Cerrahi KRT İmplantasyonu
Özet
Kardiyovasküler implante edilebilir elektronik cihazlar (CIED), kalp alanında ileri teknolojik gelişmelere yardımcı oldu ve tıbbi tedaviye uzun vadeli bir alternatif oldu. Kalp pilleri, implante edilebilir kardiyoverter-defibrilatörler ve kardiyak resenkronizasyon tedavisi (KRT) gibi farklı CIED biçimleri vardır. Bu cihazlar, doktorların hastalarının yaşam kalitesini iyileştirmelerine yardımcı olarak, normale yakın hemodinamiği ve dolaşımı sağlamada etkilidirler. Kardiyak resenkronizasyon tedavisi (KRT), iyi tanımlanmış bir kalp yetmezliği hastası alt grubu için önemli bir tedavi yöntemidir. Son yıllarda KRT alıcılarının sayısı ve sol ventriküler (LV) lead revizyonlarına olan ihtiyaç büyük ölçüde arttı. Koroner sinüs (CS) Sol Ventrikül ( LV ) pacing'ine alternatifler sağlamak üzere çok sayıda teknik ve teknoloji özel olarak geliştirilmiştir. Günümüzde cerrahi erişim en sık ikinci seçenek olmakla beraber, farklı cerrahi implantasyon teknikleri kullanılmaktadır. Ancak enfeksiyon, lead ve puls üreteci komplikasyonları, kardiyak komplikasyonlar, ilaca bağlı komplikasyonlar ve psikososyal komplikasyonlar gibi postoperatif komplikasyonlara yol açabilecek risk faktörleri vardır.
Referanslar
Richardson CJ, Prempeh J, Gordon KS, et al. Surgical Techniques, Complications, and Long-Term Health Effects of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e13001. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13001.
Wiggins NB, Chong DT, Houghtaling PL, et al. Incidence, indications, risk factors, and survival of patients undergoing cardiac implantable electronic device implantation after open heart surgery. Europace. 2017;19(8):1335-1342. doi: 10.1093/europace/euw234.
Brouwer TF, Miller MA, Quast AB, et al. Implantation of the Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: An Evaluation of 4 Implantation Techniques. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10(1):e004663. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004663.
Haghjoo M: Cardiac implantable electronic devices . Practical Cardiology. Maleki M, Alizadehasl A, Haghjoo M (ed): Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 2018. 251-60. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-51149-0.00014-6
Morgan JM, Delgado V. Lead positioning for cardiac resynchronization therapy: techniques and priorities. Europace. 2009;11 Suppl 5:v22-8. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup306
Kotsakou M, Kioumis I, Lazaridis G, et al. Pacemaker insertion. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(3):42. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.06.
DiMarco JP. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(19):1836-1847. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra035432.
Pfeiffer D, Jung W, Fehske W, et al. Complications of pacemaker-defibrillator devices: diagnosis and management. Am Heart J. 1994;127(4 Pt 2):1073-1080. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90090-6.
Kipp R, Hsu JC, Freeman Jet al. Long-term morbidity and mortality after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation with procedural complication: A report from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(6):847-854. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.043.
Ranasinghe I, Parzynski CS, Freeman JV, et al. Long-Term Risk for Device-Related Complications and Reoperations After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation: An Observational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(1):20-29. doi: 10.7326/M15-2732.
Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.
Rohacek M, Baddour LM. Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections: associated risk factors and prevention. Swiss Med Wkly. 2015;145:w14157. doi: 10.4414/smw.2015.14157.
Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, et al. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. A summary of the update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(2):159-165. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0058.
Chua JD, Wilkoff BL, Lee I, et al. Diagnosis and management of infections involving implantable electrophysiologic cardiac devices. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(8):604-608. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00011.
Duval X, Selton-Suty C, Alla F, et al. Association pour l'Etude et la Prevention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse. Endocarditis in patients with a permanent pacemaker: a 1-year epidemiological survey on infective endocarditis due to valvular and/or pacemaker infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(1):68-74. doi: 10.1086/421493.
Eckstein J, Koller MT, Zabel Met al. Necessity for surgical revision of defibrillator leads implanted long-term: causes and management. Circulation. 2008;117(21):2727-2733. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.740670.
Hauser RG, Hayes DL, Almquist AK, et al. Unexpected ICD pulse generator failure due to electronic circuit damage caused by electrical overstress. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24(7):1046-1054. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01046.x.
Kron J, Herre J, Renfroe Eget al. Lead- and device-related complications in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial. Am Heart J. 2001;141(1):92-98. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.111261.
Maisel WH, Kramer DB. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead performance. Circulation. 2008;117(21):2721-2723. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.776807.
van Rees JB, van Welsenes GH, Borleffs CJ, et al. Update on small-diameter implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads performance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(6):652-658. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03338.x.
Chaara J, Sunthorn H. Twiddler syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014;25(6):659. doi: 10.1111/jce.12337.
Osoro M, Lorson W, Hirsh JB, Mahlow WJ. Use of an antimicrobial pouch/envelope in the treatment of Twiddler's syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(2):136-142. doi: 10.1111/pace.13259.
Gould PA, Gula LJ, Champagne J, et al. Outcome of advisory implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement: one-year follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(12):1675-1681. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.09.020.
Hauser RG, Abdelhadi R, McGriff D, Retel LK. Deaths caused by the failure of Riata and Riata ST implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(8):1227-1235. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.03.048.
Pinski SL, Trohman RG. Interference in implanted cardiac devices, Part I. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(9):1367-1381. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.01367.x.
Klein RC, Raitt MH, Wilkoff BL, et al. Analysis of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(9):940-948. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.01554.x.
Lin G, Nishimura RA, Connolly HM, et al. Severe symptomatic tricuspid valve regurgitation due to permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(10):1672-1675. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.037.
Ahmad M, Bloomstein L, Roelke M, Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Patients' attitudes toward implanted defibrillator shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(6):934-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00877.x.
Kohn CS, Petrucci RJ, Baessler C, Soto DM, Movsowitz C. The effect of psychological intervention on patients' long-term adjustment to the ICD: a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(4 Pt 1):450-456. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00826.x.
Tchou PJ, Piasecki E, Gutmann Met al. Psychological support and psychiatric management of patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1989;19(4):393-407. doi: 10.2190/a3jy-nb3y-fg9a-lp54.
Hussein AA, Wilkoff BL. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Therapy in Heart Failure. Circ Res. 2019;124(11):1584-1597. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313571.
Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539-1549. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050496.
Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer Jet al. Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140-2150. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032423.
Abraham WT, Hayes DL. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure. Circulation. 2003;108(21):2596-2603. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000096580.26969.9A.
Bisch L, Da Costa A, Dauphinot Vet al. Predictive factors of difficult implantation procedure in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2010;12(8):1141-1148. doi: 10.1093/europace/euq146.
McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Hooton N, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;297(22):2502-2514. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.22.2502.
Gras D, Böcker D, Lunati M, et al. CARE-HF Study Steering Committee and Investigators. Implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems in the CARE-HF trial: procedural success rate and safety. Europace. 2007;9(7):516-522. doi: 10.1093/europace/eum080.
Morgan JM, Delgado V. Lead positioning for cardiac resynchronization therapy: techniques and priorities. Europace. 2009;11 Suppl 5:v22-28. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup306.
Doll N, Piorkowski C, Czesla Met al. Epicardial versus transvenous left ventricular lead placement in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from a randomized prospective study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(5):256-261. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1038633.
Noheria A, DeSimone CV, Lachman N, et al. Anatomy of the coronary sinus and epicardial coronary venous system in 620 hearts: an electrophysiology perspective. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24(1):1-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02443.x.
Patwala A, Woods P, Clements R, et al. A prospective longitudinal evaluation of the benefits of epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2009;11(10):1323-9. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup251.
Tomaske M, Gerritse B, Kretzers Let al. A 12-year experience of bipolar steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads in children. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(5):1704-11. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.02.016.
Burger H, Kempfert J, van Linden A, et al. Endurance and performance of two different concepts for left ventricular stimulation with bipolar epicardial leads in long-term follow-up. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;60(1):70-77. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1280066.
Sansone F, Punta G, Parisi F, et al. Right minithoracotomy versus full sternotomy for the aortic valve replacement: preliminary results. Heart Lung Circ. 2012;21(3):169-173. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.10.004.
Mair H, Sachweh J, Meuris B, Nollert G, Schmoeckel M, Schuetz A, Reichart B, Daebritz S. Surgical epicardial left ventricular lead versus coronary sinus lead placement in biventricular pacing. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27(2):235-242. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.09.029.
Gabor S, Prenner G, Wasler A, et al. A simplified technique for implantation of left ventricular epicardial leads for biventricular re-synchronization using video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;28(6):797-800. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.08.026.
Jutley RS, Waller DA, Loke I, Skehan D, Ng A, Stafford P, Chin D, Spyt TJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopic implantation of the left ventricular pacing lead for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(7):812-818. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01095.x.
DeRose JJ, Ashton RC, Belsley S, et al. Robotically assisted left ventricular epicardial lead implantation for biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(8):1414-1419. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00252-3.
Kamath GS, Balaram S, Choi A, Kuteyeva O, Garikipati NV, Steinberg JS, Mittal S. Long-term outcome of leads and patients following robotic epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(2):235-240. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02943.x.
Kassai I, Szili-Torok T. Concerns about the long-term outcome of transseptal cardiac resynchronization therapy: what we have learned from surgical experience. Europace. 2008;10(1):121-2; author reply 122-123. doi: 10.1093/europace/eum255.
Mihalcz A, Kassai I, Kardos A, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of two surgical alternatives for cardiac resynchronization therapy: trans-apical versus epicardial left ventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(2):124-130. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03239.x.
Reinig M, White M, Levine M, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing: a transarterial approach. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(12):1464-1468. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00892.x.
Referanslar
Richardson CJ, Prempeh J, Gordon KS, et al. Surgical Techniques, Complications, and Long-Term Health Effects of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e13001. doi: 10.7759/cureus.13001.
Wiggins NB, Chong DT, Houghtaling PL, et al. Incidence, indications, risk factors, and survival of patients undergoing cardiac implantable electronic device implantation after open heart surgery. Europace. 2017;19(8):1335-1342. doi: 10.1093/europace/euw234.
Brouwer TF, Miller MA, Quast AB, et al. Implantation of the Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: An Evaluation of 4 Implantation Techniques. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10(1):e004663. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004663.
Haghjoo M: Cardiac implantable electronic devices . Practical Cardiology. Maleki M, Alizadehasl A, Haghjoo M (ed): Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri; 2018. 251-60. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-51149-0.00014-6
Morgan JM, Delgado V. Lead positioning for cardiac resynchronization therapy: techniques and priorities. Europace. 2009;11 Suppl 5:v22-8. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup306
Kotsakou M, Kioumis I, Lazaridis G, et al. Pacemaker insertion. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(3):42. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.06.
DiMarco JP. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(19):1836-1847. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra035432.
Pfeiffer D, Jung W, Fehske W, et al. Complications of pacemaker-defibrillator devices: diagnosis and management. Am Heart J. 1994;127(4 Pt 2):1073-1080. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90090-6.
Kipp R, Hsu JC, Freeman Jet al. Long-term morbidity and mortality after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation with procedural complication: A report from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(6):847-854. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.043.
Ranasinghe I, Parzynski CS, Freeman JV, et al. Long-Term Risk for Device-Related Complications and Reoperations After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation: An Observational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(1):20-29. doi: 10.7326/M15-2732.
Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.
Rohacek M, Baddour LM. Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections: associated risk factors and prevention. Swiss Med Wkly. 2015;145:w14157. doi: 10.4414/smw.2015.14157.
Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, et al. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. A summary of the update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(2):159-165. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0058.
Chua JD, Wilkoff BL, Lee I, et al. Diagnosis and management of infections involving implantable electrophysiologic cardiac devices. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(8):604-608. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00011.
Duval X, Selton-Suty C, Alla F, et al. Association pour l'Etude et la Prevention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse. Endocarditis in patients with a permanent pacemaker: a 1-year epidemiological survey on infective endocarditis due to valvular and/or pacemaker infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(1):68-74. doi: 10.1086/421493.
Eckstein J, Koller MT, Zabel Met al. Necessity for surgical revision of defibrillator leads implanted long-term: causes and management. Circulation. 2008;117(21):2727-2733. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.740670.
Hauser RG, Hayes DL, Almquist AK, et al. Unexpected ICD pulse generator failure due to electronic circuit damage caused by electrical overstress. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24(7):1046-1054. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.01046.x.
Kron J, Herre J, Renfroe Eget al. Lead- and device-related complications in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial. Am Heart J. 2001;141(1):92-98. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.111261.
Maisel WH, Kramer DB. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead performance. Circulation. 2008;117(21):2721-2723. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.776807.
van Rees JB, van Welsenes GH, Borleffs CJ, et al. Update on small-diameter implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads performance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(6):652-658. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03338.x.
Chaara J, Sunthorn H. Twiddler syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014;25(6):659. doi: 10.1111/jce.12337.
Osoro M, Lorson W, Hirsh JB, Mahlow WJ. Use of an antimicrobial pouch/envelope in the treatment of Twiddler's syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(2):136-142. doi: 10.1111/pace.13259.
Gould PA, Gula LJ, Champagne J, et al. Outcome of advisory implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement: one-year follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(12):1675-1681. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.09.020.
Hauser RG, Abdelhadi R, McGriff D, Retel LK. Deaths caused by the failure of Riata and Riata ST implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(8):1227-1235. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.03.048.
Pinski SL, Trohman RG. Interference in implanted cardiac devices, Part I. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(9):1367-1381. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.01367.x.
Klein RC, Raitt MH, Wilkoff BL, et al. Analysis of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14(9):940-948. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.01554.x.
Lin G, Nishimura RA, Connolly HM, et al. Severe symptomatic tricuspid valve regurgitation due to permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(10):1672-1675. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.037.
Ahmad M, Bloomstein L, Roelke M, Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Patients' attitudes toward implanted defibrillator shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(6):934-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00877.x.
Kohn CS, Petrucci RJ, Baessler C, Soto DM, Movsowitz C. The effect of psychological intervention on patients' long-term adjustment to the ICD: a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23(4 Pt 1):450-456. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb00826.x.
Tchou PJ, Piasecki E, Gutmann Met al. Psychological support and psychiatric management of patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1989;19(4):393-407. doi: 10.2190/a3jy-nb3y-fg9a-lp54.
Hussein AA, Wilkoff BL. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Therapy in Heart Failure. Circ Res. 2019;124(11):1584-1597. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313571.
Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539-1549. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050496.
Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer Jet al. Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140-2150. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032423.
Abraham WT, Hayes DL. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure. Circulation. 2003;108(21):2596-2603. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000096580.26969.9A.
Bisch L, Da Costa A, Dauphinot Vet al. Predictive factors of difficult implantation procedure in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2010;12(8):1141-1148. doi: 10.1093/europace/euq146.
McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Hooton N, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;297(22):2502-2514. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.22.2502.
Gras D, Böcker D, Lunati M, et al. CARE-HF Study Steering Committee and Investigators. Implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy systems in the CARE-HF trial: procedural success rate and safety. Europace. 2007;9(7):516-522. doi: 10.1093/europace/eum080.
Morgan JM, Delgado V. Lead positioning for cardiac resynchronization therapy: techniques and priorities. Europace. 2009;11 Suppl 5:v22-28. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup306.
Doll N, Piorkowski C, Czesla Met al. Epicardial versus transvenous left ventricular lead placement in patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from a randomized prospective study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(5):256-261. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1038633.
Noheria A, DeSimone CV, Lachman N, et al. Anatomy of the coronary sinus and epicardial coronary venous system in 620 hearts: an electrophysiology perspective. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24(1):1-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02443.x.
Patwala A, Woods P, Clements R, et al. A prospective longitudinal evaluation of the benefits of epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2009;11(10):1323-9. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup251.
Tomaske M, Gerritse B, Kretzers Let al. A 12-year experience of bipolar steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads in children. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(5):1704-11. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.02.016.
Burger H, Kempfert J, van Linden A, et al. Endurance and performance of two different concepts for left ventricular stimulation with bipolar epicardial leads in long-term follow-up. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;60(1):70-77. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1280066.
Sansone F, Punta G, Parisi F, et al. Right minithoracotomy versus full sternotomy for the aortic valve replacement: preliminary results. Heart Lung Circ. 2012;21(3):169-173. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.10.004.
Mair H, Sachweh J, Meuris B, Nollert G, Schmoeckel M, Schuetz A, Reichart B, Daebritz S. Surgical epicardial left ventricular lead versus coronary sinus lead placement in biventricular pacing. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27(2):235-242. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.09.029.
Gabor S, Prenner G, Wasler A, et al. A simplified technique for implantation of left ventricular epicardial leads for biventricular re-synchronization using video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;28(6):797-800. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.08.026.
Jutley RS, Waller DA, Loke I, Skehan D, Ng A, Stafford P, Chin D, Spyt TJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopic implantation of the left ventricular pacing lead for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(7):812-818. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01095.x.
DeRose JJ, Ashton RC, Belsley S, et al. Robotically assisted left ventricular epicardial lead implantation for biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(8):1414-1419. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00252-3.
Kamath GS, Balaram S, Choi A, Kuteyeva O, Garikipati NV, Steinberg JS, Mittal S. Long-term outcome of leads and patients following robotic epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(2):235-240. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02943.x.
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