Yenidoğan Dönemi Konvülziyonları ve Epilepsileri
Özet
Yenidoğan (YD) nöbetlerinin tanımlanmasında altın standart sürekli elektroensefalografi (EEG) monitorizasyonudur. Güncel (2021) YD nöbet sınıflamasında klinik nöbet tanısı için EEG eşleniği şarttır. YD nöbetlerinin %80’lik kısmını akut semptomatik nöbetler oluşturur. Hipoglisemi, elektrolit bozuklukları ve altta yatan olası enfeksiyöz nedenler gibi acil tedavi edilebilir sebeplerin belirlenmesi ile akut semptomatik nöbetlerin birçoğu anti-nöbet ilaca ihtiyaç duyulmaksızın önlenebilir. Hipoksik iskemik ensefalopatinin erken tanınması ve erken terapötik hipotermi uygulaması nöbet kontrolünün sağlanması ve uzun dönem prognoz açısından önemlidir. Anti nöbet ilaca dirençli YD konvülziyonlarında tedavi edilebilir nedenler açısından B6 vitamini, folinik asit ve biyotin tedavileri akılda bulundurulmalı ve genetik sonuçları gelene dek tedaviler sürdürülmelidir.
Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is the gold standard for identifying neonatal seizures. A linical seizure diagnosis in the 2021 NNS classification requires an EEG correlate. Acute symptomatic seizures account for 80% of neonatal seizures and many can be prevented by recognizing treatable causes such as hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, and infectious causes, without the need for anti-seizure medication (ASM). Early recognition of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the early application of therapeutic hypothermia are important for seizure control and long-term prognosis. Vitamin B6, folinic acid, and biotin supplements should be considered for treatable causes of ASM-resistant neonatal seizures and continued until genetic results are obtained.
Referanslar
Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. In: Neurology of the Newborn. 5th ed. WB Saunders; 2008:203-237.
Pisani F, Facini C, Bianchi E, Giussani G, Piccolo B, Beghi E. Incidence of neonatal seizures, perinatal risk factors for epilepsy and mortality after neonatal seizures in the province of Parma, Italy. Epilepsia. 2018;59(9):1764-1773. doi:10.1111/epi.14537
Glass HC, Pham TN, Danielsen B, Towner D, Glidden D, Wu YW. Antenatal and Intrapartum Risk Factors for Seizures in Term Newborns: A Population-Based Study, California 1998-2002. Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;154(1). doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.07.008
Ronen GM, Penney S, Andrews W. The epidemiology of clinical neonatal seizures in Newfoundland: A population-based study. J Pediatr. Published online 1999:71-75.
Volpe J. Neonatal Seizures. N Engl J Med. 1973;289(8):413-416. doi:10.1056/NEJM197308232890807
Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Characterization and classification of neonatal seizures. Neurology. 1987;37(12):1837-1844. doi:10.1212/wnl.37.12.1837
Pressler RM, Cilio MR, Mizrahi EM, et al. The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: Modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia. 2021;62(3):615-628. doi:10.1111/epi.16815
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):512-521. doi:10.1111/epi.13709
Germano IM, Sperber EF, Ahuja S, Moshe SL. Evidence of Enhanced Kindliig and Hippocampal Neuronal Injury in Immature Rats with Neuronal Migration Disorders. Epilepsia. 1998;39(12):1253-1260. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01322.x
Scher MS, Aso K, Beggarly ME, Hamid MY, Steppe DA, Painter MJ. Electrographic Seizures in Preterm and Full-Term Neonates: Clinical Correlates, Associated Brain Lesions, and Risk for Neurologic Sequelae. Pediatrics. 1993;91(1):128-134. doi:10.1542/peds.91.1.128
Pisani F, Pavlidis E. The role of electroencephalogram in neonatal seizure detection. Expert Rev Neurother. 2018;18(2):95-100. doi:10.1080/14737175.2018.1413352
Tsuchida TN, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Standardized EEG Terminology and Categorization for the Description of Continuous EEG Monitoring in Neonates. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2013;30(2):161-173. doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182872b24
Tekgul H, Gauvreau K, Soul J, et al. The current etiologic profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of seizures in term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):1270-1280. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1178
Glass HC, Grinspan ZM, Shellhaas RA. Outcomes after acute symptomatic seizures in neonates. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;23(3):218-222. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.001
Kim EH, Shin J, Lee BK. Neonatal seizures: diagnostic updates based on new definition and classification. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(8):387-397. doi:10.3345/cep.2021.01361
Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, et al. Contemporary Profile of Seizures in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;174:98-103.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.035
Sandoval Karamian AG, Wusthoff CJ. Current and Future Uses of Continuous EEG in the NICU. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:768670. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.768670
Glass HC, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. Risk factors for EEG seizures in neonates treated with hypothermia: a multicenter cohort study. Neurology. 2014;82(14):1239-1244. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000282
Grunt S, Mazenauer L, Buerki SE, et al. Incidence and outcomes of symptomatic neonatal arterial ischemic stroke. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):e1220-8. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1520
Glass HC, Shellhaas RA. Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Neonates. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2019;32. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2019.08.004
Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Tsuchida TN, et al. Seizures in Preterm Neonates: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study. Pediatr Neurol. 2017;72:19-24. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.016
Yıldız EP, Tatlı B, Ekici B, et al. Evaluation of Etiologic and Prognostic Factors in Neonatal Convulsions. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;47(3):186-192. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.015
Soul JS. Acute symptomatic seizures in term neonates: Etiologies and treatments. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;23(3):183-190. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.002
Pisani F, Percesepe A, Spagnoli C. Genetic diagnosis in neonatal-onset epilepsies: Back to the future. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2018;22(3):354-357. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.02.006
Zuberi SM, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1349-1397. doi:10.1111/epi.17239
Grinton BE, Heron SE, Pelekanos JT, et al. Familial neonatal seizures in 36 families: Clinical and genetic features correlate with outcome. Epilepsia. 2015;56(7):1071-1080. doi:10.1111/epi.13020
Symonds JD, Elliott KS, Shetty J, et al. Early childhood epilepsies: epidemiology, classification, aetiology, and socio-economic determinants. Brain. 2021;144(9):2879-2891. doi:10.1093/brain/awab162
Ronen GM, Rosales TO, Connolly M, Anderson VE, Leppert M. Seizure characteristics in chromosome 20 benign familial neonatal convulsions. Neurology. 1993;43(7):1355-1355. doi:10.1212/WNL.43.7.1355
Yamamoto H, Okumura A, Fukuda M. Epilepsies and epileptic syndromes starting in the neonatal period. Brain Dev. 2011;33(3):213-220. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2010.10.009
Hirsch E, Velez A, Sellal F, et al. Electroclinical signs of benign neonatal familial convulsions. Ann Neurol. 1993;34(6):835-841. doi:10.1002/ana.410340613
Zara F, Specchio N, Striano P, et al. Genetic testing in benign familial epilepsies of the first year of life: Clinical and diagnostic significance. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):425-436. doi:10.1111/epi.12089
Herlenius E, Heron SE, Grinton BE, et al. SCN2A Mutations and Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures: The Phenotypic Spectrum. Epilepsia. 2007;48(6):1138-1142. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01049.x
Alghamdi M, Bashiri FA, Abdelhakim M, et al. Phenotypic and molecular spectrum of pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate oxidase deficiency: A scoping review of 87 cases of pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate oxidase deficiency. Clin Genet. 2021;99(1):99-110. doi:10.1111/cge.13843
Agadi S, Quach MM, Haneef Z. Vitamin-Responsive Epileptic Encephalopathies in Children. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2013;2013:1-8. doi:10.1155/2013/510529
Coughlin CR, Gospe SM. Pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy: Current perspectives and questions for future research. Annals of the Child Neurology Society. 2023;1(1):24-37. doi:10.1002/cns3.20016
Kaminiów K, Pająk M, Pająk R, Paprocka J. Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy and Antiquitin Deficiency Resulting in Neonatal-Onset Refractory Seizures. Brain Sci. 2022;12(1). doi:10.3390/brainsci12010065
Johnstone DL, Al-Shekaili HH, Tarailo-Graovac M, et al. PLPHP deficiency: Clinical, genetic, biochemical, and mechanistic insights. Brain. 2019;142(3):542-559. doi:10.1093/brain/awy346
Gospe SM. Neonatal Vitamin-Responsive Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Stockler S, Plecko B, Gospe SM, et al. Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy and antiquitin deficiency: clinical and molecular characteristics and recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Mol Genet Metab. 2011;104(1-2):48-60. doi:10.1016/J.YMGME.2011.05.014
Hundallah K, Tabarki B. Treatable inherited metabolic epilepsies. Neurosciences. 2021;26(3):229-235. doi:10.17712/nsj.2021.3
Gallagher RC, Van Hove JLK, Scharer G, et al. Folinic acid-responsive seizures are identical to pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(5):550-556. doi:10.1002/ana.21568
Al-Baradie RS, Chudary MW. Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Folate Deficiency A Form of Folinic Acid-Responsive Seizures. www.neurosciencesjournal.org
Ünal Ö, Haliloğlu G, Coşkun T, et al. Epileptik ensefalopatiler ve doğuştan metabolizma hastalıkları. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2012;55:141-188.
Co JPT, Elia M, Engel J, et al. Proposal of an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures in developing countries. Epilepsia. 2007;48(6):1158-1164. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01008.x
Guidotti I, Lugli L, Guerra MP, et al. Hypothermia reduces seizure burden and improves neurological outcome in severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an observational study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(12):1235-1241. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13195
Pressler RM, Abend NS, Auvin S, et al. Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1111/epi.17745. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37655702.
World Health Organisation. Guidelines on Neonatal Seizures.; 2011.
Soul JS, Pressler R, Allen M, et al. Recommendations for the design of therapeutic trials for neonatal seizures. Pediatr Res. 2019;85(7):943-954. doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0242-2
Forcelli PA, Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K. Pattern of antiepileptic drug-induced cell death in limbic regions of the neonatal rat brain. Epilepsia. 2011;52(12):e207-11. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03297.x
Forcelli PA, Janssen MJ, Vicini S, Gale K. Neonatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs disrupts striatal synaptic development. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(3):363-372. doi:10.1002/ana.23600
Kanmaz S, Altun Köroğlu Ö, Terek D, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam as first-line therapy for neonatal clinical seizures and neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months of age. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021;121(6):1495-1503. doi:10.1007/s13760-020-01366-7
Abend NS, Gutierrez-Colina AM, Monk HM, Dlugos DJ, Clancy RR. Levetiracetam for Treatment of Neonatal Seizures. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(4):465-470. doi:10.1177/0883073810384263
Ramantani G, Ikonomidou C, Walter B, Rating D, Dinger J. Levetiracetam: safety and efficacy in neonatal seizures. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15(1):1-7. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.10.003
Glass HC, Soul JS, Chang T, et al. Safety of Early Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medication after Acute Symptomatic Neonatal Seizures. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(7):817-825. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1437
Chalia M, Hartmann H, Pressler R. Practical Approaches to the Treatment of Neonatal Seizures. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2022;24(3):111-127. doi:10.1007/s11940-022-00711-w
Ronen GM, Buckley D, Penney S, Streiner DL. Long-term prognosis in children with neonatal seizures: a population-based study. Neurology. 2007;69(19):1816-1822. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000279335.85797.2c
Uria-Avellanal C, Marlow N, Rennie JM. Outcome following neonatal seizures. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;18(4):224-232. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.01.002
Garfinkle J, Shevell MI. Cerebral palsy, developmental delay, and epilepsy after neonatal seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;44(2):88-96. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.09.001
Mizrahi EM, Clancy RR. Neonatal seizures: early-onset seizure syndromes and their consequences for development. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000;6(4):229-241. doi:10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4<229::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-Y
Pisani F, Spagnoli C, Falsaperla R, Nagarajan L, Ramantani G. Seizures in the neonate: A review of etiologies and outcomes. Seizure. 2021;85:48-56. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.12.023
Inoue T, Shimizu M, Hamano SI, Murakami N, Nagai T, Sakuta R. Epilepsy and West syndrome in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr Int. 2014;56(3):369-372. doi:10.1111/ped.12257
Garfinkle J, Shevell MI. Prognostic factors and development of a scoring system for outcome of neonatal seizures in term infants. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2011;15(3):222-229. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.11.002
Pisani F, Sisti L, Seri S. A scoring system for early prognostic assessment after neonatal seizures. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4):e580-7. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2087
Referanslar
Volpe JJ. Neonatal seizures. In: Neurology of the Newborn. 5th ed. WB Saunders; 2008:203-237.
Pisani F, Facini C, Bianchi E, Giussani G, Piccolo B, Beghi E. Incidence of neonatal seizures, perinatal risk factors for epilepsy and mortality after neonatal seizures in the province of Parma, Italy. Epilepsia. 2018;59(9):1764-1773. doi:10.1111/epi.14537
Glass HC, Pham TN, Danielsen B, Towner D, Glidden D, Wu YW. Antenatal and Intrapartum Risk Factors for Seizures in Term Newborns: A Population-Based Study, California 1998-2002. Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;154(1). doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.07.008
Ronen GM, Penney S, Andrews W. The epidemiology of clinical neonatal seizures in Newfoundland: A population-based study. J Pediatr. Published online 1999:71-75.
Volpe J. Neonatal Seizures. N Engl J Med. 1973;289(8):413-416. doi:10.1056/NEJM197308232890807
Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P. Characterization and classification of neonatal seizures. Neurology. 1987;37(12):1837-1844. doi:10.1212/wnl.37.12.1837
Pressler RM, Cilio MR, Mizrahi EM, et al. The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: Modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia. 2021;62(3):615-628. doi:10.1111/epi.16815
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):512-521. doi:10.1111/epi.13709
Germano IM, Sperber EF, Ahuja S, Moshe SL. Evidence of Enhanced Kindliig and Hippocampal Neuronal Injury in Immature Rats with Neuronal Migration Disorders. Epilepsia. 1998;39(12):1253-1260. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01322.x
Scher MS, Aso K, Beggarly ME, Hamid MY, Steppe DA, Painter MJ. Electrographic Seizures in Preterm and Full-Term Neonates: Clinical Correlates, Associated Brain Lesions, and Risk for Neurologic Sequelae. Pediatrics. 1993;91(1):128-134. doi:10.1542/peds.91.1.128
Pisani F, Pavlidis E. The role of electroencephalogram in neonatal seizure detection. Expert Rev Neurother. 2018;18(2):95-100. doi:10.1080/14737175.2018.1413352
Tsuchida TN, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Standardized EEG Terminology and Categorization for the Description of Continuous EEG Monitoring in Neonates. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2013;30(2):161-173. doi:10.1097/WNP.0b013e3182872b24
Tekgul H, Gauvreau K, Soul J, et al. The current etiologic profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of seizures in term newborn infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):1270-1280. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1178
Glass HC, Grinspan ZM, Shellhaas RA. Outcomes after acute symptomatic seizures in neonates. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;23(3):218-222. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.001
Kim EH, Shin J, Lee BK. Neonatal seizures: diagnostic updates based on new definition and classification. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2022;65(8):387-397. doi:10.3345/cep.2021.01361
Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Wusthoff CJ, et al. Contemporary Profile of Seizures in Neonates: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;174:98-103.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.035
Sandoval Karamian AG, Wusthoff CJ. Current and Future Uses of Continuous EEG in the NICU. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:768670. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.768670
Glass HC, Wusthoff CJ, Shellhaas RA, et al. Risk factors for EEG seizures in neonates treated with hypothermia: a multicenter cohort study. Neurology. 2014;82(14):1239-1244. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000282
Grunt S, Mazenauer L, Buerki SE, et al. Incidence and outcomes of symptomatic neonatal arterial ischemic stroke. Pediatrics. 2015;135(5):e1220-8. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1520
Glass HC, Shellhaas RA. Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Neonates. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2019;32. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2019.08.004
Glass HC, Shellhaas RA, Tsuchida TN, et al. Seizures in Preterm Neonates: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study. Pediatr Neurol. 2017;72:19-24. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.04.016
Yıldız EP, Tatlı B, Ekici B, et al. Evaluation of Etiologic and Prognostic Factors in Neonatal Convulsions. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;47(3):186-192. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.015
Soul JS. Acute symptomatic seizures in term neonates: Etiologies and treatments. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;23(3):183-190. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.002
Pisani F, Percesepe A, Spagnoli C. Genetic diagnosis in neonatal-onset epilepsies: Back to the future. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2018;22(3):354-357. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.02.006
Zuberi SM, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1349-1397. doi:10.1111/epi.17239
Grinton BE, Heron SE, Pelekanos JT, et al. Familial neonatal seizures in 36 families: Clinical and genetic features correlate with outcome. Epilepsia. 2015;56(7):1071-1080. doi:10.1111/epi.13020
Symonds JD, Elliott KS, Shetty J, et al. Early childhood epilepsies: epidemiology, classification, aetiology, and socio-economic determinants. Brain. 2021;144(9):2879-2891. doi:10.1093/brain/awab162
Ronen GM, Rosales TO, Connolly M, Anderson VE, Leppert M. Seizure characteristics in chromosome 20 benign familial neonatal convulsions. Neurology. 1993;43(7):1355-1355. doi:10.1212/WNL.43.7.1355
Yamamoto H, Okumura A, Fukuda M. Epilepsies and epileptic syndromes starting in the neonatal period. Brain Dev. 2011;33(3):213-220. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2010.10.009
Hirsch E, Velez A, Sellal F, et al. Electroclinical signs of benign neonatal familial convulsions. Ann Neurol. 1993;34(6):835-841. doi:10.1002/ana.410340613
Zara F, Specchio N, Striano P, et al. Genetic testing in benign familial epilepsies of the first year of life: Clinical and diagnostic significance. Epilepsia. 2013;54(3):425-436. doi:10.1111/epi.12089
Herlenius E, Heron SE, Grinton BE, et al. SCN2A Mutations and Benign Familial Neonatal-Infantile Seizures: The Phenotypic Spectrum. Epilepsia. 2007;48(6):1138-1142. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01049.x
Alghamdi M, Bashiri FA, Abdelhakim M, et al. Phenotypic and molecular spectrum of pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate oxidase deficiency: A scoping review of 87 cases of pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate oxidase deficiency. Clin Genet. 2021;99(1):99-110. doi:10.1111/cge.13843
Agadi S, Quach MM, Haneef Z. Vitamin-Responsive Epileptic Encephalopathies in Children. Epilepsy Res Treat. 2013;2013:1-8. doi:10.1155/2013/510529
Coughlin CR, Gospe SM. Pyridoxine‐dependent epilepsy: Current perspectives and questions for future research. Annals of the Child Neurology Society. 2023;1(1):24-37. doi:10.1002/cns3.20016
Kaminiów K, Pająk M, Pająk R, Paprocka J. Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy and Antiquitin Deficiency Resulting in Neonatal-Onset Refractory Seizures. Brain Sci. 2022;12(1). doi:10.3390/brainsci12010065
Johnstone DL, Al-Shekaili HH, Tarailo-Graovac M, et al. PLPHP deficiency: Clinical, genetic, biochemical, and mechanistic insights. Brain. 2019;142(3):542-559. doi:10.1093/brain/awy346
Gospe SM. Neonatal Vitamin-Responsive Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Stockler S, Plecko B, Gospe SM, et al. Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy and antiquitin deficiency: clinical and molecular characteristics and recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Mol Genet Metab. 2011;104(1-2):48-60. doi:10.1016/J.YMGME.2011.05.014
Hundallah K, Tabarki B. Treatable inherited metabolic epilepsies. Neurosciences. 2021;26(3):229-235. doi:10.17712/nsj.2021.3
Gallagher RC, Van Hove JLK, Scharer G, et al. Folinic acid-responsive seizures are identical to pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(5):550-556. doi:10.1002/ana.21568
Al-Baradie RS, Chudary MW. Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Folate Deficiency A Form of Folinic Acid-Responsive Seizures. www.neurosciencesjournal.org
Ünal Ö, Haliloğlu G, Coşkun T, et al. Epileptik ensefalopatiler ve doğuştan metabolizma hastalıkları. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 2012;55:141-188.
Co JPT, Elia M, Engel J, et al. Proposal of an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures in developing countries. Epilepsia. 2007;48(6):1158-1164. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01008.x
Guidotti I, Lugli L, Guerra MP, et al. Hypothermia reduces seizure burden and improves neurological outcome in severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: an observational study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(12):1235-1241. doi:10.1111/dmcn.13195
Pressler RM, Abend NS, Auvin S, et al. Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1111/epi.17745. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37655702.
World Health Organisation. Guidelines on Neonatal Seizures.; 2011.
Soul JS, Pressler R, Allen M, et al. Recommendations for the design of therapeutic trials for neonatal seizures. Pediatr Res. 2019;85(7):943-954. doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0242-2
Forcelli PA, Kim J, Kondratyev A, Gale K. Pattern of antiepileptic drug-induced cell death in limbic regions of the neonatal rat brain. Epilepsia. 2011;52(12):e207-11. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03297.x
Forcelli PA, Janssen MJ, Vicini S, Gale K. Neonatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs disrupts striatal synaptic development. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(3):363-372. doi:10.1002/ana.23600
Kanmaz S, Altun Köroğlu Ö, Terek D, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam as first-line therapy for neonatal clinical seizures and neurodevelopmental outcome at 12 months of age. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021;121(6):1495-1503. doi:10.1007/s13760-020-01366-7
Abend NS, Gutierrez-Colina AM, Monk HM, Dlugos DJ, Clancy RR. Levetiracetam for Treatment of Neonatal Seizures. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(4):465-470. doi:10.1177/0883073810384263
Ramantani G, Ikonomidou C, Walter B, Rating D, Dinger J. Levetiracetam: safety and efficacy in neonatal seizures. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15(1):1-7. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.10.003
Glass HC, Soul JS, Chang T, et al. Safety of Early Discontinuation of Antiseizure Medication after Acute Symptomatic Neonatal Seizures. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(7):817-825. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1437
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