Nöbet Semiyolojisi, İktal Lateralize & Lokalize Edici Bulgular
Özet
Çocukluk çağı jeneralize epilepsi sendromlarının çoğunun genetik veya genetik olduğu varsayılan bir etiyolojisi vardır. Bu nedenle, ILAE bu bozuklukları genetik jeneralize epilepsiler olarak sınıflandırmaktadır. Jeneralize nöbet semiyolojileri (miyoklonik, absans, miyoklonik-tonik-klonik ve/veya jeneralize tonik-klonik) ve nöbetler dışında elektrografik jeneralize deşarjlar ile karakterize edilmektedir. Genetik jeneralize epilepsiler, idiyopatik jeneralize epilepsiler (IJE) olarak bilinen tanımlanmış klinik sendromları içermektedir; bazı gelişimsel epileptik ensefalopatiler de (GEE) genetik jeneralize epilepsi kriterlerini karşılamaktadır.
Most childhood generalized epilepsy syndromes have a genetic or presumed genetic etiology. Therefore, the ILAE classifies these disorders as genetic generalized epilepsies. It is characterized by generalized seizure semiologies (myoclonic, absence, myoclonic-tonic-clonic and/or generalized tonic-clonic) and electrographic generalized discharges other than seizures. Genetic generalized epilepsies include defined clinical syndromes known as idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE); Some developmental epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) also meet criteria for genetic generalized epilepsy.
Referanslar
Lüders H, Acharya J, Baumgartner C, et al. Semiological seizure classification. Epilepsia. 1998;39(9):1006-13.
Blume WT, Luders HO, Mizrahi E, et al. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42:1212–1218.
Loddenkemper T, Kotagal P. Lateralizing signs during seizures in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7(1):1-17.
Loddenkemper T, Kellinghaus C, Wyllie E, Najm IM, Gupta A, Rosenow F, Lüders HO. A proposal for a five-dimensional patient-oriented epilepsy classification. Epileptic Disord. 2005;7(4):308-16.
Rosenow F, Akamatsu N, Bast T, et al. Could the 2017 ILAE and the four-dimensional epilepsy classifications be merged to a new "Integrated Epilepsy Classification"? Seizure. 2020 May;78:31-37.
Hirfanoğlu T, Serdaroğlu A, Cansu A, Bilir E, Gucuyener K. Semiological seizure classification: before and after video-EEG monitoring of seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2007;36: 231-235.
Noachtar S, Peters AS. Semiology of epileptic seizures: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15(1):2-9.
Tufenkjian K, Lüders HO. Seizure semiology: its value and limitations in localizing the epileptogenic zone. J Clin Neurol. 2012;8(4):243-50.
Elwan S , Alexopoulos A , Silveira DC , et al . Lateralizing and localizing value of seizure semiology: comparison with scalp EEG, MRI and PET in patients successfully treated with resective epilepsy surgery. Seizure 2018;61:203–8.
Fernandez-Baca Vaca G, Park JT. Focal EEG abnormalities and focal ictal semiology in generalized epilepsy. Seizure. 2020 Apr;77:7-14.
Rosenow F, Lüders H. Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 2001;124:1683.
Hirfanoglu T, Serdaroglu A, Capraz I, Bilir E, Arhan EP, Aydin K. Comparison of ILAE 2010 and semiological seizure classification in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2017;129:41-50.
Hirfanoglu T,SerdaroğluA.,CansuA.,Bilir E. Outcome of Prolonged Video-EEG Monitoring in Children with Epilepsy. Turkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010; 30 (5):1566-1574.
YalnızoğluD, HırfanoğluT, SerdaroğluA,TuranlıG,TopçuM. Intractable Epilepsy in Childhood: Presurgical Evaluation and Treatment. Archives of epilepsy. 2012; 18(1):7-14.
Ucar HK, Arhan E, Aydin K, Hirfanoglu T, Serdaroglu A. Comparison of 2017 ILAE and Semiological seizure classifications before and after video-EEG monitoring in childhood epilepsy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(7):2343-2352.
İşler A, Tekgül H. Epileptik nöbetlerde alternatif bir sınıflama: Semiyolojik nöbet sınıflaması. Türkiye Klinikleri Nöroloji Dergisi. 2010; 5 (2):61-68.
Fernandez-Baca Vaca G, Mayor CL, Losarcos NG, Park JT, Lüders HO. Epileptic seizure semiology in different age groups. Epileptic Disord. 2018;;20(3):179-188.
Chowdhury FA, Silva R, Whatley B, Walker MC. Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2021;21(6):481-491.
Turek G, Skjei K. Seizure semiology, localization, and the 2017 ILAE seizure classification. Epilepsy Behav. 2022;126:108455.
Beniczky S, Tatum WO, Blumenfeld H, et al. Seizure semiology: ILAE glossary of terms and their significance. Epileptic Disord. 2022;24(3):447-495.
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2015;58(4):522-530.
Wirrell EC, Nabbout R, Scheffer IE, et al. Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1333-1348.
Riney K, Bogacz A, Somerville E, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1443-1474.
Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1398-1442.
Hirsch E, French J, Scheffer IE, et al. ILAE definition of the Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1475-1499.
Egesa IJ, Newton CRJC, Kariuki SM. Evaluation of the International League Against Epilepsy 1981, 1989, and 2017 classifications of seizure semiology and etiology in a population-based cohort of children and adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia Open. 2022;7(1):98-109.
Luders H, Amina S, Bailey C, et al. Proposal: different types of alteration and loss of consciousness in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55:1140–1144.
Ali F, Rickards H, Cavanna AE. The assessment of consciousness during partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23:98–102.
Cavanna AE, Monaco F. Brain mechanisms of altered conscious state during epileptic seizures. Nat Rev Neurol 2009;5:267–276.
Blumenfeld H. Impaired consciousness in epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:814–826.
Blumenfeld H, Taylor J. Why do seizures cause loss of consciousness? Neuroscientist 2003;9:301–310.
Felician O, Tramoni E, Bartolomei F. Transient epileptic amnesia: update on a slowly emerging epileptic syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015;171:289–297.
Yang L, Shklyar I, Lee HW, et al. Impaired consciousness in epilepsy investigated by a prospective responsiveness in epilepsy scale (RES).Epilepsia 2012;53:437–447.
Porter RJ, Penry JK. Responsiveness at the onset of spike-wave bursts. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973;34:239–245.
Craciun L, Taussig D, Ferrand-Sorbets S, Pasqualini E, Biraben A, Delalande O, Dorison N, Fohlen M, Dorfmuller G, Chipaux M. Investigation of paediatric occipital epilepsy using stereo-EEG reveals a better surgical outcome than in adults, especially when the supracalcarine area is affected. Epileptic Disord. 2018 Oct 1;20(5):346-363.
Mula M. Epilepsy-induced behavioral changes during the ictal phase. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 30: 14-6.
Källén K, Wyllie E, Lüders HO, Lachhwani D, Kotagal P. Hypomotor seizures in infants and children. Epilepsia 2002;43:882-888.
Hamer HM, Wyllie E, Lüders HO, Kotagal P, Acharya J. Symptomatology of epileptic seizures in the first three years of life. Epilepsia. 1999 Jul;40(7):837-44.
Guimond A, Braun CM, Bélanger E, Rouleau I. Ictal fear depends on the cerebral laterality of the epileptic activity. Epileptic Disord 2008; 10(2): 101-12
Türe S, Uluçay M, İncesu Kurt T, Akhan G. Temporal lob epilepsisinde semiyolojinin lateralizasyon değeri. Epilepsi 2020;26(2):72-80
aillard L , Vignal J-P , Gavaret M , et al . Semiologic and electrophysiologic correlations in temporal lobe seizure subtypes. Epilepsia 2004;45:1590–9.
Blair RDG . Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology. Epilepsy Res Treat 2012; 1-10.
Lee GR , Arain A , Lim N , et al . Rhythmic ictal nonclonic hand (RINCH) motions: a distinct contralateral sign in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:2189–92.
Wang L , Mathews GC , Whetsell WO , et al . Hypermotor seizures in patients with temporal pole lesions. Epilepsy Res 2008;82:93–8.
Alkawadri R , So NK , Van Ness PC , et al . Cingulate epilepsy: report of 3 electroclinical subtypes with surgical outcomes. JAMA Neurol 2013;70:995–1002.
Enatsu R , Bulacio J , Nair DR , et al . Posterior cingulate epilepsy: clinical and neurophysiological analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85:44–50.
Foldvary-Schaefer N , Unnwongse K . Localizing and lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2011;20:160–6.
Henkel A , Noachtar S , Pfänder M , et al . The localizing value of the abdominal aura and its evolution: a study in focal epilepsies. Neurology 2002;58:271–6.
Erickson JC , Clapp LE , Ford G , et al . Somatosensory auras in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:202–6.
Baysal Kıraç L, Baykan B. Current view of autonomic findings during epileptic seizure. Turk J Neurol 2015;21:147-53.
Baumgartner C, Koren J, Britto-Arias M, Schmidt S, Pirker S. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of autonomic seizures: a systematic review. Clin Auton Res. 2019 Apr;29(2):137-150.
Marashly A , Ewida A , Agarwal R , et al . Ictal motor sequences: lateralization and localization values. Epilepsia 2016;57:369–75.
Werhahn KJ , Noachtar S , Arnold S , et al . Tonic seizures: their significance for lateralization and frequency in different focal epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 2000;41:1153–61.
Sitthinamsuwan B , Usui N , Tottori T , et al . Seizures with tonic posturing: Semiologic difference between supplementary sensorimotor area (SSMA) origin and extra-SSMA origin. Epilepsia 2016;57:e39–44.
Cebeci D, Arhan E, Hirfanoglu T, Karalok ZS, Ercelebi H, Dedeoğlu Ö, Atay LO, Ucar M, Serdaroğlu A. Ictal pouting ('Chapeau de gendarme') in three pediatric cases with cortical dysplasia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020 May;26:82-88.
Ikeda A , Hirasawa K-ichi , Kinoshita M , et al . Negative motor seizure arising from the negative motor area: is it ictal apraxia? Epilepsia 2009;50:2072–84.
Orhan Varoğlu A, Aygül R, Ulvi H. Ekstratemporal epilepsilerde lateralizasyon ve semiyoloji. EAJM. 2007;39:60-62
Bancaud J , Talairach J . Clinical semiology of frontal lobe seizures. Adv Neurol 1992;57:3–58.
McGonigal A , Chauvel P. Frontal lobe epilepsy: seizure semiology and presurgical evaluation. Pract Neurol 2004;4:260–73.
Bonini F, McGonigal A, Trébuchon A, Gavaret M, Bartolomei F, Giusiano B, Chauvel P. Frontal lobe seizures: from clinical semiology to localization. Epilepsia. 2014;55(2):264-77.
Ikeda A , Sato T , Ohara S , et al . "Supplementary motor area (SMA) seizure" rather than "SMA epilepsy" in optimal surgical candidates: a document of subdural mapping. J Neurol Sci 2002;202:43–52.
Chibane IS , Boucher O , Dubeau F , et al . Orbitofrontal epilepsy: case series and review of literature. Epilepsy Behav 2017;76:32–8.
Salanova V . Parietal lobe epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2012;29:392–6.doi:10.1097/WNP.
Yang Y , Wang H , Zhou W , et al . Electroclinical characteristics of seizures arising from the precuneus based on stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG). BMC Neurol 2018;18:110.
Perumal MB , Chinnasami S , Shah A , et al . Epileptic kinetopsia localizes to superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus. Neurology 2014;83:768–70.
Italiano D , Ferlazzo E , Gasparini S , et al . Generalized versus partial reflex seizures: a review. Seizure 2014;23:512–20.
Blume WT , Wiebe S , Tapsell LM . Occipital epilepsy: lateral versus mesial. Brain 2005;128:1209–25.
Lee S-U , Suh H-I , Choi JY , et al . Epileptic nystagmus: a case report and systematic review. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 2014;2:156–60.
Benbadis SR , Kotagal P , Klem GH . Unilateral blinking: a lateralizing sign in partial seizures. Neurology 1996;46:45–8.
Kovac S , Diehl B , Wehner T , et al . Gelastic seizures: incidence, clinical and EEG features in adult patients undergoing video-EEG telemetry. Epilepsia 2015;56:e1–5.
Referanslar
Lüders H, Acharya J, Baumgartner C, et al. Semiological seizure classification. Epilepsia. 1998;39(9):1006-13.
Blume WT, Luders HO, Mizrahi E, et al. Glossary of descriptive terminology for ictal semiology: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology. Epilepsia 2001;42:1212–1218.
Loddenkemper T, Kotagal P. Lateralizing signs during seizures in focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2005;7(1):1-17.
Loddenkemper T, Kellinghaus C, Wyllie E, Najm IM, Gupta A, Rosenow F, Lüders HO. A proposal for a five-dimensional patient-oriented epilepsy classification. Epileptic Disord. 2005;7(4):308-16.
Rosenow F, Akamatsu N, Bast T, et al. Could the 2017 ILAE and the four-dimensional epilepsy classifications be merged to a new "Integrated Epilepsy Classification"? Seizure. 2020 May;78:31-37.
Hirfanoğlu T, Serdaroğlu A, Cansu A, Bilir E, Gucuyener K. Semiological seizure classification: before and after video-EEG monitoring of seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2007;36: 231-235.
Noachtar S, Peters AS. Semiology of epileptic seizures: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;15(1):2-9.
Tufenkjian K, Lüders HO. Seizure semiology: its value and limitations in localizing the epileptogenic zone. J Clin Neurol. 2012;8(4):243-50.
Elwan S , Alexopoulos A , Silveira DC , et al . Lateralizing and localizing value of seizure semiology: comparison with scalp EEG, MRI and PET in patients successfully treated with resective epilepsy surgery. Seizure 2018;61:203–8.
Fernandez-Baca Vaca G, Park JT. Focal EEG abnormalities and focal ictal semiology in generalized epilepsy. Seizure. 2020 Apr;77:7-14.
Rosenow F, Lüders H. Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 2001;124:1683.
Hirfanoglu T, Serdaroglu A, Capraz I, Bilir E, Arhan EP, Aydin K. Comparison of ILAE 2010 and semiological seizure classification in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2017;129:41-50.
Hirfanoglu T,SerdaroğluA.,CansuA.,Bilir E. Outcome of Prolonged Video-EEG Monitoring in Children with Epilepsy. Turkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010; 30 (5):1566-1574.
YalnızoğluD, HırfanoğluT, SerdaroğluA,TuranlıG,TopçuM. Intractable Epilepsy in Childhood: Presurgical Evaluation and Treatment. Archives of epilepsy. 2012; 18(1):7-14.
Ucar HK, Arhan E, Aydin K, Hirfanoglu T, Serdaroglu A. Comparison of 2017 ILAE and Semiological seizure classifications before and after video-EEG monitoring in childhood epilepsy. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(7):2343-2352.
İşler A, Tekgül H. Epileptik nöbetlerde alternatif bir sınıflama: Semiyolojik nöbet sınıflaması. Türkiye Klinikleri Nöroloji Dergisi. 2010; 5 (2):61-68.
Fernandez-Baca Vaca G, Mayor CL, Losarcos NG, Park JT, Lüders HO. Epileptic seizure semiology in different age groups. Epileptic Disord. 2018;;20(3):179-188.
Chowdhury FA, Silva R, Whatley B, Walker MC. Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2021;21(6):481-491.
Turek G, Skjei K. Seizure semiology, localization, and the 2017 ILAE seizure classification. Epilepsy Behav. 2022;126:108455.
Beniczky S, Tatum WO, Blumenfeld H, et al. Seizure semiology: ILAE glossary of terms and their significance. Epileptic Disord. 2022;24(3):447-495.
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2015;58(4):522-530.
Wirrell EC, Nabbout R, Scheffer IE, et al. Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1333-1348.
Riney K, Bogacz A, Somerville E, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1443-1474.
Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1398-1442.
Hirsch E, French J, Scheffer IE, et al. ILAE definition of the Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022;63(6):1475-1499.
Egesa IJ, Newton CRJC, Kariuki SM. Evaluation of the International League Against Epilepsy 1981, 1989, and 2017 classifications of seizure semiology and etiology in a population-based cohort of children and adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia Open. 2022;7(1):98-109.
Luders H, Amina S, Bailey C, et al. Proposal: different types of alteration and loss of consciousness in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55:1140–1144.
Ali F, Rickards H, Cavanna AE. The assessment of consciousness during partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23:98–102.
Cavanna AE, Monaco F. Brain mechanisms of altered conscious state during epileptic seizures. Nat Rev Neurol 2009;5:267–276.
Blumenfeld H. Impaired consciousness in epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:814–826.
Blumenfeld H, Taylor J. Why do seizures cause loss of consciousness? Neuroscientist 2003;9:301–310.
Felician O, Tramoni E, Bartolomei F. Transient epileptic amnesia: update on a slowly emerging epileptic syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015;171:289–297.
Yang L, Shklyar I, Lee HW, et al. Impaired consciousness in epilepsy investigated by a prospective responsiveness in epilepsy scale (RES).Epilepsia 2012;53:437–447.
Porter RJ, Penry JK. Responsiveness at the onset of spike-wave bursts. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973;34:239–245.
Craciun L, Taussig D, Ferrand-Sorbets S, Pasqualini E, Biraben A, Delalande O, Dorison N, Fohlen M, Dorfmuller G, Chipaux M. Investigation of paediatric occipital epilepsy using stereo-EEG reveals a better surgical outcome than in adults, especially when the supracalcarine area is affected. Epileptic Disord. 2018 Oct 1;20(5):346-363.
Mula M. Epilepsy-induced behavioral changes during the ictal phase. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 30: 14-6.
Källén K, Wyllie E, Lüders HO, Lachhwani D, Kotagal P. Hypomotor seizures in infants and children. Epilepsia 2002;43:882-888.
Hamer HM, Wyllie E, Lüders HO, Kotagal P, Acharya J. Symptomatology of epileptic seizures in the first three years of life. Epilepsia. 1999 Jul;40(7):837-44.
Guimond A, Braun CM, Bélanger E, Rouleau I. Ictal fear depends on the cerebral laterality of the epileptic activity. Epileptic Disord 2008; 10(2): 101-12
Türe S, Uluçay M, İncesu Kurt T, Akhan G. Temporal lob epilepsisinde semiyolojinin lateralizasyon değeri. Epilepsi 2020;26(2):72-80
aillard L , Vignal J-P , Gavaret M , et al . Semiologic and electrophysiologic correlations in temporal lobe seizure subtypes. Epilepsia 2004;45:1590–9.
Blair RDG . Temporal lobe epilepsy semiology. Epilepsy Res Treat 2012; 1-10.
Lee GR , Arain A , Lim N , et al . Rhythmic ictal nonclonic hand (RINCH) motions: a distinct contralateral sign in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:2189–92.
Wang L , Mathews GC , Whetsell WO , et al . Hypermotor seizures in patients with temporal pole lesions. Epilepsy Res 2008;82:93–8.
Alkawadri R , So NK , Van Ness PC , et al . Cingulate epilepsy: report of 3 electroclinical subtypes with surgical outcomes. JAMA Neurol 2013;70:995–1002.
Enatsu R , Bulacio J , Nair DR , et al . Posterior cingulate epilepsy: clinical and neurophysiological analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014;85:44–50.
Foldvary-Schaefer N , Unnwongse K . Localizing and lateralizing features of auras and seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2011;20:160–6.
Henkel A , Noachtar S , Pfänder M , et al . The localizing value of the abdominal aura and its evolution: a study in focal epilepsies. Neurology 2002;58:271–6.
Erickson JC , Clapp LE , Ford G , et al . Somatosensory auras in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:202–6.
Baysal Kıraç L, Baykan B. Current view of autonomic findings during epileptic seizure. Turk J Neurol 2015;21:147-53.
Baumgartner C, Koren J, Britto-Arias M, Schmidt S, Pirker S. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of autonomic seizures: a systematic review. Clin Auton Res. 2019 Apr;29(2):137-150.
Marashly A , Ewida A , Agarwal R , et al . Ictal motor sequences: lateralization and localization values. Epilepsia 2016;57:369–75.
Werhahn KJ , Noachtar S , Arnold S , et al . Tonic seizures: their significance for lateralization and frequency in different focal epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 2000;41:1153–61.
Sitthinamsuwan B , Usui N , Tottori T , et al . Seizures with tonic posturing: Semiologic difference between supplementary sensorimotor area (SSMA) origin and extra-SSMA origin. Epilepsia 2016;57:e39–44.
Cebeci D, Arhan E, Hirfanoglu T, Karalok ZS, Ercelebi H, Dedeoğlu Ö, Atay LO, Ucar M, Serdaroğlu A. Ictal pouting ('Chapeau de gendarme') in three pediatric cases with cortical dysplasia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020 May;26:82-88.
Ikeda A , Hirasawa K-ichi , Kinoshita M , et al . Negative motor seizure arising from the negative motor area: is it ictal apraxia? Epilepsia 2009;50:2072–84.
Orhan Varoğlu A, Aygül R, Ulvi H. Ekstratemporal epilepsilerde lateralizasyon ve semiyoloji. EAJM. 2007;39:60-62
Bancaud J , Talairach J . Clinical semiology of frontal lobe seizures. Adv Neurol 1992;57:3–58.
McGonigal A , Chauvel P. Frontal lobe epilepsy: seizure semiology and presurgical evaluation. Pract Neurol 2004;4:260–73.
Bonini F, McGonigal A, Trébuchon A, Gavaret M, Bartolomei F, Giusiano B, Chauvel P. Frontal lobe seizures: from clinical semiology to localization. Epilepsia. 2014;55(2):264-77.
Ikeda A , Sato T , Ohara S , et al . "Supplementary motor area (SMA) seizure" rather than "SMA epilepsy" in optimal surgical candidates: a document of subdural mapping. J Neurol Sci 2002;202:43–52.
Chibane IS , Boucher O , Dubeau F , et al . Orbitofrontal epilepsy: case series and review of literature. Epilepsy Behav 2017;76:32–8.
Salanova V . Parietal lobe epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2012;29:392–6.doi:10.1097/WNP.
Yang Y , Wang H , Zhou W , et al . Electroclinical characteristics of seizures arising from the precuneus based on stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG). BMC Neurol 2018;18:110.
Perumal MB , Chinnasami S , Shah A , et al . Epileptic kinetopsia localizes to superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus. Neurology 2014;83:768–70.
Italiano D , Ferlazzo E , Gasparini S , et al . Generalized versus partial reflex seizures: a review. Seizure 2014;23:512–20.
Blume WT , Wiebe S , Tapsell LM . Occipital epilepsy: lateral versus mesial. Brain 2005;128:1209–25.
Lee S-U , Suh H-I , Choi JY , et al . Epileptic nystagmus: a case report and systematic review. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 2014;2:156–60.
Benbadis SR , Kotagal P , Klem GH . Unilateral blinking: a lateralizing sign in partial seizures. Neurology 1996;46:45–8.
Kovac S , Diehl B , Wehner T , et al . Gelastic seizures: incidence, clinical and EEG features in adult patients undergoing video-EEG telemetry. Epilepsia 2015;56:e1–5.
