Erken İnfantil Epileptik Spazm Sendromu (IESS) (West Sendromu ve Diğer Epileptik Spazmlar

West WJ. On a peculiar form of infantile convulsions. Lancet 1841; 1:724.

Riikonen R . Biochemical mechanisms in pathogenesis of infantile epileptic spasm syndrome. Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy 2023;105:1-9.

Smith MS, Matthews R, Rajnik M, Mukherji P. Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (West Syndrome). 2024 Feb 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 30725936.

Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: Etiology and pathogenesis Danielle S Takacs, MDAkshat Katyayan.

Zuberi S, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, Wilmhurst J, Specchio N, Riney K, et al. ILEA classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: Position statement by the ILEA TASK force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia 2022;63:1349–97.

Dulla CG. Utilizing Animal Models of Infantile Spasms. Epilepsy Curr 2018; 18:107.

Frost JD Jr, Hrachovy RA. Pathogenesis of infantile spasms: a model based on developmental desynchronization. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 22:25.

Wilmshurst JM, Gaillard WD, Vinayan KP, et al. Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1185.

Katyayan A, Takacs DS, Vanderslice K, Riviello JJ. Extent of EEG monitoring for detecting epileptic spasms. Seizure 2022; 97:102.

Mytinger JR, Vidaurre J, Moore-Clingenpeel M, et al. A reliable interictal EEG grading scale for children with infantile spasms - The 2021 BASED score. Epilepsy Res 2021; 173:106631.

Drury I, Beydoun A, Garofalo EA, Henry TR. Asymmetric hypsarrhythmia: clinical electroencephalographic and radiological findings. Epilepsia 1995; 36:41.

Wirrell EC, Shellhaas RA, Joshi C, et al. How should children with West syndrome be efficiently and accurately investigated? Results from the National Infantile Spasms Consortium. Epilepsia 2015; 56:617.

O'Callaghan FJ, Lux AL, Darke K, et al. The effect of lead time to treatment and of age of onset on developmental outcome at 4 years in infantile spasms: evidence from the United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study. Epilepsia 2011; 52:1359.

Baram TZ. What are the reasons for the strikingly different approaches to the use of ACTH in infants with West syndrome? Brain Dev 2001; 23:647.

Hamano S, Yamashita S, Tanaka M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in west syndrome: differences in dosage of adrenocorticotropic hormone, onset of age, and cause. J Pediatr 2006; 148:485.

Oguni H, Yanagaki S, Hayashi K, et al. Extremely low-dose ACTH step-up protocol for West syndrome: maximum therapeutic effect with minimal side effects. Brain Dev 2006; 28:8.

Grinspan ZM, Knupp KG, Patel AD, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Initial Treatment for Infantile Spasms in a Contemporary US Cohort. Neurology 2021; 97:e1217.

Partikian A, Mitchell WG. Major adverse events associated with treatment of infantile spasms. J Child Neurol 2007; 22:1360.

McGarry L, Messer R, Cree-Green M, et al. Incidence of Hypertension Among Children Treated With Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) or Prednisolone for Infantile Spasms. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:215.

Ito M, Miyajima T, Fujii T, Okuno T. Subdural hematoma during low-dose ACTH therapy in patients with west syndrome. Neurology 2000; 54:2346.

Jonsson H, Lehto M, Vanhatalo S, et al. Visual field defects after vigabatrin treatment during infancy: retrospective population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:641.

Schein Y, Miller KD, Han Y, et al. Ocular examinations, findings, and toxicity in children taking vigabatrin. J AAPOS 2022; 26:187.e1.

Pellock JM, Hrachovy R, Shinnar S, et al. Infantile spasms: a U.S. consensus report. Epilepsia 2010; 51:2175.

Reyes Valenzuela G, Crespo A, Princich J, et al. Vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI and other neurological symptoms in patients with West syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 129:108606.

Hussain SA. Treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:143.

Dressler A, Benninger F, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the ketogenic diet versus high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone for infantile spasms: A single-center parallel-cohort randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia 2019; 60:441.

Hussain SA, Kwong G, Millichap JJ, et al. Hypsarrhythmia assessment exhibits poor interrater reliability: a threat to clinical trial validity. Epilepsia 2015; 56:77.

Knupp KG, Coryell J, Nickels KC, et al. Response to treatment in a prospective national infantile spasms cohort. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:475.

Nelson JA, Demarest S, Thomas J, et al. Evolution of Infantile Spasms to Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: What Is There to Know? J Child Neurol 2021; 36:752.

Riikonen R. Long-term outcome of patients with West syndrome. Brain Dev 2001; 23:683.

West WJ. On a peculiar form of infantile convulsions. Lancet 1841; 1:724.

Riikonen R . Biochemical mechanisms in pathogenesis of infantile epileptic spasm syndrome. Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy 2023;105:1-9.

Smith MS, Matthews R, Rajnik M, Mukherji P. Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (West Syndrome). 2024 Feb 1. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 30725936.

Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: Etiology and pathogenesis Danielle S Takacs, MDAkshat Katyayan.

Zuberi S, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, Wilmhurst J, Specchio N, Riney K, et al. ILEA classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: Position statement by the ILEA TASK force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia 2022;63:1349–97.

Dulla CG. Utilizing Animal Models of Infantile Spasms. Epilepsy Curr 2018; 18:107.

Frost JD Jr, Hrachovy RA. Pathogenesis of infantile spasms: a model based on developmental desynchronization. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 22:25.

Wilmshurst JM, Gaillard WD, Vinayan KP, et al. Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1185.

Katyayan A, Takacs DS, Vanderslice K, Riviello JJ. Extent of EEG monitoring for detecting epileptic spasms. Seizure 2022; 97:102.

Mytinger JR, Vidaurre J, Moore-Clingenpeel M, et al. A reliable interictal EEG grading scale for children with infantile spasms - The 2021 BASED score. Epilepsy Res 2021; 173:106631.

Drury I, Beydoun A, Garofalo EA, Henry TR. Asymmetric hypsarrhythmia: clinical electroencephalographic and radiological findings. Epilepsia 1995; 36:41.

Wirrell EC, Shellhaas RA, Joshi C, et al. How should children with West syndrome be efficiently and accurately investigated? Results from the National Infantile Spasms Consortium. Epilepsia 2015; 56:617.

O'Callaghan FJ, Lux AL, Darke K, et al. The effect of lead time to treatment and of age of onset on developmental outcome at 4 years in infantile spasms: evidence from the United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study. Epilepsia 2011; 52:1359.

Baram TZ. What are the reasons for the strikingly different approaches to the use of ACTH in infants with West syndrome? Brain Dev 2001; 23:647.

Hamano S, Yamashita S, Tanaka M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in west syndrome: differences in dosage of adrenocorticotropic hormone, onset of age, and cause. J Pediatr 2006; 148:485.

Oguni H, Yanagaki S, Hayashi K, et al. Extremely low-dose ACTH step-up protocol for West syndrome: maximum therapeutic effect with minimal side effects. Brain Dev 2006; 28:8.

Grinspan ZM, Knupp KG, Patel AD, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Initial Treatment for Infantile Spasms in a Contemporary US Cohort. Neurology 2021; 97:e1217.

Partikian A, Mitchell WG. Major adverse events associated with treatment of infantile spasms. J Child Neurol 2007; 22:1360.

McGarry L, Messer R, Cree-Green M, et al. Incidence of Hypertension Among Children Treated With Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) or Prednisolone for Infantile Spasms. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:215.

Ito M, Miyajima T, Fujii T, Okuno T. Subdural hematoma during low-dose ACTH therapy in patients with west syndrome. Neurology 2000; 54:2346.

Jonsson H, Lehto M, Vanhatalo S, et al. Visual field defects after vigabatrin treatment during infancy: retrospective population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:641.

Schein Y, Miller KD, Han Y, et al. Ocular examinations, findings, and toxicity in children taking vigabatrin. J AAPOS 2022; 26:187.e1.

Pellock JM, Hrachovy R, Shinnar S, et al. Infantile spasms: a U.S. consensus report. Epilepsia 2010; 51:2175.

Reyes Valenzuela G, Crespo A, Princich J, et al. Vigabatrin-associated brain abnormalities on MRI and other neurological symptoms in patients with West syndrome. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 129:108606.

Hussain SA. Treatment of infantile spasms. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:143.

Dressler A, Benninger F, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the ketogenic diet versus high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone for infantile spasms: A single-center parallel-cohort randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia 2019; 60:441.

Hussain SA, Kwong G, Millichap JJ, et al. Hypsarrhythmia assessment exhibits poor interrater reliability: a threat to clinical trial validity. Epilepsia 2015; 56:77.

Knupp KG, Coryell J, Nickels KC, et al. Response to treatment in a prospective national infantile spasms cohort. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:475.

Nelson JA, Demarest S, Thomas J, et al. Evolution of Infantile Spasms to Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: What Is There to Know? J Child Neurol 2021; 36:752.

Riikonen R. Long-term outcome of patients with West syndrome. Brain Dev 2001; 23:683.