Elektrokardiyografi ve Ekokardiyografi ile Kardiyak Resenkronizasyon Tedavisi Optimizasyonu
Özet
Referanslar
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6-e245. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad
Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute Heart Failure Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(7). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.041
Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Holmes Jr DR, Tajik J. Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: an acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(2):281-288.
Gold MR, Feliciano Z, Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML. Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure: A randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(4). doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00292-0
Linde C, Gadler F, Edner M, Nordlander R, Rosenqvist M, Ryde ́n L. Results of atrioventricular synchronous pacing with optimized delay in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(14). doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80687-0
Iuliano S, Fisher SG, Karasik PE, Fletcher RD, Singh SN. Qrs duration and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143(6). doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.122516
Gorcsan J, Oyenuga O, Habib PJ, et al. Relationship of echocardiographic dyssynchrony to long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(19). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.954768
Delgado V, Van Bommel RJ, Bertini M, et al. Relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony, left ventricular lead position, and myocardial scar to predict long-term survival of ischemic heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2011;123(1). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.945345
Xiao HB, Lee CH, Gibson DG. Effect of left bundle branch block on diastolic function in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1991;66(6). doi:10.1136/hrt.66.6.443
Herman M V, Heinle RA, Klein MD, et al. Localized disorders in myocardial contraction: Asynergy and its role in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1967;277(5):222-232.
Holzmeister J, Leclercq C. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Lancet. 2011;378(9792). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61228-2
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2022;28(5). doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.02.010
Vassallo JA, Cassidy DM, Miller JM, Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Josephson ME. Left ventricular endocardial activation during right ventricular pacing: Effect of underlying heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(6). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80140-1
Van Gelder BM, Bracke FA, Meijer A, Pijls NHJ. The hemodynamic effect of intrinsic conduction during left ventricular pacing as compared to biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.098
Bordachar P, Lafitte S, Reuter S, et al. Biventricular pacing and left ventricular pacing in heart failure: Similar hemodynamic improvement despite marked electromechanical differences. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(12). doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.04318.x
Kurzidim K, Reinke H, Sperzel J, et al. Invasive optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy: Role of sequential biventricular and left ventricular pacing. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28(8). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00181.x
Riedlbauchová L, Frídl P, Kautzner J, Peichl P. Performance of left ventricular versus biventricular pacing in chronic heart failure assessed by stress echocardiography. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(5). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2004.00497.x
Delnoy PPHM, Ottervanger JP, Luttikhuis HO, et al. Pressure-volume loop analysis during implantation of biventricular pacemaker/cardiac resynchronization therapy device to optimize right and left ventricular pacing sites. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(7). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp011
Gasparini M, Bocchiardo M, Lunati M, et al. Comparison of 1-year effects of left ventricular and biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure who have ventricular arrhythmias and left bundle-branch block: The Bi vs Left Ventricular Pacing: An International Pilot Evaluation on Heart Failure Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias (BELIEVE) multicenter prospective randomized pilot study. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.04.004
Rao RK, Kumar UN, Schafer J, Viloria E, De Lurgio D, Foster E. Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: A randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing. Circulation. 2007;115(16). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.634444
Sirker A, Thomas M, Baker S, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Left or left-and-right for optimal symptomatic effect - The LOLA ROSE study. Europace. 2007;9(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eum161
Boriani G, Kranig W, Donal E, et al. A randomized double-blind comparison of biventricular versus left ventricular stimulation for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Biventricular versus Left Univentricular Pacing with ICD Back-up in Heart Failure Patients (B-LEFT HF) trial. Am Heart J. 2010;159(6):1052-1058.
Sedláček K, Burianová L, Mlčochová H, Peichl P, Marek T, Kautzner J. Isolated left ventricular pacing results in worse long-term clinical outcome when compared with biventricular pacing: A single-centre randomized study. Europace. 2010;12(12). doi:10.1093/europace/euq307
Buck S, Maass AH, Nieuwland W, Anthonio RL, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Van Gelder IC. Impact of interventricular lead distance and the decrease in septal-to-lateral delay on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2008;10(11). doi:10.1093/europace/eun208
Singh JP, Klein HU, Huang DT, et al. Left ventricular lead position and clinical outcome in the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy (MADIT-CRT) trial. Circulation. 2011;123(11). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.000646
Mortensen PT, Herre JM, Chung ES, et al. The effect of left ventricular pacing site on cardiac resynchronization therapy outcome and mortality: The results of a PROSPECT substudy. Europace. 2010;12(12). doi:10.1093/europace/euq324
Doll N, Piorkowski C, Czesla M, et al. Epicardial versus transvenous left ventricular lead placement in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from a randomized prospective study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(5). doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038633
Patwala A, Woods P, Clements R, et al. A prospective longitudinal evaluation of the benefits of epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2009;11(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eup251
Goscinska-Bis K, Bis J, Krejca M, et al. Totally epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy system implantation in patients with heart failure undergoing CABG. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(5). doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.03.007
Padeletti L, Colella A, Michelucci A, et al. Dual-Site Left Ventricular Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(12). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.016
Leclercq C, Gadler F, Kranig W, et al. A Randomized Comparison of Triple-Site Versus Dual-Site Ventricular Stimulation in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(15). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.074
O’Donnell D, Nadurata V, Hamer A, Kertes P, Mohammed W. Bifocal right ventricular cardiac resynchronization therapies in patients with unsuccessful percutaneous lateral left ventricular venous access. In: PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol 28. ; 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00069.x
Res JCJ, Bokern MJJA, De Cock CC, Van Loenhout T, Bronzwaer PNA, Spierenburg HAM. The BRIGHT study: Bifocal right ventricular resynchronization therapy: A randomized study. Europace. 2007;9(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eum147
Rocha EA, Gondim TP, Abreu S, et al. Ventricular resynchronization - Comparing biventricular and bifocal right ventricular pacemakers. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(6).
Lane RE, Mayet J, Peters NS, Davies DW, Chow AWC. Comparison of temporary bifocal right ventricular pacing and biventricular pacing for heart failure: Evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Heart. 2008;94(1). doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.106369
Bulava A, Lukl J. Similar long-term benefits conferred by apical versus mid-septal implantation of the right ventricular lead in recipients of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems. In: PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol 32. ; 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.02224.x
Małecka B, Za̧bek A, Lelakowski J. Shortening of paced QRS complex and clinical improvement following upgrading from apical right ventricular pacing to bifocal right ventricular or biventricular pacing in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Kardiol Pol. 2010;68(11).
Dekker ALAJ, Phelps B, Dijkman B, et al. Epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Optimal pace site selection with pressure-volume loops. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(6). doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.10.052
Raichlen JS, Campbell FW, Edie RN, Josephson ME, Harken AH. The effect of the site of placement of temporary epicardial pacemakers on ventricular function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1984;70(3 II).
Auricchio A, Abraham WT. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Current State of the Art. Cost Versus Benefit. Circulation. 2004;109(3). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000115583.20268.E1
Auricchio A, Salo RW. Acute hemodynamic improvement by pacing in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20(2):313-324.
Kass DA, Chen CH, Curry C, et al. Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay. Circulation. 1999;99(12). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.99.12.1567
Blanc JJ, Etienne Y, Gilard M, et al. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure: Results of an acute hemodynamic study. Circulation. 1997;96(10). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.96.10.3273
Gras D, Mabo P, Tang T, et al. Multisite pacing as a supplemental treatment of congestive heart failure: Preliminary results of the Medtronic Inc. InSync study. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21(11 II). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01162.x
Duckett SG, Ginks M, Shetty AK, et al. Invasive acute hemodynamic response to guide left ventricular lead implantation predicts chronic remodeling in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(11). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.042
Butter C, Wellnhofer E, Seifert M, et al. Time course of left ventricular volumes in severe congestive heart failure patients treated by optimized AV sequential left ventricular pacing alone - A 3-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am Heart J. 2006;151(1). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.047
Solomon SD, Foster E, Bourgoun M, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on reverse remodeling and relation to outcome: Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial: Cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(10). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955039
Van Campen CMC, Visser FC, De Cock CC, Vos HS, Kamp O, Visser CA. Comparison of the haemodynamics of different pacing sites in patients undergoing resynchronisation treatment: Need for individualisation of lead localisation. Heart. 2006;92(12). doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.050435
Ypenburg C, van Bommel RJ, Delgado V, et al. Optimal Left Ventricular Lead Position Predicts Reverse Remodeling and Survival After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(17). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.046
Prinzen FW, Augustijn CH, Allessie MA, Arts T, Delhass T, Reneman RS. The time sequence of electrical and mechanical activation during spontaneous beating and ectopic stimulation. Eur Heart J. 1992;13(4):535-543.
Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L, et al. Results of the predictors of response to crt (prospect) trial. Circulation. 2008;117(20). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743120
Miyazaki C, Redfield MM, Powell BD, et al. Original articles dyssynchrony indices to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy a comprehensive prospective single-center study. Circ Hear Fail. 2010;3(5). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.848085
Park HE, Chang SA, Kim HK, et al. Impact of loading condition on the 2D speckle tracking-derived left ventricular dyssynchrony index in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(3). doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.890848
Pouleur AC, Knappe D, Shah AM, et al. Relationship between improvement in left ventricular dyssynchrony and contractile function and clinical outcome with cardiac resynchronization therapy: The MADIT-CRT trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(14). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr185
Gervais R, Leclercq C, Shankar A, et al. Surface electrocardiogram to predict outcome in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a sub-analysis of the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(7). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp074
Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, Daubert C. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic heart failure patients in relation to etiology: Results from the reverse (REsynchronization reVErses Remodeling in Systolic Left vEntricular Dysfunction) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(22). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.055
Zareba W, Klein H, Cygankiewicz I, et al. Effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy by QRS morphology in the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy (MADIT-CRT). Circulation. 2011;123(10). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.960898
Haghjoo M, Bagherzadeh A, Farahani MM, Haghighi ZO, Sadr-Ameli MA. Significance of QRS morphology in determining the prevalence of mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients eligible for cardiac resynchronization: Particular focus on patients with right bundle branch block with and without coexistent left-sided conduction defects. Europace. 2008;10(5). doi:10.1093/europace/eun081
Ghio S, Freemantle N, Scelsi L, et al. Long-term left ventricular reverse remodelling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(5). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp034
St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E. Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: Quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation. 2006;113(2). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520817
Tournoux F, Donal E, Leclercq C, et al. Concordance between mechanical and electrical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients: A function of the underlying cardiomyopathy? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(10). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00900.x
Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TAM, Lamb HJ, et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2006;113(7). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.543678
Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB, et al. Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(1). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl379
Ginks MR, Lambiase PD, Duckett SG, et al. A simultaneous X-Ray/MRI and noncontact mapping study of the acute hemodynamic effect of left ventricular endocardial and epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy in humans. Circ Hear Fail. 2011;4(2). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958124
Jansen AHM, Bracke F, Van Dantzig JM, et al. The influence of myocardial scar and dyssynchrony on reverse remodeling in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9(4). doi:10.1016/j.euje.2007.07.002
Riedlbauchová L, Brunken R, Jaber WA, et al. The impact of myocardial viability on the clinical outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(1). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01294.x
Tatsumi K, Tanaka H, Matsumoto K, et al. Mechanical left ventricular dyssynchrony in heart failure patients with narrow QRS duration as assessed by three-dimensional speckle area tracking strain. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(6):867-872.
Van Bommel RJ, Tanaka H, Delgado V, et al. Association of intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony with response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with a narrow QRS complex. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(24). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq334
Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(24):2461-2471.
Foley PWX, Patel K, Irwin N, et al. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in patients with heart failure and a normal QRS duration: The RESPOND study. Heart. 2011;97(13). doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.208355
Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(15):1395-1405.
Gradaus R, Stuckenborg V, Löher A, et al. Diastolic filling pattern and left ventricular diameter predict response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart. 2008;94(8). doi:10.1136/hrt.2007.126193
Shanks M, Bertini M, Delgado V, et al. Effect of biventricular pacing on diastolic dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(19). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.077
Fung JWH, Zhang Q, Yip GWK, Chan JYS, Chan HCK, Yu CM. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction and wide QRS complex: A prospective study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(12). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00612.x
Waggoner AD, Faddis MN, Gleva MJ, De Las Fuentes L, Dávila-Román VG. Improvements in left ventricular diastolic function after cardiac resynchronization therapy are coupled to response in systolic performance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.094
Jansen AHM, van Dantzig J melle, Bracke F, et al. Improvement in diastolic function and left ventricular filling pressure induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am Heart J. 2007;153(5). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.033
Shanks M, Antoni ML, Hoke U, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular diastolic function assessed with speckle-tracking echocardiography. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(10). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr115
De Cock CC, Vos DHS, Jessurun E, Allaart CP, Visser CA. Effects of stimulation site on diastolic function in cardiac resynchronization therapy. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(SUPPL. 1). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00601.x
Jansen AHM, Bracke FA, Van Dantzig JM, et al. Correlation of echo-doppler optimization of atrioventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy with invasive hemodynamics in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(4). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.076
Levin V, Nemeth M, Colombowala I, et al. Interatrial conduction measured during biventricular pacemaker implantation accurately predicts optimal paced atrioventricular intervals. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(3). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00744.x
Gold MR, Niazi I, Giudici M, et al. A prospective comparison of AV delay programming methods for hemodynamic optimization during cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(5). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00770.x
Kara T, Novak M, Nykodym J, et al. Short-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on sleep-disordered breathing in patients with systolic heart failure. Chest. 2008;134(1). doi:10.1378/chest.07-2832
Morales MA, Startari U, Panchetti L, Rossi A, Piacenti M. Atrioventricular delay optimization by Doppler-derived left ventricular dP/dt improves 6-month outcome of resynchronized patients. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29(6). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00402.x
Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Read PA, et al. Impact of VV optimization in relation to left ventricular lead position: An acute haemodynamic study. Europace. 2011;13(6). doi:10.1093/europace/eur037
Turcott RG, Witteles RM, Wang JJ, Vagelos RH, Fowler MB, Ashley EA. Measurement precision in the optimization of cardiac therapy resynchronization. Circ Hear Fail. 2010;3(3). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.900076
Bocchiardo M, Meyer Zu Vilsendorf D, Militello C, et al. Resynchronization therapy optimization by intracardiac impedance. Europace. 2010;12(11). doi:10.1093/europace/euq273
Khaykin Y, Exner D, Birnie D, Sapp J, Aggarwal S, Sambelashvili A. Adjusting the timing of left-ventricular pacing using electrocardiogram and device electrograms. Europace. 2011;13(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eur146
Zuber M, Toggweiler S, Lori Quinn-Tate, Brown L, Amkieh A, Erne P. A comparison of acoustic cardiography and echocardiography for optimizing pacemaker settings in Cardiac resynchronization therapy. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(7). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01094.x
Braun MU, Schnabel A, Rauwolf T, Schulze M, Strasser RH. Impedance cardiography as a noninvasive technique for atrioventricular interval optimization in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005;13(3). doi:10.1007/s10840-005-2361-z
Heinroth KM, Elster M, Nuding S, et al. Impedance cardiography: A useful and reliable tool in optimization of cardiac resynchronization devices. Europace. 2007;9(9). doi:10.1093/europace/eum086
Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, Meyer TE, et al. Primary results from the smartdelay determined AV optimization: A comparison to other AV delay methods used in cardiac resynchronization therapy (SMART-AV) trial: A randomized trial comparing empirical, echocardiography- guided, and algorithmic atrioventricular delay programming in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(25). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.992552
Fischer A, Hansalia R, Buckley S, et al. Lack of clinical predictors of optimal V-V delay in patients with cardiac resynchronization devices. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009;25(2). doi:10.1007/s10840-008-9336-9
Boriani G, Biffi M, Müller CP, et al. A prospective randomized evaluation of VV delay optimization in CRT-D recipients: Echocardiographic observations from the RHYTHM II ICD study. In: PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol 32. ; 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.02267.x
Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R, Trambaiolo P, Fedele F, Santini M. Doppler myocardial imaging to evaluate the effectiveness of pacing sites in patients receiving biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(3). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01772-7
Lecoq G, Leclercq C, Leray E, et al. Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of a positive response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in advanced heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(11). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi146
Reuter S, Garrigue S, Barold SS, et al. Comparison of characteristics in responders versus nonresponders with biventricular pacing for drug-resistant congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(3). doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02240-8
Tamborero D, Vidal B, Tolosana JM, et al. Electrocardiographic versus echocardiographic optimization of the interventricular pacing delay in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22(10). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02085.x
Ashikaga H, Mickelsen SR, Ennis DB, et al. Electromechanical analysis of infarct border zone in chronic myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol - Hear Circ Physiol. 2005;289(3 58-3). doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00423.2005
Boriani G, Müller CP, Seidl KH, et al. Randomized comparison of simultaneous biventricular stimulation versus optimized interventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Resynchronization for the HemodYnamic Treatment for Heart Failure Management II implantable cardioverter defibrillator (RHYTHM II ICD) study. Am Heart J. 2006;151(5). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.08.019
Faletra FF, Conca C, Klersy C, et al. Comparison of Eight Echocardiographic Methods for Determining the Prevalence of Mechanical Dyssynchrony and Site of Latest Mechanical Contraction in Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(12). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.043
Tanaka H, Nesser HJ, Buck T, et al. Dyssynchrony by speckle-tracking echocardiography and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results of the Speckle Tracking and Resynchronization (STAR) study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(14). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq213
Lim P, Buakhamsri A, Popovic ZB, et al. Longitudinal strain delay index by speckle tracking imaging: A new marker of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2008;118(11). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.750190
Lim P, Donal E, Lafitte S, et al. Multicentre study using strain delay index for predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (MUSIC study). Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(9). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr073
Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Read PA, et al. Effect of low-amplitude two-dimensional radial strain at left ventricular pacing sites on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(11). doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.08.023
Bertini M, Marsan NA, Delgado V, et al. Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Left Ventricular Twist. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(14). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.063
Sade LE, Demir Ö, Atar I, Müderrisoglu H, Özin B. Effect of Mechanical Dyssynchrony and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Left Ventricular Rotational Mechanics. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(8). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.069
Bertini M, Delgado V, Nucifora G, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on subendo-and subepicardial left ventricular twist mechanics and relation to favorable outcome. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(5):682-687.
Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole: Third international study on syncope of uncertain etiology (ISSUE-3): A randomized trial. Circulation. 2012;125(21). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.082313
Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Palmer CR, et al. Targeted left ventricular lead placement to guide cardiac resynchronization therapy: The TARGET study: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(17). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.030
Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Pedersen AK, et al. Sequential versus simultaneous biventricular resynchronization for severe heart failure: Evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation. 2002;106(16). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000034512.90874.8E
Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Kim WY, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging predicts improved systolic performance and reversed left ventricular remodeling during long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(4). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02010-7
Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R, Luzzi G, Anaclerio M, Forleo C. Role of Septal to Posterior Wall Motion Delay in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(3). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.017
M. MG, Emily R, M. VE, et al. Septal to Posterior Wall Motion Delay Fails to Predict Reverse Remodeling or Clinical Improvement in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12):2208-2214. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.095
Jones RC, Svinarich T, Rubin A, et al. Optimal atrioventricular delay in CRT patients can be approximated using surface electrocardiography and device electrograms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(11). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01807.x
Lee KL, Burnes JE, Mullen TJ, Hettrick DA, Tse HF, Lau CP. Avoidance of right ventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy improves right ventricular hemodynamics in heart failure patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(5). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00788.x
St. John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107(15). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000065226.24159.E9
Varma N, Jia P, Ramanathan C, Rudy Y. RV electrical activation in heart failure during right, left, and biventricular pacing. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(6). doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.12.017
Vollmann D, Lüthje L, Schott P, Hasenfuss G, Unterberg-Buchwald C. Biventricular pacing improves the blunted force-frequency relation present during univentricular pacing in patients with heart failure and conduction delay. Circulation. 2006;113(7). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579987
Plummer CJ, Frank CM, Bári Z, et al. A novel algorithm increases the delivery of effective cardiac resynchronization therapy during atrial fibrillation: The CRTee randomized crossover trial. Hear Rhythm. 2018;15(3). doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.026
Alboni P, Scarfò S, Fucà G, Mele D, Dinelli M, Paparella N. Short-term hemodynamic effects of DDD pacing from ventricular apex, right ventricular outflow tract and proximal septum. G Ital Cardiol. 1998;28(3).
Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, Dohi K, Sade LE, Gorcsan J. A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: Insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(8). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.036
2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44. doi:10.2337/dc21-S002
Matsumoto K, Tanaka H, Okajima K, et al. Relation between left ventricular morphology and reduction in functional mitral regurgitation by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.052
Medina-Ravell VA, Lankipalli RS, Yan GX, et al. Effect of epicardial or biventricular pacing to prolong QT interval and increase transmural dispersion of repolarization: Does resynchronization therapy pose a risk for patients predisposed to long QT or torsade de pointes? Circulation. 2003;107(5). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000048126.07819.37
Barsheshet A, Wang PJ, Moss AJ, et al. Reverse remodeling and the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation TrialCardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(24). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.041
Gold MR, Linde C, Abraham WT, Gardiwal A, Daubert JC. The impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in mild heart failure. Hear Rhythm. 2011;8(5). doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.12.031
Donal E, Vignat N, De Place C, et al. Acute effects of biventricular pacing on right ventricular function assessed by tissue Doppler imaging. Europace. 2007;9(2). doi:10.1093/europace/eul175
Rajagopalan N, Suffoletto MS, Tanabe M, et al. Right Ventricular Function Following Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(9). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.06.037
Vitarelli A, Franciosa P, Nguyen BL, et al. Additive value of right ventricular dyssynchrony indexes in predicting the success of cardiac resynchronization therapy: A speckle-tracking imaging study. J Card Fail. 2011;17(5). doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.12.004
Burri H, Domenichini G, Sunthorn H, et al. Right ventricular systolic function and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2010;12(3). doi:10.1093/europace/eup401
Kjaergaard J, Ghio S, St. John Sutton M, Hassager C. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from the REVERSE trial. J Card Fail. 2011;17(2). doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.09.002
Yu CM, Chan JYS, Zhang Q, et al. Impact of Cardiac Contractility Modulation on Left Ventricular Global and Regional Function and Remodeling. JACC Cardivasc Imaging. 2009;2(12). doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.07.011
BORGGREFE M, LAWO T, BUTTER C, et al. Randomized, double blind study of non-excitatory, cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) electrical impulses for symptomatic heart failure. Eur J Hear Fail Suppl. 2008;7. doi:10.1016/s1567-4215(08)60465-8
Kadish A, Nademanee K, Volosin K, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.025
Brown CD, Burns K V., Harbin MM, Espinosa EA, Olson MD, Bank AJ. Cardiac resynchronization therapy optimization in nonresponders and incomplete responders using electrical dyssynchrony mapping. Hear Rhythm. 2022;19(12). doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.07.016
Referanslar
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6-e245. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad
Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute Heart Failure Syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(7). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.041
Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Holmes Jr DR, Tajik J. Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: an acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(2):281-288.
Gold MR, Feliciano Z, Gottlieb SS, Fisher ML. Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure: A randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(4). doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00292-0
Linde C, Gadler F, Edner M, Nordlander R, Rosenqvist M, Ryde ́n L. Results of atrioventricular synchronous pacing with optimized delay in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(14). doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80687-0
Iuliano S, Fisher SG, Karasik PE, Fletcher RD, Singh SN. Qrs duration and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143(6). doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.122516
Gorcsan J, Oyenuga O, Habib PJ, et al. Relationship of echocardiographic dyssynchrony to long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(19). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.954768
Delgado V, Van Bommel RJ, Bertini M, et al. Relative merits of left ventricular dyssynchrony, left ventricular lead position, and myocardial scar to predict long-term survival of ischemic heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2011;123(1). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.945345
Xiao HB, Lee CH, Gibson DG. Effect of left bundle branch block on diastolic function in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1991;66(6). doi:10.1136/hrt.66.6.443
Herman M V, Heinle RA, Klein MD, et al. Localized disorders in myocardial contraction: Asynergy and its role in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1967;277(5):222-232.
Holzmeister J, Leclercq C. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Lancet. 2011;378(9792). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61228-2
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2022;28(5). doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.02.010
Vassallo JA, Cassidy DM, Miller JM, Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Josephson ME. Left ventricular endocardial activation during right ventricular pacing: Effect of underlying heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(6). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80140-1
Van Gelder BM, Bracke FA, Meijer A, Pijls NHJ. The hemodynamic effect of intrinsic conduction during left ventricular pacing as compared to biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.098
Bordachar P, Lafitte S, Reuter S, et al. Biventricular pacing and left ventricular pacing in heart failure: Similar hemodynamic improvement despite marked electromechanical differences. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(12). doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.04318.x
Kurzidim K, Reinke H, Sperzel J, et al. Invasive optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy: Role of sequential biventricular and left ventricular pacing. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28(8). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00181.x
Riedlbauchová L, Frídl P, Kautzner J, Peichl P. Performance of left ventricular versus biventricular pacing in chronic heart failure assessed by stress echocardiography. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(5). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2004.00497.x
Delnoy PPHM, Ottervanger JP, Luttikhuis HO, et al. Pressure-volume loop analysis during implantation of biventricular pacemaker/cardiac resynchronization therapy device to optimize right and left ventricular pacing sites. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(7). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp011
Gasparini M, Bocchiardo M, Lunati M, et al. Comparison of 1-year effects of left ventricular and biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure who have ventricular arrhythmias and left bundle-branch block: The Bi vs Left Ventricular Pacing: An International Pilot Evaluation on Heart Failure Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias (BELIEVE) multicenter prospective randomized pilot study. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.04.004
Rao RK, Kumar UN, Schafer J, Viloria E, De Lurgio D, Foster E. Reduced ventricular volumes and improved systolic function with cardiac resynchronization therapy: A randomized trial comparing simultaneous biventricular pacing, sequential biventricular pacing, and left ventricular pacing. Circulation. 2007;115(16). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.634444
Sirker A, Thomas M, Baker S, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Left or left-and-right for optimal symptomatic effect - The LOLA ROSE study. Europace. 2007;9(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eum161
Boriani G, Kranig W, Donal E, et al. A randomized double-blind comparison of biventricular versus left ventricular stimulation for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Biventricular versus Left Univentricular Pacing with ICD Back-up in Heart Failure Patients (B-LEFT HF) trial. Am Heart J. 2010;159(6):1052-1058.
Sedláček K, Burianová L, Mlčochová H, Peichl P, Marek T, Kautzner J. Isolated left ventricular pacing results in worse long-term clinical outcome when compared with biventricular pacing: A single-centre randomized study. Europace. 2010;12(12). doi:10.1093/europace/euq307
Buck S, Maass AH, Nieuwland W, Anthonio RL, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Van Gelder IC. Impact of interventricular lead distance and the decrease in septal-to-lateral delay on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2008;10(11). doi:10.1093/europace/eun208
Singh JP, Klein HU, Huang DT, et al. Left ventricular lead position and clinical outcome in the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy (MADIT-CRT) trial. Circulation. 2011;123(11). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.000646
Mortensen PT, Herre JM, Chung ES, et al. The effect of left ventricular pacing site on cardiac resynchronization therapy outcome and mortality: The results of a PROSPECT substudy. Europace. 2010;12(12). doi:10.1093/europace/euq324
Doll N, Piorkowski C, Czesla M, et al. Epicardial versus transvenous left ventricular lead placement in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from a randomized prospective study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(5). doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038633
Patwala A, Woods P, Clements R, et al. A prospective longitudinal evaluation of the benefits of epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2009;11(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eup251
Goscinska-Bis K, Bis J, Krejca M, et al. Totally epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy system implantation in patients with heart failure undergoing CABG. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(5). doi:10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.03.007
Padeletti L, Colella A, Michelucci A, et al. Dual-Site Left Ventricular Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(12). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.08.016
Leclercq C, Gadler F, Kranig W, et al. A Randomized Comparison of Triple-Site Versus Dual-Site Ventricular Stimulation in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(15). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.074
O’Donnell D, Nadurata V, Hamer A, Kertes P, Mohammed W. Bifocal right ventricular cardiac resynchronization therapies in patients with unsuccessful percutaneous lateral left ventricular venous access. In: PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol 28. ; 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00069.x
Res JCJ, Bokern MJJA, De Cock CC, Van Loenhout T, Bronzwaer PNA, Spierenburg HAM. The BRIGHT study: Bifocal right ventricular resynchronization therapy: A randomized study. Europace. 2007;9(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eum147
Rocha EA, Gondim TP, Abreu S, et al. Ventricular resynchronization - Comparing biventricular and bifocal right ventricular pacemakers. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(6).
Lane RE, Mayet J, Peters NS, Davies DW, Chow AWC. Comparison of temporary bifocal right ventricular pacing and biventricular pacing for heart failure: Evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Heart. 2008;94(1). doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.106369
Bulava A, Lukl J. Similar long-term benefits conferred by apical versus mid-septal implantation of the right ventricular lead in recipients of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems. In: PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol 32. ; 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.02224.x
Małecka B, Za̧bek A, Lelakowski J. Shortening of paced QRS complex and clinical improvement following upgrading from apical right ventricular pacing to bifocal right ventricular or biventricular pacing in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Kardiol Pol. 2010;68(11).
Dekker ALAJ, Phelps B, Dijkman B, et al. Epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Optimal pace site selection with pressure-volume loops. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(6). doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.10.052
Raichlen JS, Campbell FW, Edie RN, Josephson ME, Harken AH. The effect of the site of placement of temporary epicardial pacemakers on ventricular function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation. 1984;70(3 II).
Auricchio A, Abraham WT. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Current State of the Art. Cost Versus Benefit. Circulation. 2004;109(3). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000115583.20268.E1
Auricchio A, Salo RW. Acute hemodynamic improvement by pacing in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20(2):313-324.
Kass DA, Chen CH, Curry C, et al. Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay. Circulation. 1999;99(12). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.99.12.1567
Blanc JJ, Etienne Y, Gilard M, et al. Evaluation of different ventricular pacing sites in patients with severe heart failure: Results of an acute hemodynamic study. Circulation. 1997;96(10). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.96.10.3273
Gras D, Mabo P, Tang T, et al. Multisite pacing as a supplemental treatment of congestive heart failure: Preliminary results of the Medtronic Inc. InSync study. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21(11 II). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01162.x
Duckett SG, Ginks M, Shetty AK, et al. Invasive acute hemodynamic response to guide left ventricular lead implantation predicts chronic remodeling in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(11). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.042
Butter C, Wellnhofer E, Seifert M, et al. Time course of left ventricular volumes in severe congestive heart failure patients treated by optimized AV sequential left ventricular pacing alone - A 3-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am Heart J. 2006;151(1). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.047
Solomon SD, Foster E, Bourgoun M, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on reverse remodeling and relation to outcome: Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial: Cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(10). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.955039
Van Campen CMC, Visser FC, De Cock CC, Vos HS, Kamp O, Visser CA. Comparison of the haemodynamics of different pacing sites in patients undergoing resynchronisation treatment: Need for individualisation of lead localisation. Heart. 2006;92(12). doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.050435
Ypenburg C, van Bommel RJ, Delgado V, et al. Optimal Left Ventricular Lead Position Predicts Reverse Remodeling and Survival After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(17). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.046
Prinzen FW, Augustijn CH, Allessie MA, Arts T, Delhass T, Reneman RS. The time sequence of electrical and mechanical activation during spontaneous beating and ectopic stimulation. Eur Heart J. 1992;13(4):535-543.
Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L, et al. Results of the predictors of response to crt (prospect) trial. Circulation. 2008;117(20). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743120
Miyazaki C, Redfield MM, Powell BD, et al. Original articles dyssynchrony indices to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy a comprehensive prospective single-center study. Circ Hear Fail. 2010;3(5). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.848085
Park HE, Chang SA, Kim HK, et al. Impact of loading condition on the 2D speckle tracking-derived left ventricular dyssynchrony index in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(3). doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.890848
Pouleur AC, Knappe D, Shah AM, et al. Relationship between improvement in left ventricular dyssynchrony and contractile function and clinical outcome with cardiac resynchronization therapy: The MADIT-CRT trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(14). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr185
Gervais R, Leclercq C, Shankar A, et al. Surface electrocardiogram to predict outcome in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a sub-analysis of the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(7). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp074
Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, Daubert C. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic heart failure patients in relation to etiology: Results from the reverse (REsynchronization reVErses Remodeling in Systolic Left vEntricular Dysfunction) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(22). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.055
Zareba W, Klein H, Cygankiewicz I, et al. Effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy by QRS morphology in the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial-cardiac resynchronization therapy (MADIT-CRT). Circulation. 2011;123(10). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.960898
Haghjoo M, Bagherzadeh A, Farahani MM, Haghighi ZO, Sadr-Ameli MA. Significance of QRS morphology in determining the prevalence of mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients eligible for cardiac resynchronization: Particular focus on patients with right bundle branch block with and without coexistent left-sided conduction defects. Europace. 2008;10(5). doi:10.1093/europace/eun081
Ghio S, Freemantle N, Scelsi L, et al. Long-term left ventricular reverse remodelling with cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from the CARE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(5). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp034
St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, Abraham WT, Hayes DL, Chinchoy E. Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: Quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation. 2006;113(2). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.520817
Tournoux F, Donal E, Leclercq C, et al. Concordance between mechanical and electrical dyssynchrony in heart failure patients: A function of the underlying cardiomyopathy? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(10). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00900.x
Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TAM, Lamb HJ, et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2006;113(7). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.543678
Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB, et al. Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(1). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl379
Ginks MR, Lambiase PD, Duckett SG, et al. A simultaneous X-Ray/MRI and noncontact mapping study of the acute hemodynamic effect of left ventricular endocardial and epicardial cardiac resynchronization therapy in humans. Circ Hear Fail. 2011;4(2). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958124
Jansen AHM, Bracke F, Van Dantzig JM, et al. The influence of myocardial scar and dyssynchrony on reverse remodeling in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9(4). doi:10.1016/j.euje.2007.07.002
Riedlbauchová L, Brunken R, Jaber WA, et al. The impact of myocardial viability on the clinical outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(1). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01294.x
Tatsumi K, Tanaka H, Matsumoto K, et al. Mechanical left ventricular dyssynchrony in heart failure patients with narrow QRS duration as assessed by three-dimensional speckle area tracking strain. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(6):867-872.
Van Bommel RJ, Tanaka H, Delgado V, et al. Association of intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony with response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients with a narrow QRS complex. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(24). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq334
Beshai JF, Grimm RA, Nagueh SF, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(24):2461-2471.
Foley PWX, Patel K, Irwin N, et al. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in patients with heart failure and a normal QRS duration: The RESPOND study. Heart. 2011;97(13). doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.208355
Ruschitzka F, Abraham WT, Singh JP, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(15):1395-1405.
Gradaus R, Stuckenborg V, Löher A, et al. Diastolic filling pattern and left ventricular diameter predict response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart. 2008;94(8). doi:10.1136/hrt.2007.126193
Shanks M, Bertini M, Delgado V, et al. Effect of biventricular pacing on diastolic dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(19). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.077
Fung JWH, Zhang Q, Yip GWK, Chan JYS, Chan HCK, Yu CM. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction and wide QRS complex: A prospective study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(12). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00612.x
Waggoner AD, Faddis MN, Gleva MJ, De Las Fuentes L, Dávila-Román VG. Improvements in left ventricular diastolic function after cardiac resynchronization therapy are coupled to response in systolic performance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.094
Jansen AHM, van Dantzig J melle, Bracke F, et al. Improvement in diastolic function and left ventricular filling pressure induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am Heart J. 2007;153(5). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.033
Shanks M, Antoni ML, Hoke U, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular diastolic function assessed with speckle-tracking echocardiography. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(10). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr115
De Cock CC, Vos DHS, Jessurun E, Allaart CP, Visser CA. Effects of stimulation site on diastolic function in cardiac resynchronization therapy. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(SUPPL. 1). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00601.x
Jansen AHM, Bracke FA, Van Dantzig JM, et al. Correlation of echo-doppler optimization of atrioventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy with invasive hemodynamics in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(4). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.076
Levin V, Nemeth M, Colombowala I, et al. Interatrial conduction measured during biventricular pacemaker implantation accurately predicts optimal paced atrioventricular intervals. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(3). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00744.x
Gold MR, Niazi I, Giudici M, et al. A prospective comparison of AV delay programming methods for hemodynamic optimization during cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(5). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00770.x
Kara T, Novak M, Nykodym J, et al. Short-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on sleep-disordered breathing in patients with systolic heart failure. Chest. 2008;134(1). doi:10.1378/chest.07-2832
Morales MA, Startari U, Panchetti L, Rossi A, Piacenti M. Atrioventricular delay optimization by Doppler-derived left ventricular dP/dt improves 6-month outcome of resynchronized patients. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29(6). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00402.x
Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Read PA, et al. Impact of VV optimization in relation to left ventricular lead position: An acute haemodynamic study. Europace. 2011;13(6). doi:10.1093/europace/eur037
Turcott RG, Witteles RM, Wang JJ, Vagelos RH, Fowler MB, Ashley EA. Measurement precision in the optimization of cardiac therapy resynchronization. Circ Hear Fail. 2010;3(3). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.900076
Bocchiardo M, Meyer Zu Vilsendorf D, Militello C, et al. Resynchronization therapy optimization by intracardiac impedance. Europace. 2010;12(11). doi:10.1093/europace/euq273
Khaykin Y, Exner D, Birnie D, Sapp J, Aggarwal S, Sambelashvili A. Adjusting the timing of left-ventricular pacing using electrocardiogram and device electrograms. Europace. 2011;13(10). doi:10.1093/europace/eur146
Zuber M, Toggweiler S, Lori Quinn-Tate, Brown L, Amkieh A, Erne P. A comparison of acoustic cardiography and echocardiography for optimizing pacemaker settings in Cardiac resynchronization therapy. PACE - Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(7). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01094.x
Braun MU, Schnabel A, Rauwolf T, Schulze M, Strasser RH. Impedance cardiography as a noninvasive technique for atrioventricular interval optimization in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005;13(3). doi:10.1007/s10840-005-2361-z
Heinroth KM, Elster M, Nuding S, et al. Impedance cardiography: A useful and reliable tool in optimization of cardiac resynchronization devices. Europace. 2007;9(9). doi:10.1093/europace/eum086
Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, Meyer TE, et al. Primary results from the smartdelay determined AV optimization: A comparison to other AV delay methods used in cardiac resynchronization therapy (SMART-AV) trial: A randomized trial comparing empirical, echocardiography- guided, and algorithmic atrioventricular delay programming in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2010;122(25). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.992552
Fischer A, Hansalia R, Buckley S, et al. Lack of clinical predictors of optimal V-V delay in patients with cardiac resynchronization devices. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2009;25(2). doi:10.1007/s10840-008-9336-9
Boriani G, Biffi M, Müller CP, et al. A prospective randomized evaluation of VV delay optimization in CRT-D recipients: Echocardiographic observations from the RHYTHM II ICD study. In: PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. Vol 32. ; 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.02267.x
Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R, Trambaiolo P, Fedele F, Santini M. Doppler myocardial imaging to evaluate the effectiveness of pacing sites in patients receiving biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(3). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01772-7
Lecoq G, Leclercq C, Leray E, et al. Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of a positive response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in advanced heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(11). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi146
Reuter S, Garrigue S, Barold SS, et al. Comparison of characteristics in responders versus nonresponders with biventricular pacing for drug-resistant congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(3). doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02240-8
Tamborero D, Vidal B, Tolosana JM, et al. Electrocardiographic versus echocardiographic optimization of the interventricular pacing delay in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22(10). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02085.x
Ashikaga H, Mickelsen SR, Ennis DB, et al. Electromechanical analysis of infarct border zone in chronic myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol - Hear Circ Physiol. 2005;289(3 58-3). doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00423.2005
Boriani G, Müller CP, Seidl KH, et al. Randomized comparison of simultaneous biventricular stimulation versus optimized interventricular delay in cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Resynchronization for the HemodYnamic Treatment for Heart Failure Management II implantable cardioverter defibrillator (RHYTHM II ICD) study. Am Heart J. 2006;151(5). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.08.019
Faletra FF, Conca C, Klersy C, et al. Comparison of Eight Echocardiographic Methods for Determining the Prevalence of Mechanical Dyssynchrony and Site of Latest Mechanical Contraction in Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(12). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.043
Tanaka H, Nesser HJ, Buck T, et al. Dyssynchrony by speckle-tracking echocardiography and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results of the Speckle Tracking and Resynchronization (STAR) study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(14). doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq213
Lim P, Buakhamsri A, Popovic ZB, et al. Longitudinal strain delay index by speckle tracking imaging: A new marker of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2008;118(11). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.750190
Lim P, Donal E, Lafitte S, et al. Multicentre study using strain delay index for predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (MUSIC study). Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(9). doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr073
Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Read PA, et al. Effect of low-amplitude two-dimensional radial strain at left ventricular pacing sites on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(11). doi:10.1016/j.echo.2010.08.023
Bertini M, Marsan NA, Delgado V, et al. Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Left Ventricular Twist. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(14). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.063
Sade LE, Demir Ö, Atar I, Müderrisoglu H, Özin B. Effect of Mechanical Dyssynchrony and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Left Ventricular Rotational Mechanics. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(8). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.069
Bertini M, Delgado V, Nucifora G, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on subendo-and subepicardial left ventricular twist mechanics and relation to favorable outcome. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(5):682-687.
Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. Pacemaker therapy in patients with neurally mediated syncope and documented asystole: Third international study on syncope of uncertain etiology (ISSUE-3): A randomized trial. Circulation. 2012;125(21). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.082313
Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Palmer CR, et al. Targeted left ventricular lead placement to guide cardiac resynchronization therapy: The TARGET study: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(17). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.030
Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Pedersen AK, et al. Sequential versus simultaneous biventricular resynchronization for severe heart failure: Evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation. 2002;106(16). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000034512.90874.8E
Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Kim WY, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging predicts improved systolic performance and reversed left ventricular remodeling during long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(4). doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02010-7
Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R, Luzzi G, Anaclerio M, Forleo C. Role of Septal to Posterior Wall Motion Delay in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(3). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.017
M. MG, Emily R, M. VE, et al. Septal to Posterior Wall Motion Delay Fails to Predict Reverse Remodeling or Clinical Improvement in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(12):2208-2214. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.095
Jones RC, Svinarich T, Rubin A, et al. Optimal atrioventricular delay in CRT patients can be approximated using surface electrocardiography and device electrograms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(11). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01807.x
Lee KL, Burnes JE, Mullen TJ, Hettrick DA, Tse HF, Lau CP. Avoidance of right ventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy improves right ventricular hemodynamics in heart failure patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(5). doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00788.x
St. John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107(15). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000065226.24159.E9
Varma N, Jia P, Ramanathan C, Rudy Y. RV electrical activation in heart failure during right, left, and biventricular pacing. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(6). doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.12.017
Vollmann D, Lüthje L, Schott P, Hasenfuss G, Unterberg-Buchwald C. Biventricular pacing improves the blunted force-frequency relation present during univentricular pacing in patients with heart failure and conduction delay. Circulation. 2006;113(7). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579987
Plummer CJ, Frank CM, Bári Z, et al. A novel algorithm increases the delivery of effective cardiac resynchronization therapy during atrial fibrillation: The CRTee randomized crossover trial. Hear Rhythm. 2018;15(3). doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.026
Alboni P, Scarfò S, Fucà G, Mele D, Dinelli M, Paparella N. Short-term hemodynamic effects of DDD pacing from ventricular apex, right ventricular outflow tract and proximal septum. G Ital Cardiol. 1998;28(3).
Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, Dohi K, Sade LE, Gorcsan J. A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: Insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(8). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.036
2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44. doi:10.2337/dc21-S002
Matsumoto K, Tanaka H, Okajima K, et al. Relation between left ventricular morphology and reduction in functional mitral regurgitation by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.052
Medina-Ravell VA, Lankipalli RS, Yan GX, et al. Effect of epicardial or biventricular pacing to prolong QT interval and increase transmural dispersion of repolarization: Does resynchronization therapy pose a risk for patients predisposed to long QT or torsade de pointes? Circulation. 2003;107(5). doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000048126.07819.37
Barsheshet A, Wang PJ, Moss AJ, et al. Reverse remodeling and the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation TrialCardiac Resynchronization Therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(24). doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.041
Gold MR, Linde C, Abraham WT, Gardiwal A, Daubert JC. The impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in mild heart failure. Hear Rhythm. 2011;8(5). doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.12.031
Donal E, Vignat N, De Place C, et al. Acute effects of biventricular pacing on right ventricular function assessed by tissue Doppler imaging. Europace. 2007;9(2). doi:10.1093/europace/eul175
Rajagopalan N, Suffoletto MS, Tanabe M, et al. Right Ventricular Function Following Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(9). doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.06.037
Vitarelli A, Franciosa P, Nguyen BL, et al. Additive value of right ventricular dyssynchrony indexes in predicting the success of cardiac resynchronization therapy: A speckle-tracking imaging study. J Card Fail. 2011;17(5). doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.12.004
Burri H, Domenichini G, Sunthorn H, et al. Right ventricular systolic function and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2010;12(3). doi:10.1093/europace/eup401
Kjaergaard J, Ghio S, St. John Sutton M, Hassager C. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: Results from the REVERSE trial. J Card Fail. 2011;17(2). doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.09.002
Yu CM, Chan JYS, Zhang Q, et al. Impact of Cardiac Contractility Modulation on Left Ventricular Global and Regional Function and Remodeling. JACC Cardivasc Imaging. 2009;2(12). doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.07.011
BORGGREFE M, LAWO T, BUTTER C, et al. Randomized, double blind study of non-excitatory, cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) electrical impulses for symptomatic heart failure. Eur J Hear Fail Suppl. 2008;7. doi:10.1016/s1567-4215(08)60465-8
Kadish A, Nademanee K, Volosin K, et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2). doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.025
Brown CD, Burns K V., Harbin MM, Espinosa EA, Olson MD, Bank AJ. Cardiac resynchronization therapy optimization in nonresponders and incomplete responders using electrical dyssynchrony mapping. Hear Rhythm. 2022;19(12). doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.07.016