Sol Dal Pacing
Özet
İletim sistemi pacing'i (İSP), son yıllarda fizyolojik pacing'in mihenk taşı olarak tanımlanmış ve klinik pratikte kullanıma başlanmıştır. Günümüzde, iki farklı İSP modalitesi uygulanmaktadır: His demeti pacing (HisDP) ve sol dal alanı pacing'i (SDAP). SDAP tekniğinin tanımına, tanımlarına, sonuçlarına ve komplikasyonlarına yönelik güncel veriler bu bölümde değerlendirilmiştir. Yakın zamanlı büyük gözlemsel çalışmalar, farklı klinik senaryolarda SDAP'nin güvenliliğini ve fizibilitesini incelemiş; SDAP’nin mükemmel yakın elektriksel parametreleri (pacing eşiği ve R dalgası algılama) ve < %1 altında lead revizyonu dahil olmak üzere düşük komplikasyon oranları ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Kardiyak resenkronizasyon tedavisi (KRT) endikasyonu olan hastalarda SDAP, uzun sayılmayacak takip sürelerinde fonksiyonel sınıf ve sol ventrikül ejeksiyon fraksiyonunda anlamlı iyileşme göstermiştir. Özetle SDAP, konvansiyonel bradikardi ilişkili pacing endikasyonları olan hastalarda mükemmel sonuçlar gösteren ve KRT için potansiyel rolü hakkında ümit verici beklentiler gösteren nispeten yeni bir İSP yöntemidir.
Referanslar
Zanon F, Ellenbogen KA, Dandamudi G et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2018;20:1819–26. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euy058.
Abdelrahman M, Subzposh FA, Beer D et al. Clinical outcomes of His bundle pacing comparedto right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2319–2330. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2018. 02. 048.
Sharma PS, Dandamudi G, Herweg B et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing as an alternative to biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:413–20. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2017. 10. 014.
Teigeler T, Kolominsky J, Vo C et al. Intermediate-term performance and safety of Hisbundle pacing leads: a single-center experience. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18:743–9. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2020. 12. 031.
Morina-Vázquez P, Moraleda-Salas MT, Manovel-Sánchez AJ et al. Early improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction by cardiac resynchronization through His bundle pacing in patients with heart failure. Europace. 2020;22:125–32. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euz296. PMID: 31746996.
Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A et al. Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electrophysiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1774–1782. doi: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 05. 011.
Huang W, Chen X, Su L et al. A beginner’s guide to permanent left bundle branch pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2017;2019(16):1791–6. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 06. 016.
Li X, Li H, Ma W et al. Permanent left bundle branch area pacing for atrioventricular block: feasibility, safety, and acute effect. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1766–73. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 04. 043.
Padala SK, Master VM, Terricabras M et al. Initial experience, safety, and feasibility of left bundle branch area pacing: a multicenter prospective study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:1773–82. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 07. 004.
Padala SK, Ellenbogen KA. Left bundle branch pacing is the best approach to physiological pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2020;O2(1):59–67. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hroo. 2020. 03. 002.
Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M et al. Permanent, direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation. 2000;101:869–77. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ 01. cir. 101.8. 869.
Huang W, Su L, Wu S et al. A novel pacing strategy with low and stable output: pacing the left bundle branch immediately beyond the conduction block. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33:1736.e1-1736.e3. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. cjca. 2017. 09. 013.
Padala SK, Cabrera JA, Ellenbogen KA. Anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;44:15–25. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ pace. 14107.
Cabrera JA, Porta-Sánchez A, Tung R et al. Tracking down the anatomy of the left bundle branch to optimize left bundle branch pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2020;5:750–5. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jaccas. 2020. 04. 004.
Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Moskal P et al. Fixation beats: a novel marker for reaching the left bundle branch area during deep septal lead implantation. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18:562–9. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2020. 12. 019.
Ponnusamy SS, Ganesan V, Syed T et al. Template beat: a novel marker for left bundle branch capture during physiological pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14: e009677. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 120. 009677.
Vijayaraman P, Dandamudi G, Zanon F et al. Permanent His bundle pacing: recommendations from a multicenter His bundle pacing collaborative working group for standardization of definitions, implant measurements and follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:460–8. https:// doi. org/10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2017. 10. 039.
Wu S, Chen X, Wang S et al. Evaluation of the criteria to distinguish left bundle branch pacing from left ventricular septal pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;S2405– 500X(21):00202–4. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2021. 02. 018.
Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Curila K et al. Physiology-based electrocardiographic criteria for left bundle branch capture. Heart Rhythm. 2021:S1547–5271(21)00193–4. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2021. 02. 021.
Vijayaraman P, Jastrzebski M. Novel criterion to diagnose left bundle branch capture during left bundle branch pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021 (accepted).
Jastrzębski M, Moskal P, Bednarek A et al. Programmed deep septal stimulation: a novel maneuver for the diagnosis of left bundle branch capture during permanent pacing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:485–93. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14352.
Curila K, Jurak P, Jastrzebski M et al. The left bundle branch pacing compared to left ventricular septal myocardial pacing increases interventricular dyssynchrony but accelerates left ventricular lateral wall depolarization. Heart Rhythm. 2021;S1547–5271(21):00402–1. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2021. 04. 025. Epub ahead of print.
Cai B, Huang X, Li L et al. Evaluation of cardiac synchrony in left bundle branch pacing: Insights from echocardiographic research. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:560–569. doi: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14342. Epub 2020 Jan 20. Erratum in: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(10):2796
Chen X, Wei L, Bai J et al. Procedurerelated complications of left bundle branch pacing: a singlecenter experience. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8: 645947. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3389/ fcvm. 2021. 645947.
Ravi V, Hanifin JL, Larsen T et al. Pros and cons of left bundle branch pacing: a single-center experience. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13: e008874. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 120. 008874.
Chen X, Jin Q, Bai J et al. The feasibility and safety of left bundle branch pacing vs. right ventricular pacing after mid-long-term follow-up: a single-centre experience. Europace. 2020;22(Suppl_2):ii36-ii44. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euaa2 94. PMID: 33370799.
Li Y, Chen K, Dai Y et al. Left bundle branch pacing for symptomatic bradycardia: implant success rate,safety, and pacing characteristics. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1758–65. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 05. 014.
Wang J, Liang Y, Wang W et al. Leftbundle branch area pacing is superior to right ventricular Septum pacing concerning depolarization-repolarization reserve. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:313–22. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14295.
Hou X, Qian Z, Wang Y et al. Feasibility and cardiac synchrony of permanent left bundle branch pacing through the interventricular septum. Europace. 2019;21:1694–702. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euz188.
Jiang Z, Chang Q, Wu Y et al. Typical BBB morphology and implantation depth of 3830 electrode predict QRS correction by left bundle branch area pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;43:110–7. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ pace. 13849.
Su L, Wang S, Wu S et al. Longterm safety and feasibility of left bundle branch pacing in a large single-center study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021 Feb;14(2):e009261. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 120.009261.
Vijayaraman P, Cano Ó, Koruth JS et al. His-Purkinje conduction system pacing following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: feasibility and safety. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:649–57. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 02. 010.
Strocchi M, Lee AWC, Neic A et al. His-bundle and left bundle pacing with optimized atrioventricular delay achieve superior electrical synchrony over endocardial and epicardial pacing in left bundle branch block patients. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:1922–9. https:// doi. org/ 10.1016/j. hrthm. 2020. 06. 028.
Zhang W, Huang J, Qi Y et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy by left bundle branch area pacing inpatients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1783–90. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 09. 006.
Wang Y, Gu K, Qian Z et al. The efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing compared with biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure: a matched casecontrol study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:2068–77. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14628.
Li X, Qiu C, Xie R et al. Left bundle branch area pacing delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy and comparison with biventricular pacing. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:1711–22. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ ehf2. 12731.
Wu S, Su L, Vijayaraman P et al. Left bundle branch pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: nonrandomized on-treatment comparison with His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37:319–28. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. cjca. 2020. 04. 037.
Huang W, Wu S, Vijayaraman P et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy using left bundle branch pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:849–58. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 04. 011.
Li Y, Yan L, Dai Y et al. Feasibility and efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing in patients indicated for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2020;22(Suppl_2):ii54- ii60. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euaa2 71
Vijayaraman P, Ponnusamy S, Cano Ó et al. Left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the International SDAP Collaborative Study Group. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7:135–147. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 08. 015.
Cano O, Vijayaraman P. LBB area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. ACC expert analysis. 2021. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2021/01/25/14/28/lbb-area-pacing-for-cardiac-resynchronization-therapy.
Sharma PS, Patel NR, Ravi V et al. Clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to right ventricular pacing: Results from the Geisinger-Rush Conduction System Pacing Registry. Heart Rhythm. 2022 Jan;19(1):3-11. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.08.033.
Vijayaraman P, Cano O, Ponnusamy SS et al. Left bundle branch area pacing in patients with heart failure and right bundle branch block: Results from International LBBAP Collaborative-Study Group. Heart Rhythm O2. 2022 May 14;3(4):358-367. doi: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.004
Referanslar
Zanon F, Ellenbogen KA, Dandamudi G et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2018;20:1819–26. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euy058.
Abdelrahman M, Subzposh FA, Beer D et al. Clinical outcomes of His bundle pacing comparedto right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2319–2330. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacc. 2018. 02. 048.
Sharma PS, Dandamudi G, Herweg B et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing as an alternative to biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:413–20. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2017. 10. 014.
Teigeler T, Kolominsky J, Vo C et al. Intermediate-term performance and safety of Hisbundle pacing leads: a single-center experience. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18:743–9. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2020. 12. 031.
Morina-Vázquez P, Moraleda-Salas MT, Manovel-Sánchez AJ et al. Early improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction by cardiac resynchronization through His bundle pacing in patients with heart failure. Europace. 2020;22:125–32. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euz296. PMID: 31746996.
Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A et al. Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electrophysiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1774–1782. doi: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 05. 011.
Huang W, Chen X, Su L et al. A beginner’s guide to permanent left bundle branch pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2017;2019(16):1791–6. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 06. 016.
Li X, Li H, Ma W et al. Permanent left bundle branch area pacing for atrioventricular block: feasibility, safety, and acute effect. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1766–73. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 04. 043.
Padala SK, Master VM, Terricabras M et al. Initial experience, safety, and feasibility of left bundle branch area pacing: a multicenter prospective study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:1773–82. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 07. 004.
Padala SK, Ellenbogen KA. Left bundle branch pacing is the best approach to physiological pacing. Heart Rhythm. 2020;O2(1):59–67. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hroo. 2020. 03. 002.
Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M et al. Permanent, direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation. 2000;101:869–77. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ 01. cir. 101.8. 869.
Huang W, Su L, Wu S et al. A novel pacing strategy with low and stable output: pacing the left bundle branch immediately beyond the conduction block. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33:1736.e1-1736.e3. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. cjca. 2017. 09. 013.
Padala SK, Cabrera JA, Ellenbogen KA. Anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;44:15–25. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ pace. 14107.
Cabrera JA, Porta-Sánchez A, Tung R et al. Tracking down the anatomy of the left bundle branch to optimize left bundle branch pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2020;5:750–5. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jaccas. 2020. 04. 004.
Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Moskal P et al. Fixation beats: a novel marker for reaching the left bundle branch area during deep septal lead implantation. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18:562–9. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2020. 12. 019.
Ponnusamy SS, Ganesan V, Syed T et al. Template beat: a novel marker for left bundle branch capture during physiological pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021;14: e009677. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 120. 009677.
Vijayaraman P, Dandamudi G, Zanon F et al. Permanent His bundle pacing: recommendations from a multicenter His bundle pacing collaborative working group for standardization of definitions, implant measurements and follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:460–8. https:// doi. org/10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2017. 10. 039.
Wu S, Chen X, Wang S et al. Evaluation of the criteria to distinguish left bundle branch pacing from left ventricular septal pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;S2405– 500X(21):00202–4. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2021. 02. 018.
Jastrzębski M, Kiełbasa G, Curila K et al. Physiology-based electrocardiographic criteria for left bundle branch capture. Heart Rhythm. 2021:S1547–5271(21)00193–4. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2021. 02. 021.
Vijayaraman P, Jastrzebski M. Novel criterion to diagnose left bundle branch capture during left bundle branch pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021 (accepted).
Jastrzębski M, Moskal P, Bednarek A et al. Programmed deep septal stimulation: a novel maneuver for the diagnosis of left bundle branch capture during permanent pacing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:485–93. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14352.
Curila K, Jurak P, Jastrzebski M et al. The left bundle branch pacing compared to left ventricular septal myocardial pacing increases interventricular dyssynchrony but accelerates left ventricular lateral wall depolarization. Heart Rhythm. 2021;S1547–5271(21):00402–1. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2021. 04. 025. Epub ahead of print.
Cai B, Huang X, Li L et al. Evaluation of cardiac synchrony in left bundle branch pacing: Insights from echocardiographic research. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:560–569. doi: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14342. Epub 2020 Jan 20. Erratum in: J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(10):2796
Chen X, Wei L, Bai J et al. Procedurerelated complications of left bundle branch pacing: a singlecenter experience. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8: 645947. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3389/ fcvm. 2021. 645947.
Ravi V, Hanifin JL, Larsen T et al. Pros and cons of left bundle branch pacing: a single-center experience. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13: e008874. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 120. 008874.
Chen X, Jin Q, Bai J et al. The feasibility and safety of left bundle branch pacing vs. right ventricular pacing after mid-long-term follow-up: a single-centre experience. Europace. 2020;22(Suppl_2):ii36-ii44. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euaa2 94. PMID: 33370799.
Li Y, Chen K, Dai Y et al. Left bundle branch pacing for symptomatic bradycardia: implant success rate,safety, and pacing characteristics. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1758–65. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 05. 014.
Wang J, Liang Y, Wang W et al. Leftbundle branch area pacing is superior to right ventricular Septum pacing concerning depolarization-repolarization reserve. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:313–22. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14295.
Hou X, Qian Z, Wang Y et al. Feasibility and cardiac synchrony of permanent left bundle branch pacing through the interventricular septum. Europace. 2019;21:1694–702. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euz188.
Jiang Z, Chang Q, Wu Y et al. Typical BBB morphology and implantation depth of 3830 electrode predict QRS correction by left bundle branch area pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;43:110–7. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ pace. 13849.
Su L, Wang S, Wu S et al. Longterm safety and feasibility of left bundle branch pacing in a large single-center study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021 Feb;14(2):e009261. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1161/ CIRCEP. 120.009261.
Vijayaraman P, Cano Ó, Koruth JS et al. His-Purkinje conduction system pacing following transcatheter aortic valve replacement: feasibility and safety. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:649–57. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 02. 010.
Strocchi M, Lee AWC, Neic A et al. His-bundle and left bundle pacing with optimized atrioventricular delay achieve superior electrical synchrony over endocardial and epicardial pacing in left bundle branch block patients. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17:1922–9. https:// doi. org/ 10.1016/j. hrthm. 2020. 06. 028.
Zhang W, Huang J, Qi Y et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy by left bundle branch area pacing inpatients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1783–90. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. hrthm. 2019. 09. 006.
Wang Y, Gu K, Qian Z et al. The efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing compared with biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure: a matched casecontrol study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31:2068–77. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ jce. 14628.
Li X, Qiu C, Xie R et al. Left bundle branch area pacing delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy and comparison with biventricular pacing. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:1711–22. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1002/ ehf2. 12731.
Wu S, Su L, Vijayaraman P et al. Left bundle branch pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: nonrandomized on-treatment comparison with His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37:319–28. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. cjca. 2020. 04. 037.
Huang W, Wu S, Vijayaraman P et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy using left bundle branch pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:849–58. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 04. 011.
Li Y, Yan L, Dai Y et al. Feasibility and efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing in patients indicated for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2020;22(Suppl_2):ii54- ii60. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ europ ace/ euaa2 71
Vijayaraman P, Ponnusamy S, Cano Ó et al. Left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the International SDAP Collaborative Study Group. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7:135–147. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jacep. 2020. 08. 015.
Cano O, Vijayaraman P. LBB area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. ACC expert analysis. 2021. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2021/01/25/14/28/lbb-area-pacing-for-cardiac-resynchronization-therapy.
Sharma PS, Patel NR, Ravi V et al. Clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to right ventricular pacing: Results from the Geisinger-Rush Conduction System Pacing Registry. Heart Rhythm. 2022 Jan;19(1):3-11. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.08.033.
Vijayaraman P, Cano O, Ponnusamy SS et al. Left bundle branch area pacing in patients with heart failure and right bundle branch block: Results from International LBBAP Collaborative-Study Group. Heart Rhythm O2. 2022 May 14;3(4):358-367. doi: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.004
