mirza-Ali M, Alizadeh A, et al. Predictors and frequency of conduction disturbances after open-heart surgery. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2008;8(1):14-21.

Kusumoto FM, Goldschlager N (1996) Cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med 334(2):89–97

Del Rizzo DF, Nishimura S, Lau C et al. Cardiac pacing following surgery for acquired heart disease. J Card Surg 11(5): 332–340, (1996).

Koplan BA, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM et al. Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery. (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol 41(5): 795–801.

Ceyhan T, Damirbek O, Ersin Y, et al. Bradyarrhythmia development and permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery. North Clin Istanb. 2018; 5(4): 288–294. doi: 10.14744/nci.2017.20438

Merin O, Ilan M, Oren A, Fink D, et al. Permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery: indications and long-term follow-up. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:712.

Chung MK. Cardiac surgery: postoperative arrhythmias. Crit Care Med 2000;28:N136N14