Solid Organ Nakli Sonrası Cinsel Yaşam, Doğum Kontrol Yöntemleri, Gebelik ve Emzirme
Özet
Solid organ nakli alıcılarının büyük çoğunluğu, üreme çağındaki bireylerdir. Üreme işlevi, nakilden sonra birkaç ay içinde düzelmektedir. Ancak, nakil sonrası hastaların kullandığı immünsupresif ilaçların yan etkileri, hastaların cinsel yaşamlarını, doğum planlarını, gebeliklerini ve emzirme süreçlerini olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Solid organ nakli alıcılarında cinsellik, doğurganlık, doğum kontrolü, gebelik ve emzirme danışmanlığının yönetilmesinden hemşirelerin de içinde bulunduğu multidisipliner bir ekip sorumludur.
The majority of solid organ transplant recipients are individuals of reproductive age. Reproductive function recovers within a few months after transplantation. However, the side effects of immunosuppressive drugs used by patients after transplantation may negatively affect their sexual lives, birth plans, pregnancies and breastfeeding processes. A multidisciplinary team, including nurses, is responsible for managing sexuality, fertility, birth control, pregnancy and breastfeeding counseling in solid organ transplant recipients.
Referanslar
Szpotanska-Sikorska M, Pietrzak B, Wielgos M. Contraceptive awareness and birth control selection in female kidney and liver transplant recipients. Contraception; 2014;90(4):435-439. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.04.014.
Sawinski D, Ralston SJ, Coscia L, et al. Counselling, research gaps, and ethical considerations surrounding pregnancy in solid organ transplant recipients. J Bioeth Inq; 2023;20(1):89-99. doi:10.1007/s11673-022-10219-2.
Hart A, Lentine KL, Smith JM, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: kidney. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:21-137. doi:10.1111/ajt.16502.
Kwong AJ, Kim WR, Lake JR, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:208-315. doi:10.1111/ajt.16494.
Colvin M, Smith JM, Ahn Y, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: heart. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:356-440. doi:10.1111/ajt.16492.
Valapour M, Lehr CJ, Skeans MA, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: lung. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:441-520. doi:10.1111/ajt.16495.
Zullo F, Saccone G, Donnarumma L, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplantation: a case series and review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 2021;34(19):3269-3276. doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1680632.
Szymusik I, Warzecha D, Wielgoś M, et al. Infertility in female and male solid organ recipients - from diagnosis to treatment: an up-to-date review of the literature. Ann Transplant; 2020;25:e923592. Published 2020 Nov 20. doi:10.12659/AOT.923592
Sağlık Bakanlığı Organ, Doku Transplantasyonu ve Diyaliz Hizmetleri Daire Başkanlığı. Güncel veriler. (7.08.2023 tarihinde https://organkds.saglik.gov.tr/DSS/PUBLIC/Transplant_Solid_Organ.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. National data: transplants in the U.S. by recipient gender. 2022. (7.08. 2023 tarihinde https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Josephson MA, McKay DB. Women and transplantation: fertility, sexuality, pregnancy, contraception [published correction appears in Adv Chronic Kidney Dis; 2014; Jan;21(1):114]. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(5):433-440. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2013.06.005
Yenebere P, Doraiswamy M, Gundroo A. Overview of pregnancy in solid-organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant;2023;28(4):271-278. doi:10.1097/MOT.0000000000001075
Krajewski CM, Geetha D, Gomez-Lobo V. Contraceptive options for women with a history of solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation;2013;95(10):1183-1186. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31827c64de.
World Health Organization. (2006). Defining sexual health: report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28-31 January 2002, Geneva. World Health Organization.
Mota RL, Fonseca R, Santos JC, et al. Sexual dysfunction and satisfaction in kidney transplant patients. J Sex Med; 2019;16(7):1018-1028. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.266
Thirumavalavan N, Wilken NA, Ramasamy R. Hypogonadism and renal failure: an update. Indian J Urol; 2015;31(2):89-93. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.154297.
Marzec I, Słowakiewicz A, Gozdowska J, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplant: maternal and perinatal outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 2021;21(1):627. Published 2021 Sep 16. doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04104-w.
Hatzichristou D, Kirana PS, Banner L, et al. Diagnosing sexual dysfunction in men and women: sexual history taking and the role of symptom scales and questionnaires. J Sex Med; 2016;13(8):1166-1182. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.017
Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al. Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior:a neglected or unknown issue?. Brain Behav;2019;9(12):e01389. doi:10.1002/brb3.1389.
Serra E, Porcu M, Minerba L, et al. High prevalence of male hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in long-term clinically stable heart transplantation recipients. Int J Cardiol; 2012;155(3):476-477. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.075
Al-Badri M, Kling JM, Vegunta S. Reproductive planning for women after solid-organ transplant. Cleve Clin J Med; 2017;84(9):719-728. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16116
Körükcü Ö, Boran ÖF, Güngör Ö, et al. An underestimated human need after renal transplantation: sexuality. Sex Disabil; 2020;38:699-714. doi:10.1007/s11195-020-09647-y.
Moayed MS, Ebadi A, Khodaveisi M, el al. Factors influencing health self-management in adherence to care and treatment among the recipients of liver transplantation. Patient Prefer Adherence;2018;12:2425-2436. Published 2018 Nov 16. doi:10.2147/PPA.S180341.
Jabali SS, Saleem ZSM, Mohammed AA, el al. Erectile dysfunction pre and post kidney transplant recipients in Duhok city; cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond);2020;55:107-110. Published 2020 May 16. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.04.038.
Davis-Kankanamge C, Higgins J, Allsworth JE, et al. Menstruation and contraception patterns of female adolescent transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant; 2020;24(7):e13817. doi:10.1111/petr.13817.
Thirumavalavan N, Scovell JM, Lo E, et al. Is treatment of hypogonadism safe for men after a solid organ transplant? Results from a retrospective controlled cohort study. Int J Impot Res;2022;34(1):50-54. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00361-z.
Semet M, Paci M, Saïas-Magnan J, et al. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology;2017;5(4):640-663. doi:10.1111/andr.12366.
Leroy C, Rigot JM, Leroy M, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs and fertility. Orphanet J Rare Dis; 2015;10:136. Published 2015 Oct 21. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0332-8.
Boulay H, Mazaud-Guittot S, Supervielle J, et al. Maternal, foetal and child consequences of immunosuppressive drugs during pregnancy in women with organ transplant: a review. Clin Kidney J;2021;14(8):1871-1878. Published 2021 Mar 3. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab049.
Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Szpotanska-Sikorska M, Pietrzak B, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among female recipients after liver transplantation: further experience. Transplant Proc; 2011;43(8):3043-3047. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.08.070
Valentin N, Guerrido I, Rozenshteyn F, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol; 2021;116(3):491-504. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001105.
Punnoose LR, Coscia LA, Armenti DP, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant;2020;39(5):473-480. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.02.005.
McKay DB, Josephson MA, Armenti VT, et al. Reproduction and transplantation: report on the AST consensus conference on reproductive ıssues and transplantation. Am J Transplant;2005;5(7):1592-1599. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00969.x
Wiles K, Chappell L, Clark K, et al. Clinical practice guideline on pregnancy and renal disease. BMC Nephrol; 2019;20(1):401. Published 2019 Oct 31. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1560-2
Velleca A, Shullo MA, Dhital K, et al. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant;2023;42(5):e1-e141. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.015.
Shah S, Venkatesan RL, Gupta A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with kidney transplant: metaanalysis and systematic review. BMC Nephrol; 2019;20(1):24. Published 2019 Jan 23. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1213-5.
French VA, Davis JS, Sayles HS, et al. Contraception and fertility awareness among women with solid organ transplants. Obstet Gynecol;2013;122(4):809-814. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a5eda9.
Shah S, Christianson AL, Bumb S, Verma P. Contraceptive use among women with kidney transplants in the United States. J Nephrol;2022;35(2):629-638. doi:10.1007/s40620-021-01181-0.
Dagher O, Alami Laroussi N, Carrier M, et al. Pregnancy after heart transplantation: a well-thought-out decision? The Quebec provincial experience - a multi-centre cohort study [published online ahead of print, 2018 Feb 26]. Transpl Int;2018;10.1111/tri.13144. doi:10.1111/tri.13144.
Bosch A, Daniel KE. Pregnancy and contraception in the post-liver transplant patient. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken);2023;21(6):187-190. Published 2023 Jun 21. doi:10.1097/CLD.0000000000000059.
Eide IA, Rashidi F, Lønning K, et al. Contraceptive Choices and counseling in norwegian female renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc;2019;51(2):470-474. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.01.068
Magro JTJ, Mendes KDS, Galvão CM. Sexual aspects of liver transplant candidates and recipients: evidence available in the literature1. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem;2018;26:e3033. Published 2018 Sep 3. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2744.3033.
Defilippis EM, Kittleson MM. Pregnancy after heart transplantation. J Card Fail;2021;27(2):176-184. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.07.011.
Deshpande NA, Coscia LA, Gomez-Lobo V, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT. Pregnancy after solid organ transplantation: a guide for obstetric management. Rev Obstet Gynecol;2013;6(3-4):116-125.
Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. U.S. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep;2016;65(3):1-103. Published 2016 Jul 29. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1.
Kaminski P, Bobrowska K, Pietrzak B, et al. Gynecological issues after organ transplantation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett;2008;29(6):852-856.
Hubacher D. Intrauterine devices & infection: review of the literature. Indian J Med Res;2014;140 Suppl(Suppl 1):S53-S57.
Rafie S, Lai S, Garcia JE, et al. Contraceptive use in female recipients of a solid-organ transplant. Prog Transplant;2014;24(4):344-348. doi:10.7182/pit2014426.
Marson EJ, Kamarajah SK, Dyson JK, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with liver transplants: systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford);2020;22(8):1102-1111. doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2020.05.001.
Morken NH, Diaz-Garcia C, Reisaeter AV, et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcome of pregnancies fathered by males on immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant;2015;15(6):1666-1673. doi:10.1111/ajt.13159.
Bedin A, Carbonnel M, Snanoudj R, et al. Pregnancies and gynecological follow-up after solid organ transplantation: experience of a decade. J Clin Med;2022;11(16):4792. Published 2022 Aug 16. doi:10.3390/jcm11164792.
McIntosh T, Puerzer P, Li MT, et al. A survey of solid organ transplant recipient attitudes and concerns regarding contraception and pregnancy. Clin Transplant;2023;37(5):e14948. doi:10.1111/ctr.14948.
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Irani RA, Coscia LA, Chang E, Lappen JR; SMFM Publications Committee. Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #66: Prepregnancy evaluation and pregnancy management of patients with solid organ transplants. Am J Obstet Gynecol;2023;229(2):B10-B32. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.022.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics; 2001;108(3):776-789. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.776.
Brunet M, van Gelder T, Åsberg A, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus-personalized therapy: second consensus report. Ther Drug Monit;2019;41(3):261-307. doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000640.
Sachs HC; Committee On Drugs. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics. Pediatrics;2013;132(3):e796-e809. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1985.
Constantinescu S, Pai A, Coscia LA, Davison JM, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT. Breast-feeding after transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol;2014;28(8):1163-1173. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.09.001.
Applying class of recommendations and level of evidence to clinical strategies, ınterventions, treatments, or diagnostic testing in patient care (Updated May 2019). (10.8.2023 tarihinde https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/tables/applying-class-of-recommendation-and-level-of-evidenceadresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Referanslar
Szpotanska-Sikorska M, Pietrzak B, Wielgos M. Contraceptive awareness and birth control selection in female kidney and liver transplant recipients. Contraception; 2014;90(4):435-439. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.04.014.
Sawinski D, Ralston SJ, Coscia L, et al. Counselling, research gaps, and ethical considerations surrounding pregnancy in solid organ transplant recipients. J Bioeth Inq; 2023;20(1):89-99. doi:10.1007/s11673-022-10219-2.
Hart A, Lentine KL, Smith JM, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: kidney. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:21-137. doi:10.1111/ajt.16502.
Kwong AJ, Kim WR, Lake JR, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:208-315. doi:10.1111/ajt.16494.
Colvin M, Smith JM, Ahn Y, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: heart. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:356-440. doi:10.1111/ajt.16492.
Valapour M, Lehr CJ, Skeans MA, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2019 Annual data report: lung. Am J Transplant; 2021;21 Suppl 2:441-520. doi:10.1111/ajt.16495.
Zullo F, Saccone G, Donnarumma L, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplantation: a case series and review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 2021;34(19):3269-3276. doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1680632.
Szymusik I, Warzecha D, Wielgoś M, et al. Infertility in female and male solid organ recipients - from diagnosis to treatment: an up-to-date review of the literature. Ann Transplant; 2020;25:e923592. Published 2020 Nov 20. doi:10.12659/AOT.923592
Sağlık Bakanlığı Organ, Doku Transplantasyonu ve Diyaliz Hizmetleri Daire Başkanlığı. Güncel veriler. (7.08.2023 tarihinde https://organkds.saglik.gov.tr/DSS/PUBLIC/Transplant_Solid_Organ.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. National data: transplants in the U.S. by recipient gender. 2022. (7.08. 2023 tarihinde https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Josephson MA, McKay DB. Women and transplantation: fertility, sexuality, pregnancy, contraception [published correction appears in Adv Chronic Kidney Dis; 2014; Jan;21(1):114]. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(5):433-440. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2013.06.005
Yenebere P, Doraiswamy M, Gundroo A. Overview of pregnancy in solid-organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant;2023;28(4):271-278. doi:10.1097/MOT.0000000000001075
Krajewski CM, Geetha D, Gomez-Lobo V. Contraceptive options for women with a history of solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation;2013;95(10):1183-1186. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31827c64de.
World Health Organization. (2006). Defining sexual health: report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28-31 January 2002, Geneva. World Health Organization.
Mota RL, Fonseca R, Santos JC, et al. Sexual dysfunction and satisfaction in kidney transplant patients. J Sex Med; 2019;16(7):1018-1028. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.266
Thirumavalavan N, Wilken NA, Ramasamy R. Hypogonadism and renal failure: an update. Indian J Urol; 2015;31(2):89-93. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.154297.
Marzec I, Słowakiewicz A, Gozdowska J, et al. Pregnancy after liver transplant: maternal and perinatal outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 2021;21(1):627. Published 2021 Sep 16. doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04104-w.
Hatzichristou D, Kirana PS, Banner L, et al. Diagnosing sexual dysfunction in men and women: sexual history taking and the role of symptom scales and questionnaires. J Sex Med; 2016;13(8):1166-1182. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.017
Calabrò RS, Cacciola A, Bruschetta D, et al. Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior:a neglected or unknown issue?. Brain Behav;2019;9(12):e01389. doi:10.1002/brb3.1389.
Serra E, Porcu M, Minerba L, et al. High prevalence of male hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction in long-term clinically stable heart transplantation recipients. Int J Cardiol; 2012;155(3):476-477. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.075
Al-Badri M, Kling JM, Vegunta S. Reproductive planning for women after solid-organ transplant. Cleve Clin J Med; 2017;84(9):719-728. doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.16116
Körükcü Ö, Boran ÖF, Güngör Ö, et al. An underestimated human need after renal transplantation: sexuality. Sex Disabil; 2020;38:699-714. doi:10.1007/s11195-020-09647-y.
Moayed MS, Ebadi A, Khodaveisi M, el al. Factors influencing health self-management in adherence to care and treatment among the recipients of liver transplantation. Patient Prefer Adherence;2018;12:2425-2436. Published 2018 Nov 16. doi:10.2147/PPA.S180341.
Jabali SS, Saleem ZSM, Mohammed AA, el al. Erectile dysfunction pre and post kidney transplant recipients in Duhok city; cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond);2020;55:107-110. Published 2020 May 16. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.04.038.
Davis-Kankanamge C, Higgins J, Allsworth JE, et al. Menstruation and contraception patterns of female adolescent transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant; 2020;24(7):e13817. doi:10.1111/petr.13817.
Thirumavalavan N, Scovell JM, Lo E, et al. Is treatment of hypogonadism safe for men after a solid organ transplant? Results from a retrospective controlled cohort study. Int J Impot Res;2022;34(1):50-54. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00361-z.
Semet M, Paci M, Saïas-Magnan J, et al. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology;2017;5(4):640-663. doi:10.1111/andr.12366.
Leroy C, Rigot JM, Leroy M, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs and fertility. Orphanet J Rare Dis; 2015;10:136. Published 2015 Oct 21. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0332-8.
Boulay H, Mazaud-Guittot S, Supervielle J, et al. Maternal, foetal and child consequences of immunosuppressive drugs during pregnancy in women with organ transplant: a review. Clin Kidney J;2021;14(8):1871-1878. Published 2021 Mar 3. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab049.
Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Szpotanska-Sikorska M, Pietrzak B, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among female recipients after liver transplantation: further experience. Transplant Proc; 2011;43(8):3043-3047. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.08.070
Valentin N, Guerrido I, Rozenshteyn F, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol; 2021;116(3):491-504. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001105.
Punnoose LR, Coscia LA, Armenti DP, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant;2020;39(5):473-480. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2020.02.005.
McKay DB, Josephson MA, Armenti VT, et al. Reproduction and transplantation: report on the AST consensus conference on reproductive ıssues and transplantation. Am J Transplant;2005;5(7):1592-1599. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00969.x
Wiles K, Chappell L, Clark K, et al. Clinical practice guideline on pregnancy and renal disease. BMC Nephrol; 2019;20(1):401. Published 2019 Oct 31. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1560-2
Velleca A, Shullo MA, Dhital K, et al. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant;2023;42(5):e1-e141. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.015.
Shah S, Venkatesan RL, Gupta A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with kidney transplant: metaanalysis and systematic review. BMC Nephrol; 2019;20(1):24. Published 2019 Jan 23. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1213-5.
French VA, Davis JS, Sayles HS, et al. Contraception and fertility awareness among women with solid organ transplants. Obstet Gynecol;2013;122(4):809-814. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a5eda9.
Shah S, Christianson AL, Bumb S, Verma P. Contraceptive use among women with kidney transplants in the United States. J Nephrol;2022;35(2):629-638. doi:10.1007/s40620-021-01181-0.
Dagher O, Alami Laroussi N, Carrier M, et al. Pregnancy after heart transplantation: a well-thought-out decision? The Quebec provincial experience - a multi-centre cohort study [published online ahead of print, 2018 Feb 26]. Transpl Int;2018;10.1111/tri.13144. doi:10.1111/tri.13144.
Bosch A, Daniel KE. Pregnancy and contraception in the post-liver transplant patient. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken);2023;21(6):187-190. Published 2023 Jun 21. doi:10.1097/CLD.0000000000000059.
Eide IA, Rashidi F, Lønning K, et al. Contraceptive Choices and counseling in norwegian female renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc;2019;51(2):470-474. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.01.068
Magro JTJ, Mendes KDS, Galvão CM. Sexual aspects of liver transplant candidates and recipients: evidence available in the literature1. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem;2018;26:e3033. Published 2018 Sep 3. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2744.3033.
Defilippis EM, Kittleson MM. Pregnancy after heart transplantation. J Card Fail;2021;27(2):176-184. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.07.011.
Deshpande NA, Coscia LA, Gomez-Lobo V, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT. Pregnancy after solid organ transplantation: a guide for obstetric management. Rev Obstet Gynecol;2013;6(3-4):116-125.
Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. U.S. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep;2016;65(3):1-103. Published 2016 Jul 29. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1.
Kaminski P, Bobrowska K, Pietrzak B, et al. Gynecological issues after organ transplantation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett;2008;29(6):852-856.
Hubacher D. Intrauterine devices & infection: review of the literature. Indian J Med Res;2014;140 Suppl(Suppl 1):S53-S57.
Rafie S, Lai S, Garcia JE, et al. Contraceptive use in female recipients of a solid-organ transplant. Prog Transplant;2014;24(4):344-348. doi:10.7182/pit2014426.
Marson EJ, Kamarajah SK, Dyson JK, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with liver transplants: systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford);2020;22(8):1102-1111. doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2020.05.001.
Morken NH, Diaz-Garcia C, Reisaeter AV, et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcome of pregnancies fathered by males on immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant;2015;15(6):1666-1673. doi:10.1111/ajt.13159.
Bedin A, Carbonnel M, Snanoudj R, et al. Pregnancies and gynecological follow-up after solid organ transplantation: experience of a decade. J Clin Med;2022;11(16):4792. Published 2022 Aug 16. doi:10.3390/jcm11164792.
McIntosh T, Puerzer P, Li MT, et al. A survey of solid organ transplant recipient attitudes and concerns regarding contraception and pregnancy. Clin Transplant;2023;37(5):e14948. doi:10.1111/ctr.14948.
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Irani RA, Coscia LA, Chang E, Lappen JR; SMFM Publications Committee. Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #66: Prepregnancy evaluation and pregnancy management of patients with solid organ transplants. Am J Obstet Gynecol;2023;229(2):B10-B32. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.022.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics; 2001;108(3):776-789. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.776.
Brunet M, van Gelder T, Åsberg A, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus-personalized therapy: second consensus report. Ther Drug Monit;2019;41(3):261-307. doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000640.
Sachs HC; Committee On Drugs. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics. Pediatrics;2013;132(3):e796-e809. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1985.
Constantinescu S, Pai A, Coscia LA, Davison JM, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT. Breast-feeding after transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol;2014;28(8):1163-1173. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.09.001.
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