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Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Traykov V, Erba PA, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections—endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020;57:e1–31.

Prutkin JM, Reynolds MR, Bao H, et al. Rates of and factors associated with infection in 200 909 Medicare implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implants: results from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Circulation 2014; 130:1037.

Khaloo P, Uzomah UA, Shaqdan A, et al. Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized With Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device-Related Infective Endocarditis, Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, and Native Valve Endocarditis: A Nationwide Study, 2003 to 2017. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025600.

Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, Sohail MR. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 41:495.

Viganego F, O’Donoghue S, Eldadah Z, et al. Effect of Early Diagnosis and Treatment with Percutaneous Lead Extraction on Survival in Patients with Cardiac Device Infections. Am. J. Cardiol. 2012, 109, 1466–1471.

Chua J.D, Wilkoff B.L, Lee I, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Infections Involving Implantable Electrophysiologic Cardiac Devices. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000, 133, 604–608.

Hussein AA, Baghdy Y, Wazni OM, et al. Microbiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 2016;2:498–505.

Jan E, Camou F, Texier-Maugein J, et al. Microbiologic Characteristics and in Vitro Susceptibility to Antimicrobials in a Large Population of Patients with Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2012, 23, 375–381.

Sohail M.R, Henrikson C.A, Braid-Forbes M.J, et al. Comparison of Mortality in Women versus Men with Infections Involving Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013, 112, 1403–1409.

Tarakji K.G, Krahn A.D, Poole, J.E, et al. Risk Factors for CIED Infection after Secondary Procedures: Insights from the WRAP-IT Trial. JACC Clin. Electrophysiol. 2022, 8, 101–111.

Essebag V, Verma A, Healey JS, et al. BRUISE CONTROL Investigators. Clinically significant pocket hematoma increases long-term risk of device infection: BRUISE CONTROL INFECTION study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:1300–1308.

Du L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Hou Y. Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy undergoing cardiac devices implantation: a meta-analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014;37:1573–1586.

de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, Nishioka SA, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2009;2:29–34.

Tarakji KG, Mittal S, Kennergren C, et al. Antibacterial envelope to prevent cardiac implantable device infection. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1895–1905.

Krahn AD, Longtin Y, Philippon F, P et al. Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial: the PADIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:3098–3109.

Lakkireddy D, Pillarisetti J, Atkins D, et al. Impact of pocket revision on the rate of infection and other complications in patients requiring pocket manipulation for generator replacement and/or lead replacement or revision (make it clean): a prospective randomized study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:950–956.

Narducci ML, Pelargonio G, Russo E, et al. Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(13):1398–1405

Golzio PG, Errigo D, Peyracchia M, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of lead masses in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices without infection. J Cardiovasc Med. 2019;20(6):372–378

Juneau D, Golfam M, Hazra S, et al. Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2017, 10, e005772.

Erba P.A, Sollini M, Conti U, et al. Radiolabeled WBC Scintigraphy in the Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Suspected Device-Related Infections. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2013, 6, 1075–1086.

Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, et al. Dramatic reduction in infective endocarditis-related mortality with a management-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2009;169: 1290–8.

Le,K.Y, Sohail M.R, Friedman P.A, et al. Impact of Timing of Device Removal on Mortality in Patients with Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections. Heart Rhythm 2011, 8, 1678–1685.

Bongiorni MG, Kennergren C, Butter C, et al. The European Lead Extraction ConTRolled (ELECTRa) study: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) registry of transvenous lead extraction outcomes. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2995–3005.

Schaerf RHM, Najibi S, Conrad J. Percutaneous vacuum-assisted thrombectomy device used for removal of large vegetations on infected pacemaker and defibrillator leads as an adjunct to lead extraction. J Atr Fibrillation 2016;9:1455.

Starck CT, Eulert-Grehn J, Kukucka M, et al. Managing large lead vegetations in transvenous lead extractions using a percutaneous aspiration technique. Expert Rev Med Devices 2018;15:757–761.

Lakshmanadoss U, Nuanez B, Kutinsky I, et al. Incidence of pocket infection postcardiac device implantation using antibiotic versus saline solution for pocket irrigation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2016;39:978–984.

Tan EM, DeSimone DC, Sohail MR, et al. Outcomes in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection managed with chronic antibiotic suppression. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:1516–1521.

Boersma L, Burke MC, Neuzil P, et al. Infection and mortality after implantation of a subcutaneous ICD after transvenous ICD extraction. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:157–164.

Viganego F, O’Donoghue S, Eldadah Z, et al. Effect of early diagnosis and treatment with percutaneous lead extraction on survival in patients with cardiac device infections. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1466–1471.

Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, Sohail MR. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018;41:495–503.

Rennert-May E, Chew D, Lu S, et al. Epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections in the United States: A population-based cohort study. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1125.

Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, et al. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018;41:495–503.

Deharo JC, Quatre A, Mancini J, et al. Long-term outcomes following infection of cardiac implantable electronic devices: a prospective matched cohort study. Heart 2012;98:724–31.

Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Traykov V, Erba PA, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections—endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020;57:e1–31.

Prutkin JM, Reynolds MR, Bao H, et al. Rates of and factors associated with infection in 200 909 Medicare implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implants: results from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Circulation 2014; 130:1037.

Khaloo P, Uzomah UA, Shaqdan A, et al. Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized With Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device-Related Infective Endocarditis, Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis, and Native Valve Endocarditis: A Nationwide Study, 2003 to 2017. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025600.

Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, Sohail MR. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 41:495.

Viganego F, O’Donoghue S, Eldadah Z, et al. Effect of Early Diagnosis and Treatment with Percutaneous Lead Extraction on Survival in Patients with Cardiac Device Infections. Am. J. Cardiol. 2012, 109, 1466–1471.

Chua J.D, Wilkoff B.L, Lee I, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Infections Involving Implantable Electrophysiologic Cardiac Devices. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000, 133, 604–608.

Hussein AA, Baghdy Y, Wazni OM, et al. Microbiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 2016;2:498–505.

Jan E, Camou F, Texier-Maugein J, et al. Microbiologic Characteristics and in Vitro Susceptibility to Antimicrobials in a Large Population of Patients with Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 2012, 23, 375–381.

Sohail M.R, Henrikson C.A, Braid-Forbes M.J, et al. Comparison of Mortality in Women versus Men with Infections Involving Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013, 112, 1403–1409.

Tarakji K.G, Krahn A.D, Poole, J.E, et al. Risk Factors for CIED Infection after Secondary Procedures: Insights from the WRAP-IT Trial. JACC Clin. Electrophysiol. 2022, 8, 101–111.

Essebag V, Verma A, Healey JS, et al. BRUISE CONTROL Investigators. Clinically significant pocket hematoma increases long-term risk of device infection: BRUISE CONTROL INFECTION study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:1300–1308.

Du L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Hou Y. Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy undergoing cardiac devices implantation: a meta-analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014;37:1573–1586.

de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, Nishioka SA, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2009;2:29–34.

Tarakji KG, Mittal S, Kennergren C, et al. Antibacterial envelope to prevent cardiac implantable device infection. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1895–1905.

Krahn AD, Longtin Y, Philippon F, P et al. Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial: the PADIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:3098–3109.

Lakkireddy D, Pillarisetti J, Atkins D, et al. Impact of pocket revision on the rate of infection and other complications in patients requiring pocket manipulation for generator replacement and/or lead replacement or revision (make it clean): a prospective randomized study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:950–956.

Narducci ML, Pelargonio G, Russo E, et al. Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(13):1398–1405

Golzio PG, Errigo D, Peyracchia M, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of lead masses in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices without infection. J Cardiovasc Med. 2019;20(6):372–378

Juneau D, Golfam M, Hazra S, et al. Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging 2017, 10, e005772.

Erba P.A, Sollini M, Conti U, et al. Radiolabeled WBC Scintigraphy in the Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Suspected Device-Related Infections. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2013, 6, 1075–1086.

Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, et al. Dramatic reduction in infective endocarditis-related mortality with a management-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2009;169: 1290–8.

Le,K.Y, Sohail M.R, Friedman P.A, et al. Impact of Timing of Device Removal on Mortality in Patients with Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections. Heart Rhythm 2011, 8, 1678–1685.

Bongiorni MG, Kennergren C, Butter C, et al. The European Lead Extraction ConTRolled (ELECTRa) study: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) registry of transvenous lead extraction outcomes. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2995–3005.

Schaerf RHM, Najibi S, Conrad J. Percutaneous vacuum-assisted thrombectomy device used for removal of large vegetations on infected pacemaker and defibrillator leads as an adjunct to lead extraction. J Atr Fibrillation 2016;9:1455.

Starck CT, Eulert-Grehn J, Kukucka M, et al. Managing large lead vegetations in transvenous lead extractions using a percutaneous aspiration technique. Expert Rev Med Devices 2018;15:757–761.

Lakshmanadoss U, Nuanez B, Kutinsky I, et al. Incidence of pocket infection postcardiac device implantation using antibiotic versus saline solution for pocket irrigation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2016;39:978–984.

Tan EM, DeSimone DC, Sohail MR, et al. Outcomes in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection managed with chronic antibiotic suppression. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:1516–1521.

Boersma L, Burke MC, Neuzil P, et al. Infection and mortality after implantation of a subcutaneous ICD after transvenous ICD extraction. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:157–164.

Viganego F, O’Donoghue S, Eldadah Z, et al. Effect of early diagnosis and treatment with percutaneous lead extraction on survival in patients with cardiac device infections. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1466–1471.

Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, Sohail MR. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018;41:495–503.

Rennert-May E, Chew D, Lu S, et al. Epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections in the United States: A population-based cohort study. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1125.

Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, et al. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018;41:495–503.

Deharo JC, Quatre A, Mancini J, et al. Long-term outcomes following infection of cardiac implantable electronic devices: a prospective matched cohort study. Heart 2012;98:724–31.