Ailevi Mezial Temporal Lob Epilepsisi
Özet
Mezial temporal lob epilepsisi (MTLE), genellikle ergenlik veya yetişkinlik döneminde ortaya çıkan, genellikle normal nörogörüntüleme ile ortaya çıkan ve geçmiş tıbbi öyküde febril konvülsiyonların bulunmadığı psişik-otonom nöbetlerle karakterize fokal bir epileptik sendromdur. Ailede MTLE tanısı alan en az 2 hasta varsa birey Ailesel MTLE olarak tanımlanır. FMTLE'de nöbetler çoğunlukla psişik, otonomik auralar ve deja vu içerebilir. Genellikle basit fokal nöbetler görülse de kompleks fokal nöbetler ve ikincil genelleme de anlatılmaktadır. Monoterapi ile hastaların çoğunda remisyon görülebilmektedir. Tedaviye direnç nadirdir ve nadiren ameliyat gerekir. AMTLE hastalarında altta yatan genetik nedenler, uzun süreli takip ve tedavi seçeneklerine ilişkin araştırmalar devam etmektedir.
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a focal epileptic syndrome that usually occurs in adolescence or adulthood with usually normal neuroimaging, and characterized by psychic- autonomic seizures with absent of febrile convulsions in past medical history. An individual is defined as Familial MTLE, if least 2 patients diagnosed with MTLE in the family. In FMTLE, seizures may include mainly psychic, autonomic auras and déjà vu. Although simple focal seizures are generally seen, complex focal seizures and secondary generalization are also described. Remission with monotherapy could be seen in most of patients. Resistance to treatment is rare, and surgery is rarely required. Researches about the underlying genetic causes, long-term follow-up and treatment options in patients with AMTLE are ongoing
Referanslar
Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, et al.Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005 Apr;46(4):470-2. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. PMID: 15816939.
Yildiz H, Elmas R, Türkiye’de Epilepsili Çocuklara Yönelik Gerçekleştirilen Tezlerin İçerik Analizi Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi, Aydın Sağlık Dergisi, 2021, Sayı 1 - Şubat - (15-40).
Guberman, A., & Bruni, J. (1999). Essentials Of Clinical Epilepsy. Wildwood Avenue: Butterworth Heinemann Medical, 2nd edition, 1-50 p.
Riney K, Bogacz A, Somerville E, et al.International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1443-1474. doi: 10.1111/epi.17240.5. Allone C, Lo Buono V, Corallo F,et al. Neuroimaging and cognitive functions in temporal lobe epilepsy: A review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 2017; 15;381:7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.007.
Jackson H, Colman W S, Case of Epilepsy with Tasting Movements and ‘Dreamy State’- Very Small Patch of Softening in the Left Uncinate Gyrus, Brain, Volume 21, Issue 4, 1898, Pages 580-590
Gıbbs Fa, Gıbbs El. Psychiatric implications of discharging temporal lobe lesions. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1948;73(73 Annual Meet.):133-7
Falconer Ma, Meyer A, Hıll D, Mıtchell W, Pond Da. Treatment of temporal-lobe epilepsy by temporal lobectomy; a survey of findings and results. Lancet. 1955 Apr 23;268(6869):827-35. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)90421-9
Berkovic SF, McIntosh A, Howell RA, Mitchell A, Sheffield LJ, Hopper JL. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a common disorder identified in twins. Ann Neurol. 1996 Aug;40(2):227-35. doi: 10.1002/ana.410400214.
Crompton DE, Scheffer IE, Taylor I, et al. Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a benign epilepsy syndrome showing complex inheritance. Brain. 2010 Nov;133(11):3221-31. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq251.
Cvetkovska E, Kuzmanovski I, Babunovska M, Boshkovski B, Cangovska TC, Trencevska GK. Phenotypic spectrum in families with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy probands. Seizure. 2018 May;58:13-16. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.
Burwell RD, Templer VL. Jamais vu all over again. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Aug 29;20(9):1194-1196. doi: 10.1038/nn.4625.
Harris RV, Oliver KL, Perucca P,et al. Familial Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Clinical Spectrum and Genetic Evidence for a Polygenic Architecture. Ann Neurol. 2023 Aug 19. doi: 10.1002/ana.26765.
Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I, Andermann E, Andermann F. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2):554-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.2.554. PMID: 9484399.
Kobayashi E, Lopes-Cendes I, Guerreiro CA, Sousa SC, Guerreiro MM, Cendes F. Seizure outcome and hippocampal atrophy in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2001 Jan 23;56(2):166-72. doi: 10.1212/wnl.56.2.166.
Shukla G, Prasad AN. Natural history of temporal lobe epilepsy: antecedents and progression. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:195073. doi: 10.1155/2012/195073.
Forsgren L. Incidence and prevalence. In: Wallace SJ, Farrell K (eds). Epilepsy in children. 2nd edn. London: Arnold, 2004: 21–5.
Gibbs SN, Choi J, Khilfeh I, Ahmed KH, Yermilov I, Segal E. The Humanistic and Economic Burden of Pediatric Focal Seizures in the United States. J Child Neurol. 2020 Jul;35(8):543-555. doi: 10.1177/0883073820911785. E
Sakuma S, Halliday WC, Nomura R, Ochi A, Otsubo H. Increased population of oligodendroglia-like cells in pediatric intractable epilepsy. Neurosci Lett. 2014 Apr 30;566:188-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.
Nickels KC, Wong-Kisiel LC, Moseley BD, Wirrell EC. Temporal lobe epilepsy in children. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:849540. doi: 10.1155/2012/849540.
Egesa IJ, Newton CRJC, Kariuki SM. Evaluation of the International League Against Epilepsy 1981, 1989, and 2017 classifications of seizure semiology and etiology in a population-based cohort of children and adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia Open. 2022 Mar;7(1):98-109. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12562.
Blair RD. Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:751510. doi: 10.1155/2012/751510.
Michelucci R, Dazzo E, Volpi L,et al. Autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy associated with a novel reelin mutation. Epileptic Disord. 2020 Aug 1;22(4):443-448. doi: 10.1684/epd.2020.1176.
Bisulli F, Rinaldi C, Pippucci T, et al. Epilepsy with auditory features: Contribution of known genes in 112 patients. Seizure. 2021 Feb;85:115-118. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.12.015.
Twible C, Abdo R, Zhang Q. Astrocyte Role in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Development of Mossy Fiber Sprouting. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Sep 30;15:725693. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.725693.
Henning O, Heuser K, Larsen VS, et al.Temporal lobe epilepsy. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2023 Jan 30;143(2). English, Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0369.
Kumar A, Maini K, Arya K, et al. Simple Partial Seizure. [Updated 2022 Sep 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500005/
Chowdhury FA, Silva R, Whatley B, Walker MC. Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2021 Dec;21(6):481-491. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2019-002341.
Diana Elena Guzmán-Jiménez, Jaime Berumen Campos, Carlos Alberto Venegas-Vega, Mariana Alejandre Sánchez, Ana Luisa Velasco.Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in Mexico: Inheritance pattern and clinical features, Epilepsy Research, Volume 167, 2020, 106450, ISSN 0920-1211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106450.
Danielson NB, Guo JN, Blumenfeld H. The default mode network and altered consciousness in epilepsy. Behav Neurol. 2011;24(1):55-65. doi: 10.3233/BEN-2011-0310.
Englot DJ, Blumenfeld H. Consciousness and epilepsy: why are complex-partial seizures complex? Prog Brain Res. 2009;177:147-70. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17711-7.
A.J. Velander, J.M. Parent, NEUROGENESIS | Adult Neurogenesis and Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Editor(s): Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research, Academic Press, 2009, Pages 854-859, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373961-2.00143-0.
Tudor M, Tudor L, Tudor KI. Hans Berger (1873-1941)--povijest elektroencefalografije [Hans Berger (1873-1941)--the history of electroencephalography]. Acta Med Croatica. 2005;59(4):307-13.
Gibbs FA, Davis H, Lennox WG. The electro-encephalogram in epilepsy and in conditions of impaired consciousness. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 1935;34(6):1133–1148.
Javidan M. Electroencephalography in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a review. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:637430. doi: 10.1155/2012/637430
Kaminska A, Eisermann M, Plouin P. Child EEG (and maturation). Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;160:125-142. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00008-4.
Nayak CS, Bandyopadhyay S. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. [Updated 2023 May 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554432/
Singh SP. Magnetoencephalography: Basic principles. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2014 Mar;17(Suppl 1):S107-12. doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.128676.
Cascino GD, Jack CR Jr, Parisi JE, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann Neurol. 1991 Jul;30(1):31-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.410300107.
Watson C, Jack CR Jr, Cendes F. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical applications and contributions to the understanding of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1997 Dec;54(12):1521-31. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550240071015.
Fuerst D, Shah J, Shah A, Watson C. Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: a longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Ann Neurol. 2003 Mar;53(3):413-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.10509.
Conz L, Morita ME, Coan AC,et al. Longitudinal MRI volumetric evaluation in patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Neurol. 2011 Feb 14;2:5. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00005.
Kälviäinen R, Salmenperä T, Partanen K, Vainio P, Riekkinen P, Pitkänen A. Recurrent seizures may cause hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5):1377-82. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.5.1377.
Chentouf A, Dahdouh A, Guipponi M,et al. Familial epilepsy in Algeria: Clinical features and inheritance profiles. Seizure. 2015 Sep;31:12-8. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.06.015.
Liu C, Qiao XZ, Wei ZH, Cao M, Wu ZY, Deng YC. Molecular typing of familial temporal lobe epilepsy. World J Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 19;12(1):98-107. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.98.
Hedera P, Blair MA, Andermann E,et al. Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy maps to chromosome 4q13.2-q21.3. Neurology. 2007 Jun 12;68(24):2107-12. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000261246.75977.89.
Claes L, Audenaert D, Deprez L,et al. Novel locus on chromosome 12q22-q23.3 responsible for familial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with febrile seizures. J Med Genet. 2004 Sep;41(9):710-4. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2004.019257.
Fanciulli M, Di Bonaventura C, Egeo G,et al. Suggestive linkage of familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy to chromosome 3q26. Epilepsy Res. 2014 Feb;108(2):232-40. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.11.002.
Hwang SK, Hirose S. Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2012 Sep;34(8):609-16. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.10.008.
Elwes RD. Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. BMJ. 2002 Mar 2;324(7336):496-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7336.496.
Villanueva V, Serratosa JM. Temporal lobe epilepsy: clinical semiology and age at onset. Epileptic Disord. 2005 Jun;7(2):83-90.
Morita ME, Yasuda CL, Betting LE,et al. MRI and EEG as long-term seizure outcome predictors in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2012 Dec 11;79(24):2349-54. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318278b63f.
Pittau F, Bisulli F, Mai R, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 Jan;50 Suppl 1:41-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01969.x. PMID: 19125847.
Referanslar
Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, et al.Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005 Apr;46(4):470-2. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. PMID: 15816939.
Yildiz H, Elmas R, Türkiye’de Epilepsili Çocuklara Yönelik Gerçekleştirilen Tezlerin İçerik Analizi Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi, Aydın Sağlık Dergisi, 2021, Sayı 1 - Şubat - (15-40).
Guberman, A., & Bruni, J. (1999). Essentials Of Clinical Epilepsy. Wildwood Avenue: Butterworth Heinemann Medical, 2nd edition, 1-50 p.
Riney K, Bogacz A, Somerville E, et al.International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1443-1474. doi: 10.1111/epi.17240.5. Allone C, Lo Buono V, Corallo F,et al. Neuroimaging and cognitive functions in temporal lobe epilepsy: A review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 2017; 15;381:7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.007.
Jackson H, Colman W S, Case of Epilepsy with Tasting Movements and ‘Dreamy State’- Very Small Patch of Softening in the Left Uncinate Gyrus, Brain, Volume 21, Issue 4, 1898, Pages 580-590
Gıbbs Fa, Gıbbs El. Psychiatric implications of discharging temporal lobe lesions. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1948;73(73 Annual Meet.):133-7
Falconer Ma, Meyer A, Hıll D, Mıtchell W, Pond Da. Treatment of temporal-lobe epilepsy by temporal lobectomy; a survey of findings and results. Lancet. 1955 Apr 23;268(6869):827-35. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)90421-9
Berkovic SF, McIntosh A, Howell RA, Mitchell A, Sheffield LJ, Hopper JL. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a common disorder identified in twins. Ann Neurol. 1996 Aug;40(2):227-35. doi: 10.1002/ana.410400214.
Crompton DE, Scheffer IE, Taylor I, et al. Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a benign epilepsy syndrome showing complex inheritance. Brain. 2010 Nov;133(11):3221-31. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq251.
Cvetkovska E, Kuzmanovski I, Babunovska M, Boshkovski B, Cangovska TC, Trencevska GK. Phenotypic spectrum in families with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy probands. Seizure. 2018 May;58:13-16. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.
Burwell RD, Templer VL. Jamais vu all over again. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Aug 29;20(9):1194-1196. doi: 10.1038/nn.4625.
Harris RV, Oliver KL, Perucca P,et al. Familial Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Clinical Spectrum and Genetic Evidence for a Polygenic Architecture. Ann Neurol. 2023 Aug 19. doi: 10.1002/ana.26765.
Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I, Andermann E, Andermann F. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2):554-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.2.554. PMID: 9484399.
Kobayashi E, Lopes-Cendes I, Guerreiro CA, Sousa SC, Guerreiro MM, Cendes F. Seizure outcome and hippocampal atrophy in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2001 Jan 23;56(2):166-72. doi: 10.1212/wnl.56.2.166.
Shukla G, Prasad AN. Natural history of temporal lobe epilepsy: antecedents and progression. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:195073. doi: 10.1155/2012/195073.
Forsgren L. Incidence and prevalence. In: Wallace SJ, Farrell K (eds). Epilepsy in children. 2nd edn. London: Arnold, 2004: 21–5.
Gibbs SN, Choi J, Khilfeh I, Ahmed KH, Yermilov I, Segal E. The Humanistic and Economic Burden of Pediatric Focal Seizures in the United States. J Child Neurol. 2020 Jul;35(8):543-555. doi: 10.1177/0883073820911785. E
Sakuma S, Halliday WC, Nomura R, Ochi A, Otsubo H. Increased population of oligodendroglia-like cells in pediatric intractable epilepsy. Neurosci Lett. 2014 Apr 30;566:188-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.
Nickels KC, Wong-Kisiel LC, Moseley BD, Wirrell EC. Temporal lobe epilepsy in children. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:849540. doi: 10.1155/2012/849540.
Egesa IJ, Newton CRJC, Kariuki SM. Evaluation of the International League Against Epilepsy 1981, 1989, and 2017 classifications of seizure semiology and etiology in a population-based cohort of children and adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia Open. 2022 Mar;7(1):98-109. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12562.
Blair RD. Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:751510. doi: 10.1155/2012/751510.
Michelucci R, Dazzo E, Volpi L,et al. Autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy associated with a novel reelin mutation. Epileptic Disord. 2020 Aug 1;22(4):443-448. doi: 10.1684/epd.2020.1176.
Bisulli F, Rinaldi C, Pippucci T, et al. Epilepsy with auditory features: Contribution of known genes in 112 patients. Seizure. 2021 Feb;85:115-118. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.12.015.
Twible C, Abdo R, Zhang Q. Astrocyte Role in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Development of Mossy Fiber Sprouting. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Sep 30;15:725693. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.725693.
Henning O, Heuser K, Larsen VS, et al.Temporal lobe epilepsy. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2023 Jan 30;143(2). English, Norwegian. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0369.
Kumar A, Maini K, Arya K, et al. Simple Partial Seizure. [Updated 2022 Sep 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500005/
Chowdhury FA, Silva R, Whatley B, Walker MC. Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2021 Dec;21(6):481-491. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2019-002341.
Diana Elena Guzmán-Jiménez, Jaime Berumen Campos, Carlos Alberto Venegas-Vega, Mariana Alejandre Sánchez, Ana Luisa Velasco.Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in Mexico: Inheritance pattern and clinical features, Epilepsy Research, Volume 167, 2020, 106450, ISSN 0920-1211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106450.
Danielson NB, Guo JN, Blumenfeld H. The default mode network and altered consciousness in epilepsy. Behav Neurol. 2011;24(1):55-65. doi: 10.3233/BEN-2011-0310.
Englot DJ, Blumenfeld H. Consciousness and epilepsy: why are complex-partial seizures complex? Prog Brain Res. 2009;177:147-70. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17711-7.
A.J. Velander, J.M. Parent, NEUROGENESIS | Adult Neurogenesis and Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Editor(s): Philip A. Schwartzkroin, Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research, Academic Press, 2009, Pages 854-859, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373961-2.00143-0.
Tudor M, Tudor L, Tudor KI. Hans Berger (1873-1941)--povijest elektroencefalografije [Hans Berger (1873-1941)--the history of electroencephalography]. Acta Med Croatica. 2005;59(4):307-13.
Gibbs FA, Davis H, Lennox WG. The electro-encephalogram in epilepsy and in conditions of impaired consciousness. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 1935;34(6):1133–1148.
Javidan M. Electroencephalography in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a review. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012;2012:637430. doi: 10.1155/2012/637430
Kaminska A, Eisermann M, Plouin P. Child EEG (and maturation). Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;160:125-142. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00008-4.
Nayak CS, Bandyopadhyay S. Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. [Updated 2023 May 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554432/
Singh SP. Magnetoencephalography: Basic principles. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2014 Mar;17(Suppl 1):S107-12. doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.128676.
Cascino GD, Jack CR Jr, Parisi JE, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann Neurol. 1991 Jul;30(1):31-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.410300107.
Watson C, Jack CR Jr, Cendes F. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical applications and contributions to the understanding of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 1997 Dec;54(12):1521-31. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550240071015.
Fuerst D, Shah J, Shah A, Watson C. Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: a longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Ann Neurol. 2003 Mar;53(3):413-6. doi: 10.1002/ana.10509.
Conz L, Morita ME, Coan AC,et al. Longitudinal MRI volumetric evaluation in patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Neurol. 2011 Feb 14;2:5. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00005.
Kälviäinen R, Salmenperä T, Partanen K, Vainio P, Riekkinen P, Pitkänen A. Recurrent seizures may cause hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5):1377-82. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.5.1377.
Chentouf A, Dahdouh A, Guipponi M,et al. Familial epilepsy in Algeria: Clinical features and inheritance profiles. Seizure. 2015 Sep;31:12-8. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.06.015.
Liu C, Qiao XZ, Wei ZH, Cao M, Wu ZY, Deng YC. Molecular typing of familial temporal lobe epilepsy. World J Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 19;12(1):98-107. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.98.
Hedera P, Blair MA, Andermann E,et al. Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy maps to chromosome 4q13.2-q21.3. Neurology. 2007 Jun 12;68(24):2107-12. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000261246.75977.89.
Claes L, Audenaert D, Deprez L,et al. Novel locus on chromosome 12q22-q23.3 responsible for familial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with febrile seizures. J Med Genet. 2004 Sep;41(9):710-4. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2004.019257.
Fanciulli M, Di Bonaventura C, Egeo G,et al. Suggestive linkage of familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy to chromosome 3q26. Epilepsy Res. 2014 Feb;108(2):232-40. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.11.002.
Hwang SK, Hirose S. Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2012 Sep;34(8):609-16. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.10.008.
Elwes RD. Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. BMJ. 2002 Mar 2;324(7336):496-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.324.7336.496.
Villanueva V, Serratosa JM. Temporal lobe epilepsy: clinical semiology and age at onset. Epileptic Disord. 2005 Jun;7(2):83-90.
Morita ME, Yasuda CL, Betting LE,et al. MRI and EEG as long-term seizure outcome predictors in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2012 Dec 11;79(24):2349-54. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318278b63f.
Pittau F, Bisulli F, Mai R, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 Jan;50 Suppl 1:41-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01969.x. PMID: 19125847.
