Febril Status Epileptikus
Özet
Febril konvulzyon (FK); daha önceden afebril nöbeti olmayan çocuklarda, intrakranial enfeksiyonun ve akut semptomatik nöbetin dışlandığı durumlarda görülen ateşli nöbetlerdir. Genel olarak 5 yaş altında sık görülse de 18 ay civarı görülme sıklıkğı pik yapar. Febril status epileptikus riski özellikle 18 ay altı febril konvulzyon geçiren hastalarda daha yüksektir. Çocuklardaki tüm status epileptikus vakalarının yaklaşık dörtte birini oluşturur. Febril status epileptikus (FSE) önemli nörolojik acillerdendir. FSE için akut tedavi standart status epileptikus tedavi protokolüdür. Akut dönemde morbidite ve mortalitesi düşüktür ancak uzun dönemde yaklaşık %30-40 oranında spesifik epilepsi gelişim riskinden bahsedilmektedir. Uzun dönemde oluşacak morbiditeleri açısından izlemek önemlidir.
Febrile convulsions (FC) are observed in children without a prior history of afebrile seizures, in cases where intracranial infection and acute symptomatic seizures have been excluded. While they generally occur frequently in children under the age of 5, the incidence peaks around 18 months of age. The risk of febrile status epilepticus (FSE) is particularly elevated in patients who experience febrile convulsions before 18 months of age, comprising approximately one-quarter of all status epilepticus cases in children. Febrile status epilepticus is a significant neurological emergency. The acute treatment for FSE follows the standard protocol for status epilepticus treatment. Although the morbidity and mortality rates are low in the acute phase, there is an estimated long-term risk of developing specific epilepsy in about 30-40% of cases. It is crucial to monitor these patients for potential long-term morbidities.
Referanslar
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National Institutes of Health, & National Institutes of Health. Febrile seizures: consensus development conference summary. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. .1980; 3(2).
Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993; 34(4):592-596.
Seizures, F. Guideline for the neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure subcommittee on febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2011; 127(2); 389-394.
Penn, R., Stafstrom, C.E. (2023) The incidence and prevalence of febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus. In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver p 3-27
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Hesdorffer D.C., Shinnar S., Lewis D.V., et al; Consequences of Prolonged Febrile Seizures in Childhood (FEBSTAT) Study Team. Risk factors for febrile status epilepticus: a case-control study. J Pediatr. 2013;163(04):1147–51.e1
Trinka E., Cock H., Hesdorffer D., et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2015; 56(10):1515–1523. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13121
Freilich E. R., Schreiber J. M., Zelleke T., Gaillard W. D. Pediatric status epilepticus: identification and evaluation. Current opinion in pediatrics. 2014;26(6): 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000152
Kravljanac R., Djuric M., Jankovic B., Pekmezovic T. Etiology, clinical course and response to the treatment of status epilepticus in children: A 16-year single-center experience based on 602 episodes of status epilepticus. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2015; 19(5): 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.05.007
Nordli D.R. Jr., Moshé S.L., Shinnar S., et al. FEBSTAT Study Team. Acute EEG findings in children with febrile status epilepticus: results of the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2012;79(22):2180-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182759766. Epub 2012 Nov 7.
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Dube C.M., Ravizza T., Hamamure M., et al. Epileptogenesis provoked by prrolonged experimental febrile seizures : mechanisms and biomarkers. J neurosci .2010;22:7484-94
Garcia-Curran M. M., Hall A. M., Patterson K. P., et al. Dexamethasone Attenuates Hyperexcitability Provoked by Experimental Febrile Status Epilepticus. eNeuro. 2019;6(6): ENEURO.0430-19.2019. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0430-19.2019
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Morimoto T., Fukuda M., Suzuki Y., Kusu M., Kida K. Sequential changes of brain CT and MRI after febrile status epilepticus in a 6-year-old girl. Brain Dev. 2002; 24:190–193.
Scheffer I.E., Nabbout R. SCN1A-related phenotypes: Epilepsy and beyond. Epilepsia. 2019;60 Suppl 3:S17-S24. doi: 10.1111/epi.16386. PMID: 31904117.
Kasperaviciute D., Catarino C.B., Matarin M., et.al.Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A. Brain. 2013 ;136(Pt 10):3140-50. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt233.
Richards K., Howell,, K., Maljevic, S., Reid, C.A, Petrou S.(2023) Ion channels and febrle seizures : It’s not just SCNA1. . In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver. P67-9
Chan S., Bello J.A., Shinnar S., et al; FEBSTAT Study Team. Hippocampal malrotation is associated with prolonged febrile seizures: results of the FEBSTAT study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(05):1068–1074
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Epstein,L.G., Shinnar S., Hesdorffer D.C., FEBSTAT study team. Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in febrile status epilepticus: the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia. 2012;53(9):1481-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03542.x.
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Henshall, D.C., Brennan G.P. (2023). MicroRNAs and epigenetic processes in FSE-provoked epilepsy. In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver. p235-41
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Referanslar
Gupta A. Febrile Seizures. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(1 Epilepsy):51-9. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000274. PMID: 26844730.
National Institutes of Health, & National Institutes of Health. Febrile seizures: consensus development conference summary. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. .1980; 3(2).
Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993; 34(4):592-596.
Seizures, F. Guideline for the neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure subcommittee on febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2011; 127(2); 389-394.
Penn, R., Stafstrom, C.E. (2023) The incidence and prevalence of febrile seizures and febrile status epilepticus. In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver p 3-27
Hesdorffer D.C., Shinnar S., Lewis D.V., et al; FEBSTAT study team. Design and phenomenology of the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia. 2012 Sep;53(9):1471-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03567.x. Epub 2012 Jun 28.
Hesdorffer D.C., Shinnar S., Lewis D.V., et al; Consequences of Prolonged Febrile Seizures in Childhood (FEBSTAT) Study Team. Risk factors for febrile status epilepticus: a case-control study. J Pediatr. 2013;163(04):1147–51.e1
Trinka E., Cock H., Hesdorffer D., et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus--Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2015; 56(10):1515–1523. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13121
Freilich E. R., Schreiber J. M., Zelleke T., Gaillard W. D. Pediatric status epilepticus: identification and evaluation. Current opinion in pediatrics. 2014;26(6): 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000152
Kravljanac R., Djuric M., Jankovic B., Pekmezovic T. Etiology, clinical course and response to the treatment of status epilepticus in children: A 16-year single-center experience based on 602 episodes of status epilepticus. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2015; 19(5): 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.05.007
Nordli D.R. Jr., Moshé S.L., Shinnar S., et al. FEBSTAT Study Team. Acute EEG findings in children with febrile status epilepticus: results of the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2012;79(22):2180-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182759766. Epub 2012 Nov 7.
Yokoi S., Kidokoro H., Yamamoto H., et al. Hippocampal diffusion abnormality after febrile status epilepticus is related to subsequent epilepsy. Epilepsia.2019; 60(7):1306–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16059
Gallentine, W.B. (2023) Neuroimmunologic aspects of febrile status epilepticus. In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver. p95-109.
Dube C.M., Brewster A.l., Richichi C., Zha Q., Baram T.Z. Fever, febrile seizure and epilepsy. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:490-6
Dube C.M., Ravizza T., Hamamure M., et al. Epileptogenesis provoked by prrolonged experimental febrile seizures : mechanisms and biomarkers. J neurosci .2010;22:7484-94
Garcia-Curran M. M., Hall A. M., Patterson K. P., et al. Dexamethasone Attenuates Hyperexcitability Provoked by Experimental Febrile Status Epilepticus. eNeuro. 2019;6(6): ENEURO.0430-19.2019. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0430-19.2019
Jobst B. C., Ben-Menachem E., Chapman K. E., et al. Highlights From the Annual Meeting of the American Epilepsy Society 2018. Epilepsy currents. 2019;19(3): 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535759719844486
Chen Y. Y., Huang S., Wu W. Y., et al. Associated and predictive factors of quality of life in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, . 2018; 86: 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.025
Sokol D.K., Demyer W.E., Edwards-Brown M., Sanders S., Garg B. From swelling to sclerosis: acute change in mesial hippocampus after prolonged febrile seizure. Seizure. 2003; 12:237–240.
Scott R.C., King M.D., Gadian D.G., Neville B.G., Connelly A. Hippocampal abnormalities after prolonged febrile convulsion: a longitudinal MRI study. Brain. 2003; 126:2551–2557.
Morimoto T., Fukuda M., Suzuki Y., Kusu M., Kida K. Sequential changes of brain CT and MRI after febrile status epilepticus in a 6-year-old girl. Brain Dev. 2002; 24:190–193.
Scheffer I.E., Nabbout R. SCN1A-related phenotypes: Epilepsy and beyond. Epilepsia. 2019;60 Suppl 3:S17-S24. doi: 10.1111/epi.16386. PMID: 31904117.
Kasperaviciute D., Catarino C.B., Matarin M., et.al.Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A. Brain. 2013 ;136(Pt 10):3140-50. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt233.
Richards K., Howell,, K., Maljevic, S., Reid, C.A, Petrou S.(2023) Ion channels and febrle seizures : It’s not just SCNA1. . In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver. P67-9
Chan S., Bello J.A., Shinnar S., et al; FEBSTAT Study Team. Hippocampal malrotation is associated with prolonged febrile seizures: results of the FEBSTAT study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;205(05):1068–1074
Theodore W.H., Epstein L., Gaillard W.D., Shinnar S., Wainwright M.S., Jacobson S. Human herpes virus 6B: a possible role in epilepsy? Epilepsia. 2008;49(11):1828-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01699.x.
Epstein,L.G., Shinnar S., Hesdorffer D.C., FEBSTAT study team. Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in febrile status epilepticus: the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia. 2012;53(9):1481-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03542.x.
Shinnar, S. (2023). Febrile status epielpticus and its consequences: İnsight form the ‘’consequences of FEbrile Status Epielticus in Childhood’( FEBSTAT) study. In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver. p115-8
Henshall, D.C., Brennan G.P. (2023). MicroRNAs and epigenetic processes in FSE-provoked epilepsy. In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver. p235-41
Juul, H.M., Brooks-kayal, A.R., Talos, D.M. (2023) Why do febrile seizures involve specifically the developing brain? In: Baram, T.Z., Shinnar, S., Stafstrom, C.E, (eds) Febrile Seizures New Concepts and Consequences (second edition). Academic Press Elseiver p155-169
Gallentine W.B., Shinnar S., Hesdorffer D.C., et al. FEBSTAT Investigator Team. Plasma cytokines associated with febrile status epilepticus in children: A potential biomarker for acute hippocampal injury. Epilepsia. 2017 ;58(6):1102-1111. doi: 10.1111/epi.13750.
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