HİS-Demeti Pacing

Özet

His demeti pacing'i (HisDP), uzun süreli sağ ventrikül apikal pacing'in olumsuz etkilerinden kaçınmak amacıyla ortaya çıkmış bir ileti sistemi pacing (İSP) modalitesidir. HisDP fizyolojik ventriküler aktivasyon sağlamanın yanı sıra, bazı hastalarda altta yatan iletim anormalliklerini de düzelttiği gösterilmiştir. Büyük prospektif, randomize klinik çalışmalar henüz tamamlanmamış olsa da, mevcut gözlemsel klinik veriler bu tekniğin güvenliliğini ve etkililiğini desteklemektedir. Bu bölümde his demetinin (HD) fizyolojisini, HisDP ile ilgili olarak gözden geçirilip, mevcut klinik deneyimlerin tanımı ve ortaya çıkan bu tedavinin gelecekteki yönlerini açıklamaya çalışılacaktır.

Referanslar

Wilkoff BL, Kudenchuk PJ, Buxton AE, et al. The DAVID (dual chamber and VVI implant- able defibrillator) II trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(10):872–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.057.

Albouaini K, Alkarmi A, Mudawi T, et al. Selective site right ventricular pacing. Heart. 2009;95(24):2030–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.171835.

Shurrab M, Botto G, Connolly S, A. Kaoutskaia. Reduction in unnecessary ventricular pacing fails to affect hard clinical out- comes: A meta-analysis. Reduction in unnecessary ventricular pac- ing fails to affect hard clinical outcomes: A meta-analysis. 2015.

Bilchick KC, Kamath S, DiMarco JP, Stukenborg GJ. Bundle- branch block morphology and other predictors of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy in Medicare patients. Circulation. 2010;122(20):2022–30. https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956011.

Scherlag BJ, Kosowsky BD, Damato AN. A technique for ventric- ular pacing from the his bundle of the intact heart. J Appl Physiol. 1967;22(3):584–7. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.22.3.584.

Narula OS. Longitudinal dissociation in the his bundle. Bundle branch block due to asynchronous conduction within the his bundle in man. Circulation. 1977;56(6):996–1006. https://doi.org/10.1161/ 01.Cir.56.6.996.

Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M, et al. direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to car- diac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation. 2000;101(8):869–77. https://doi.org/10.1161/01. CIR.101.8.869.

James TN, Sherf L. Fine structure of the his bundle. Circulation. 1971;44(1):9–28. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.44.1.9.

Vijayaraman P, Dandamudi G, Zanon F et al. Permanent his bundle pacing: recommendations from a multicenter his bundle pacing collaborative working group for standardization of definitions, implant measurements, and fol- low-up. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(3):460–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hrthm.2017.10.039.

Kawashima T, Sasaki H. A macroscopic anatomical investiga- tion of atrioventricular bundle locational variation relative to the membranous part of the ventricular septum in elderly human hearts. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27(3):206–13. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00276-004-0302-7.

Massing GK, James TN. Anatomical configuration of the his bun- dle and bundle branches in the human heart. Circulation. 1976;53(4):609–21. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.609.

Elencwajg B, Zaman L, Rozanski JJ, Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Transverse dissociation of the human his bundle. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1982;5(3):323–8.

Sciacca A, Sangiorgi M. Trouble de la conduction intraventriculaire. droite du a la lesion du tronc common du faiseau de His. Acta Cardiol. 1957;12(5):486–92.

Castellanos A, Ramirez AV, Mayorga-Cortes A, et al. Left fascicular blocks during right- heart catheterization using the swan-Ganz catheter. Circulation. 1981;64(6):1271–6.

Barba-Pichardo R, Morina-Vazquez P, Venegas-Gamero J et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing in patients with infra-Hisian atrioventricular block. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006;59(6):553–8.

Barba-Pichardo R, Morina-Vazquez P, Fernandez-Gomez JM, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing: seeking physiological ventricular pacing. Europace. 2010;12(4):527–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euq038.

Teng AE, Massoud L, Ajijola OA. Physiological mechanisms of QRS narrowing in bundle branch block patients undergoing perma- nent his bundle pacing. J Electrocardiol. 2016;49(5):644–8. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.07.013.

Kosowsky BD, Scherlag BJ Damato AN. Re-evaluation of the atrial contribution to ventricular function: study using his bundle pacing. 1968.

Mabo P, Scherlag BJ, Munsif A, et al. A tech- nique for stable His-bundle recording and pacing: electrophys- iological and hemodynamic correlates. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995;18(10):1894–901. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb03838.x.

Catanzariti D, Maines M, Cemin C et al. Permanent direct his bundle pacing does not induce ventricular dyssynchrony unlike conventional right ventricular apical pacing. An intrapatient acute comparison study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006;16(2):81–92. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10840-006-9033-5.

Kronborg MB, Mortensen PT, Poulsen SH, et al. His or Para-his pacing preserves left ventricular func- tion in atrioventricular block: a double-blind, randomized, cross- over study. Europace. 2014;16(8):1189–96. https://doi.org/10. 1093/europace/euu011.

Yu Z, Chen R, Su Y, et al. Integrative and quantitive evaluation of the efficacy of his bundle related pacing in comparison with conventional right ventricular pacing: a meta-anal- ysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):221. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s12872-017-0649-4.

Pastore G, Aggio S, Baracca E et al. Hisian area and right ventricular apical pacing differently affect left atrial function: an intra-patients evaluation. Europace. 2014;16(7):1033–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut436.

Abdelrahman M, Subzposh FA, Beer D et al. Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(20):2319–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.048.

Sharma PS, Subzposh FA, Ellenbogen KA, Vijayaraman P. Permanent His-bundle pacing in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(1):59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hrthm.2016.09.016.

Occhetta E, Bortnik M, Magnani A et al. Prevention of ventricular desynchronization by permanent Para-Hisian pacing after atrioventricular node ablation in chronic atrial fibrillation: a crossover, blinded, randomized study versus apical right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(10):1938–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.056.

Huang W, Su L, Wu S, et al. Benefits of permanent his bundle pacing combined with atrioventricular node ablation in atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure with both preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection frac- tion. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(4):e005309. https://doi.org/10. 1161/JAHA.116.005309.

Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A. Atrioventricular node ablation and his bundle pacing. Europace. 2017;19(suppl_4):iv10– iv6. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux263.

Stockburger M, Moss AJ, Klein HU, et al. Sustained clinical benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-LBBB patients with prolonged PR-interval: MADIT-CRT long-term follow-up. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(11):944–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-016-1003-z.

Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(24):2461–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706695.

Barba-Pichardo R, Manovel Sanchez A, Fernandez-Gomez JM, et al. Ventricular resynchronization therapy by direct His-bundle pacing using an internal cardioverter defibrillator. Europace. 2013;15(1): 83–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eus228.

Sharma PS, Dandamudi G, Herweg B, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing as an alternative to biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(3):413–20. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.014.

Lustgarten DL, Crespo EM, Arkhipova-Jenkins I et al. His-bundle pacing versus biventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients: a crossover design com- parison. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(7):1548–57. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.048.

Dandamudi G, Vijayaraman P. How to perform permanent his bun- dle pacing in routine clinical practice. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(6): 1362–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.040.

Vijayaraman P, Dandamudi G, Worsnick S, Ellenbogen KA. Acute His-bundle injury current during permanent His-bundle pacing pre- dicts excellent pacing outcomes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;38(5):540–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.12571.

Upadhyay GA, Tung R. Selective versus non-selective his bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Electrocardiol. 2017;50(2):191–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.10.003.

Padeletti L, Pieragnoli P, Ricciardi G et al. Simultaneous his bundle and left ventricular pacing for optimal cardiac resynchronization therapy delivery: acute hemodynamic assessment by pressure-volume loops. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(5):e003793. https://doi.org/10. 1161/CIRCEP.115.003793.

Zanon F, Svetlich C, Occhetta E et al. Safety and performance of a system specifically designed for selective site pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(3): 339–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02951.x.

Ajijola OA, Upadhyay GA, Macias C et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial feasibility study in lieu of left ventricular lead. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(9):1353–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.04.003.

Friedman DJ, Hjorth MA, Sun AY, Atwater BD. Intermittent capture of the left bundle with permanent his bundle pacing: mechanistic insights and implications for an emerging field. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27(11):1344–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.13057.

Zhang J, Guo J, Hou X, et al. Comparison of the effects of selective and non-selective His bundle pacing on cardiac electrical and mechanical synchrony. Europace. 2018 Jun 1;20(6):1010-1017. doi: 10.1093/europace/eux120. PMID: 28575215.

Zaidi SMJ, Sohail H, Satti DI, Sami A, Anwar M, Malik J, Mustafa B, Mustafa M, Mehmoodi A. Tricuspid regurgitation in His bundle pacing: A systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2022 Nov;27(6):e12986. doi: 10.1111/anec.12986. Epub 2022 Jun 28.

Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, et al. His-SYNC Investigators. On-treatment comparison between corrective His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: A secondary analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial. Heart Rhythm. 2019 Dec;16(12):1797-1807. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.009.

Vinther M, Risum N, Svendsen JH et al. A Randomized Trial of His Pacing Versus Biventricular Pacing in Symptomatic HF Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block (His-Alternative). JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021 Nov;7(11):1422-1432. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.003

Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 14;42(35):3427-3520. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364.

Keene D, Arnold AD, Jastrzębski M, et al. His bundle pacing, learning curve, procedure characteristics, safety, and feasibility: Insights from a large international observational study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019 Oct;30(10):1984-1993. doi: 10.1111/jce.14064.

Bhatt AG, Musat DL, Milstein N, et al. The Efficacy of His Bundle Pacing: Lessons Learned From Implementation for the First Time at an Experienced Electrophysiology Center. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 Nov;4(11):1397-1406. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2018.07.013.

Referanslar

Wilkoff BL, Kudenchuk PJ, Buxton AE, et al. The DAVID (dual chamber and VVI implant- able defibrillator) II trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(10):872–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.057.

Albouaini K, Alkarmi A, Mudawi T, et al. Selective site right ventricular pacing. Heart. 2009;95(24):2030–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2009.171835.

Shurrab M, Botto G, Connolly S, A. Kaoutskaia. Reduction in unnecessary ventricular pacing fails to affect hard clinical out- comes: A meta-analysis. Reduction in unnecessary ventricular pac- ing fails to affect hard clinical outcomes: A meta-analysis. 2015.

Bilchick KC, Kamath S, DiMarco JP, Stukenborg GJ. Bundle- branch block morphology and other predictors of outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy in Medicare patients. Circulation. 2010;122(20):2022–30. https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956011.

Scherlag BJ, Kosowsky BD, Damato AN. A technique for ventric- ular pacing from the his bundle of the intact heart. J Appl Physiol. 1967;22(3):584–7. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.22.3.584.

Narula OS. Longitudinal dissociation in the his bundle. Bundle branch block due to asynchronous conduction within the his bundle in man. Circulation. 1977;56(6):996–1006. https://doi.org/10.1161/ 01.Cir.56.6.996.

Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M, et al. direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to car- diac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation. 2000;101(8):869–77. https://doi.org/10.1161/01. CIR.101.8.869.

James TN, Sherf L. Fine structure of the his bundle. Circulation. 1971;44(1):9–28. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.44.1.9.

Vijayaraman P, Dandamudi G, Zanon F et al. Permanent his bundle pacing: recommendations from a multicenter his bundle pacing collaborative working group for standardization of definitions, implant measurements, and fol- low-up. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(3):460–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hrthm.2017.10.039.

Kawashima T, Sasaki H. A macroscopic anatomical investiga- tion of atrioventricular bundle locational variation relative to the membranous part of the ventricular septum in elderly human hearts. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27(3):206–13. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00276-004-0302-7.

Massing GK, James TN. Anatomical configuration of the his bun- dle and bundle branches in the human heart. Circulation. 1976;53(4):609–21. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.609.

Elencwajg B, Zaman L, Rozanski JJ, Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Transverse dissociation of the human his bundle. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1982;5(3):323–8.

Sciacca A, Sangiorgi M. Trouble de la conduction intraventriculaire. droite du a la lesion du tronc common du faiseau de His. Acta Cardiol. 1957;12(5):486–92.

Castellanos A, Ramirez AV, Mayorga-Cortes A, et al. Left fascicular blocks during right- heart catheterization using the swan-Ganz catheter. Circulation. 1981;64(6):1271–6.

Barba-Pichardo R, Morina-Vazquez P, Venegas-Gamero J et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing in patients with infra-Hisian atrioventricular block. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006;59(6):553–8.

Barba-Pichardo R, Morina-Vazquez P, Fernandez-Gomez JM, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing: seeking physiological ventricular pacing. Europace. 2010;12(4):527–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euq038.

Teng AE, Massoud L, Ajijola OA. Physiological mechanisms of QRS narrowing in bundle branch block patients undergoing perma- nent his bundle pacing. J Electrocardiol. 2016;49(5):644–8. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.07.013.

Kosowsky BD, Scherlag BJ Damato AN. Re-evaluation of the atrial contribution to ventricular function: study using his bundle pacing. 1968.

Mabo P, Scherlag BJ, Munsif A, et al. A tech- nique for stable His-bundle recording and pacing: electrophys- iological and hemodynamic correlates. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1995;18(10):1894–901. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1540-8159.1995.tb03838.x.

Catanzariti D, Maines M, Cemin C et al. Permanent direct his bundle pacing does not induce ventricular dyssynchrony unlike conventional right ventricular apical pacing. An intrapatient acute comparison study. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006;16(2):81–92. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10840-006-9033-5.

Kronborg MB, Mortensen PT, Poulsen SH, et al. His or Para-his pacing preserves left ventricular func- tion in atrioventricular block: a double-blind, randomized, cross- over study. Europace. 2014;16(8):1189–96. https://doi.org/10. 1093/europace/euu011.

Yu Z, Chen R, Su Y, et al. Integrative and quantitive evaluation of the efficacy of his bundle related pacing in comparison with conventional right ventricular pacing: a meta-anal- ysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):221. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s12872-017-0649-4.

Pastore G, Aggio S, Baracca E et al. Hisian area and right ventricular apical pacing differently affect left atrial function: an intra-patients evaluation. Europace. 2014;16(7):1033–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eut436.

Abdelrahman M, Subzposh FA, Beer D et al. Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(20):2319–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.048.

Sharma PS, Subzposh FA, Ellenbogen KA, Vijayaraman P. Permanent His-bundle pacing in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(1):59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hrthm.2016.09.016.

Occhetta E, Bortnik M, Magnani A et al. Prevention of ventricular desynchronization by permanent Para-Hisian pacing after atrioventricular node ablation in chronic atrial fibrillation: a crossover, blinded, randomized study versus apical right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(10):1938–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.056.

Huang W, Su L, Wu S, et al. Benefits of permanent his bundle pacing combined with atrioventricular node ablation in atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure with both preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection frac- tion. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(4):e005309. https://doi.org/10. 1161/JAHA.116.005309.

Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A. Atrioventricular node ablation and his bundle pacing. Europace. 2017;19(suppl_4):iv10– iv6. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux263.

Stockburger M, Moss AJ, Klein HU, et al. Sustained clinical benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-LBBB patients with prolonged PR-interval: MADIT-CRT long-term follow-up. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(11):944–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-016-1003-z.

Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(24):2461–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706695.

Barba-Pichardo R, Manovel Sanchez A, Fernandez-Gomez JM, et al. Ventricular resynchronization therapy by direct His-bundle pacing using an internal cardioverter defibrillator. Europace. 2013;15(1): 83–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eus228.

Sharma PS, Dandamudi G, Herweg B, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing as an alternative to biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(3):413–20. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.014.

Lustgarten DL, Crespo EM, Arkhipova-Jenkins I et al. His-bundle pacing versus biventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients: a crossover design com- parison. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(7):1548–57. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.048.

Dandamudi G, Vijayaraman P. How to perform permanent his bun- dle pacing in routine clinical practice. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(6): 1362–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.040.

Vijayaraman P, Dandamudi G, Worsnick S, Ellenbogen KA. Acute His-bundle injury current during permanent His-bundle pacing pre- dicts excellent pacing outcomes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;38(5):540–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.12571.

Upadhyay GA, Tung R. Selective versus non-selective his bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Electrocardiol. 2017;50(2):191–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.10.003.

Padeletti L, Pieragnoli P, Ricciardi G et al. Simultaneous his bundle and left ventricular pacing for optimal cardiac resynchronization therapy delivery: acute hemodynamic assessment by pressure-volume loops. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9(5):e003793. https://doi.org/10. 1161/CIRCEP.115.003793.

Zanon F, Svetlich C, Occhetta E et al. Safety and performance of a system specifically designed for selective site pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(3): 339–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02951.x.

Ajijola OA, Upadhyay GA, Macias C et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial feasibility study in lieu of left ventricular lead. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(9):1353–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.04.003.

Friedman DJ, Hjorth MA, Sun AY, Atwater BD. Intermittent capture of the left bundle with permanent his bundle pacing: mechanistic insights and implications for an emerging field. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27(11):1344–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.13057.

Zhang J, Guo J, Hou X, et al. Comparison of the effects of selective and non-selective His bundle pacing on cardiac electrical and mechanical synchrony. Europace. 2018 Jun 1;20(6):1010-1017. doi: 10.1093/europace/eux120. PMID: 28575215.

Zaidi SMJ, Sohail H, Satti DI, Sami A, Anwar M, Malik J, Mustafa B, Mustafa M, Mehmoodi A. Tricuspid regurgitation in His bundle pacing: A systematic review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2022 Nov;27(6):e12986. doi: 10.1111/anec.12986. Epub 2022 Jun 28.

Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, et al. His-SYNC Investigators. On-treatment comparison between corrective His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: A secondary analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial. Heart Rhythm. 2019 Dec;16(12):1797-1807. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.009.

Vinther M, Risum N, Svendsen JH et al. A Randomized Trial of His Pacing Versus Biventricular Pacing in Symptomatic HF Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block (His-Alternative). JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021 Nov;7(11):1422-1432. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.003

Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 14;42(35):3427-3520. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364.

Keene D, Arnold AD, Jastrzębski M, et al. His bundle pacing, learning curve, procedure characteristics, safety, and feasibility: Insights from a large international observational study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019 Oct;30(10):1984-1993. doi: 10.1111/jce.14064.

Bhatt AG, Musat DL, Milstein N, et al. The Efficacy of His Bundle Pacing: Lessons Learned From Implementation for the First Time at an Experienced Electrophysiology Center. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018 Nov;4(11):1397-1406. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2018.07.013.

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