Epilepside Tanısal Yaklaşım
Özet
Yeni teşhis edilen epilepside çocuklar ve yaşlılar en sık görülen yaş gruplarıdır. Epileptik olmayan “nöbet” terimi, epileptik nöbetlere benzeyen ancak farklı nedenlere sahip paroksismal olayları tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Örneğin Psikojenik nöbetler, altta yatan çeşitli psikolojik sorunlardan kaynaklanan ve tekrarlayan, epileptik nöbetleri taklit eden paroksizmal olaylardır. Epileptik nöbetlerde EEG’nin her zaman anormal olmaması ya da EEG kaydının kas ve hareket artefaktları ile örtülü olması da tanısal süreçte yaşanan zorluklardandır.
In newly diagnosed epilepsy, children and the elderly are the most common age groups. The term "nonepileptic seizure" is used to describe paroxysmal events that resemble epileptic seizures but have different underlying causes. For example, psychogenic seizures are paroxysmal events that mimic epileptic seizures and occur due to various underlying psychological issues. One of the diagnostic challenges in epileptic seizures is that the EEG is not always abnormal, or the EEG recording may be obscured by muscle and movement artifacts.
Referanslar
World Health Organization [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy.
Giourou E, Stavropoulou-Deli A, Giannakopoulou A, Kostopoulos GK, Koutroumanidis M. Introduction to Epilepsy and Related Brain Disorders. In: Voros NS, Antonopoulos CP, editors. Cyberphysical Systems for Epilepsy and Related Brain Disorders: Multi-parametric Monitoring and Analysis for Diagnosis and Optimal Disease Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 11-38.
Pearl PL. Overview of Seizures and Epilepsy in Children. In: Swaiman KF, editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology. Sixth Edition: Elsevier; 2017.
Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475-82.
Panayiotopoulos CP. Clinical Aspects of the Diagnosis of Epileptic Seizures and Epileptic Syndromes. In: Panayiotopoulos CP, editor. The Epilepsies. Oxfordshire (UK): Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.
Alper K, Gates J, Rowan A. Non-epileptic seizures as a paradigm for research on historical theories of conversion. Non-epileptic seizures Boston: Butterworth Heinemann. 2000:285-94.
Reuber M, Elger CE. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: review and update. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(3):205-16.
Francis P, Baker GA. Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD): a comprehensive review. Seizure. 1999;8(1):53-61.
Fernandez-Alvarez E, Aicardi J. Movement disorders in children: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
Foldvary N. Sleep and Epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002;4(2):129-35.
Barthlen GM, Stacy C. Dyssomnias, parasomnias, and sleep disorders associated with medical and psychiatric diseases. Mt Sinai J Med. 1994;61(2):139-59.
Bourgeois B. The relationship between sleep and epilepsy in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996;3(1):29-35.
Li BU. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: age-old syndrome and new insights. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001;8(1):13-21.
Meadow R. Different interpretations of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(5):501-8.
Stephenson JB. Anoxic seizures: self-terminating syncopes. Epileptic Disord. 2001;3(1):3-6.
Stephenson JB. Fits and faints: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
Stephenson J, Breningstall G, Steer C, et al. Anoxic-epileptic seizures: home video recordings of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. Epileptic Disord. 2004;6(1):15-9.
Stephenson JB. Differentiating convulsive syncope and epilepsy. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(9):777-8.
Panayiotopoulos C. Reflex seizures and reflex epilepsies. The epilepsies: seizures, syndromes and management: Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.
Panayiotopoulos C. Clinical aspects of the diagnosis of epileptic seizures and epileptic syndromes. The epilepsies: Seizures, syndromes and management: Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.
Lempert T, von Brevern M. The eye movements of syncope. Neurology. 1996;46(4):1086-8.
Lempert T, Bauer M, Schmidt D. Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia. Ann Neurol. 1994;36(2):233-7.
Lesser RP. Psychogenic seizures. Neurology. 1996;46(6):1499-507.
Alper K, Devinsky O, Perrine K, Vazquez B, Luciano D. Psychiatric classification of nonconversion nonepileptic seizures. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(2):199-201.
de Timary P, Fouchet P, Sylin M, et al. Non-epileptic seizures: delayed diagnosis in patients presenting with electroencephalographic (EEG) or clinical signs of epileptic seizures. Seizure. 2002;11(3):193-7.
Arzimanoglou A, Guerrini R, Aicardi J. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Aicardi’s Epilepsy in Children 3rd ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004:38-50.
Borusiak P, Zilbauer M, Jenke AC. Prevalence of epileptiform discharges in healthy children--new data from a prospective study using digital EEG. Epilepsia. 2010;51(7):1185-8.
Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, The Child Neurology Society, and The American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2000;55(5):616-23.
Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH , et al. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50(9):2147-53.
Lin Lin Lee V, Kar Meng Choo B, Chung YS, U PK, Kumari Y, Shaikh MF. Treatment, Therapy and Management of Metabolic Epilepsy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3).
Pohlmann‐Eden B. Conceptual relevance of new‐onset epilepsy. Wiley Online Library; 2011. p. 1-6.
Striano P, Minassian BA. From Genetic Testing to Precision Medicine in Epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(2):609-15.
Guerrini R, Balestrini S, Wirrell EC, Walker MC. Monogenic Epilepsies: Disease Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Targeted Therapies. Neurology. 2021;97(17):817-31.
Dunn P, Albury CL, Maksemous N, Benton MC, Sutherland HG, Smith RA, et al. Next Generation Sequencing Methods for Diagnosis of Epilepsy Syndromes. Front Genet. 2018;9:20.
Møller RS, Dahl HA, Helbig I. The contribution of next generation sequencing to epilepsy genetics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15(12):1531-8.
Orsini A, Zara F, Striano P. Recent advances in epilepsy genetics. Neurosci Lett. 2018;667:4-9.
Stevelink R, Campbell C, Chen S, et al. GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture. Nature Genetics. 2023;55(9):1471-82.
Shimizu H, Morimoto Y, Yamamoto N, Tayama T, Ozawa H, Imamura A. Overlap between epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders: Insights from clinical and genetic studies. Exon Publications. 2022:41-54.
Regalia G, Onorati F, Lai M, Caborni C, Picard RW. Multimodal wrist-worn devices for seizure detection and advancing research: Focus on the Empatica wristbands. Epilepsy Res. 2019;153:79-82.
Onorati F, Regalia G, Caborni C, et al. Multicenter clinical assessment of improved wearable multimodal convulsive seizure detectors. Epilepsia. 2017;58(11):1870-9.
Gombolay GY, Gopalan N, Bernasconi A, et al. Review of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (ML/AI) for the Pediatric Neurologist. Pediatr Neurol. 2023;141:42-51.
Tang J, El Atrache R, Yu S, et al. Seizure detection using wearable sensors and machine learning: Setting a benchmark. Epilepsia. 2021;62(8):1807-19.
Yu S, El Atrache R, Tang J, et al. Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Epileptic Seizure Detection from Wearables. Epilepsia. 2023.
Beniczky S, Ryvlin P. Standards for testing and clinical validation of seizure detection devices. Epilepsia. 2018;59 Suppl 1:9-13.
Referanslar
World Health Organization [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy.
Giourou E, Stavropoulou-Deli A, Giannakopoulou A, Kostopoulos GK, Koutroumanidis M. Introduction to Epilepsy and Related Brain Disorders. In: Voros NS, Antonopoulos CP, editors. Cyberphysical Systems for Epilepsy and Related Brain Disorders: Multi-parametric Monitoring and Analysis for Diagnosis and Optimal Disease Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 11-38.
Pearl PL. Overview of Seizures and Epilepsy in Children. In: Swaiman KF, editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology. Sixth Edition: Elsevier; 2017.
Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55(4):475-82.
Panayiotopoulos CP. Clinical Aspects of the Diagnosis of Epileptic Seizures and Epileptic Syndromes. In: Panayiotopoulos CP, editor. The Epilepsies. Oxfordshire (UK): Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.
Alper K, Gates J, Rowan A. Non-epileptic seizures as a paradigm for research on historical theories of conversion. Non-epileptic seizures Boston: Butterworth Heinemann. 2000:285-94.
Reuber M, Elger CE. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: review and update. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(3):205-16.
Francis P, Baker GA. Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD): a comprehensive review. Seizure. 1999;8(1):53-61.
Fernandez-Alvarez E, Aicardi J. Movement disorders in children: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
Foldvary N. Sleep and Epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002;4(2):129-35.
Barthlen GM, Stacy C. Dyssomnias, parasomnias, and sleep disorders associated with medical and psychiatric diseases. Mt Sinai J Med. 1994;61(2):139-59.
Bourgeois B. The relationship between sleep and epilepsy in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996;3(1):29-35.
Li BU. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: age-old syndrome and new insights. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001;8(1):13-21.
Meadow R. Different interpretations of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(5):501-8.
Stephenson JB. Anoxic seizures: self-terminating syncopes. Epileptic Disord. 2001;3(1):3-6.
Stephenson JB. Fits and faints: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
Stephenson J, Breningstall G, Steer C, et al. Anoxic-epileptic seizures: home video recordings of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. Epileptic Disord. 2004;6(1):15-9.
Stephenson JB. Differentiating convulsive syncope and epilepsy. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(9):777-8.
Panayiotopoulos C. Reflex seizures and reflex epilepsies. The epilepsies: seizures, syndromes and management: Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.
Panayiotopoulos C. Clinical aspects of the diagnosis of epileptic seizures and epileptic syndromes. The epilepsies: Seizures, syndromes and management: Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005.
Lempert T, von Brevern M. The eye movements of syncope. Neurology. 1996;46(4):1086-8.
Lempert T, Bauer M, Schmidt D. Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia. Ann Neurol. 1994;36(2):233-7.
Lesser RP. Psychogenic seizures. Neurology. 1996;46(6):1499-507.
Alper K, Devinsky O, Perrine K, Vazquez B, Luciano D. Psychiatric classification of nonconversion nonepileptic seizures. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(2):199-201.
de Timary P, Fouchet P, Sylin M, et al. Non-epileptic seizures: delayed diagnosis in patients presenting with electroencephalographic (EEG) or clinical signs of epileptic seizures. Seizure. 2002;11(3):193-7.
Arzimanoglou A, Guerrini R, Aicardi J. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Aicardi’s Epilepsy in Children 3rd ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2004:38-50.
Borusiak P, Zilbauer M, Jenke AC. Prevalence of epileptiform discharges in healthy children--new data from a prospective study using digital EEG. Epilepsia. 2010;51(7):1185-8.
Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children: report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, The Child Neurology Society, and The American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2000;55(5):616-23.
Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH , et al. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009;50(9):2147-53.
Lin Lin Lee V, Kar Meng Choo B, Chung YS, U PK, Kumari Y, Shaikh MF. Treatment, Therapy and Management of Metabolic Epilepsy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3).
Pohlmann‐Eden B. Conceptual relevance of new‐onset epilepsy. Wiley Online Library; 2011. p. 1-6.
Striano P, Minassian BA. From Genetic Testing to Precision Medicine in Epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(2):609-15.
Guerrini R, Balestrini S, Wirrell EC, Walker MC. Monogenic Epilepsies: Disease Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Targeted Therapies. Neurology. 2021;97(17):817-31.
Dunn P, Albury CL, Maksemous N, Benton MC, Sutherland HG, Smith RA, et al. Next Generation Sequencing Methods for Diagnosis of Epilepsy Syndromes. Front Genet. 2018;9:20.
Møller RS, Dahl HA, Helbig I. The contribution of next generation sequencing to epilepsy genetics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15(12):1531-8.
Orsini A, Zara F, Striano P. Recent advances in epilepsy genetics. Neurosci Lett. 2018;667:4-9.
Stevelink R, Campbell C, Chen S, et al. GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture. Nature Genetics. 2023;55(9):1471-82.
Shimizu H, Morimoto Y, Yamamoto N, Tayama T, Ozawa H, Imamura A. Overlap between epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders: Insights from clinical and genetic studies. Exon Publications. 2022:41-54.
Regalia G, Onorati F, Lai M, Caborni C, Picard RW. Multimodal wrist-worn devices for seizure detection and advancing research: Focus on the Empatica wristbands. Epilepsy Res. 2019;153:79-82.
Onorati F, Regalia G, Caborni C, et al. Multicenter clinical assessment of improved wearable multimodal convulsive seizure detectors. Epilepsia. 2017;58(11):1870-9.
Gombolay GY, Gopalan N, Bernasconi A, et al. Review of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (ML/AI) for the Pediatric Neurologist. Pediatr Neurol. 2023;141:42-51.
Tang J, El Atrache R, Yu S, et al. Seizure detection using wearable sensors and machine learning: Setting a benchmark. Epilepsia. 2021;62(8):1807-19.
Yu S, El Atrache R, Tang J, et al. Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Epileptic Seizure Detection from Wearables. Epilepsia. 2023.
Beniczky S, Ryvlin P. Standards for testing and clinical validation of seizure detection devices. Epilepsia. 2018;59 Suppl 1:9-13.
