Solid Organ Nakli Tarihçesi
Özet
Günümüzde organ yetmezliklerinde en etkili tedavi seçeneği olarak düşünülen organ naklinin oldukça zorlu ve ilham veren bir tarihçesi vardır. Organ nakli tarihi içerinde, hastaların ve vericilerin yanında olan ve bakım veren transplantasyon hemşireleri de tüm bu gelişmelerden etkilenmiştir. Bu bölümde hem organ naklinin tarihçesi hem de günümüzde özel uzmanlık alanı olarak görülen transplantasyon hemşireliğindeki gelişmeler kronolojik olarak ele alınmıştır.
Referanslar
Marino IR, Cirillo C. An abridged photographic history of organ transplantation. Exp Clin Transplant. 2014;12 (Sup) 1:11-6. doi: 10.6002/ect.25liver.l14. PMID: 24635784
Bergan A. Ancient myth, modern reality: a brief history of transplantation. J Biocommun. 1997;24(4):2-9. PMID: 9494875.
Dangoor JY, Hakim DN, Singh RP, Hakim NS. Transplantation: a brief history. Exp Clin Transplant. 2015;13(1):1-5. doi: 10.6002/ect.2014.0258. Epub 2014 Dec 22. PMID: 25542855.
American Nurses Association (ANA). Transplant nursing: scope and standards of practice. (2nd ed). 2016, Silver Spring, MD: https://www.nursingworld.org/~4ad074/globalassets/catalog/book-toc/transplant-nursing-scope--standards-of-practice-2e_toc.pdf
Gowen JW. Inheritance of immunity in animals. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1948;2(1):215-54. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.02.100148.001243. PMID: 18104347.
Merrıll, J. P., Murray, J. E., Harrıson, J. H., & guıld, W. R. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1956;160(4):277–282. doi: 10.1001/jama.1956.02960390027008
Starzl, T.E., & Fung, J.J. Themes of liver transplantation. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2010;51(6):1869–1884. doi:10.1002/hep.23595
Kirk, A.D. Antibodies and fusion proteins. In P. Morris, & S. Knechtle (Eds.). Kidney transplantation, principles and practice (6th ed., pp. 309-332). 2008, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Barker, C., & Markmann, J. Historical overview of transplantation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2013;3:1-18. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a014977
Calne, R.Y., & Murray, J.E. Inhibition of the rejection of renal homografts in dogs by Burroughs Wellcome 57-322, Surgical Forum. 1961;12:118–120.
Starzl T. E. The long reach of liver transplantation. Nature Medicine, 2012;18(10):1489–1492. doi: 10.1038/nm.2927
Bismuth, H., & Houssin, D. Reduced-sized orthotopic liver graft in hepatic transplantation in children. Surgery. 1984;95(3):367–370.
Hashikura, Y., Makuuchi, M., Kawasaki, S., Matsunami, H., Ikegami, T., Nakazawa, Y., Kiyosawa, K., & Ichida, T. Successful living-related partial liver transplantation to an adult patient. Lancet. 1994;343(8907):1233–1234. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92450-3
Basu, A., & Shapiro, R. Tacrolimus in renal transplantation. In P. Morris, & S. Knechtle (Eds.). Kidney transplantation, principles and practice. (6th ed., pp. 259-276), 2008, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier
Colaneri, J. An overview of transplant immunosuppression – History, principles, and current practices in kidney transplantation. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 2014;41(6):549- 560.
Carrel A, Guthrie CC. Functions of a transplanted kidney. Science. 1905;22(563):473.
Watson CJ, Dark JH. Organ transplantation: historical perspective and current practice. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108 Suppl 1:i29-42. doi:10.1093/bja/aer384. PMID: 22194428.
Ono SJ. The birth of transplantation immunology: the Billingham- Medawar experiments at Birmingham University and University College London. 1951. J Exp Biol. 2004;207(pt 23):4013-4014.
Cooper, D. K. C., Ekser, B., & Tector, A. J. A Brief history of clinical xenotransplantation. International Journal of Surgery), 2015;23(Pt B), 205–210. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.060
Davis, M. M., & Brodin, P. Rebooting Human Immunology. Annual Review of Immunology, 2018;36:843–864. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053206
Cozzi, E., Schneeberger, S., Bellini, M. I., Berglund, E., Böhmig, G., Fowler, K., Hoogduijn, M.,…ESOT Workstream 1 of the TLJ (Transplantation Learning Journey) Project. Organ transplants of the future: planning for innovations including xenotransplantation. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation, 2012:34(11), 2006–2018. doi:10.1111/tri.1403
Karlıkaya, E., Hot, İ. Hayvandan insana doku ve organ naklinin (xenotransplantasyon) etik boyutu. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi, 2017;16(4), 169-175.
Sade, R. M., & Mukherjee, R. Ethical Issues in Xenotransplantation: The First Pig-to-Human Heart Transplant. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2022;113(3):712–714. Doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.01.006
Pierson, R. N., Fishman, J. A., Lewis, G. D., D'Alessandro, D. A., Connolly, M. R., Burdorf, L., Madsen,J.C.,… Azimzadeh, A. M. Progress Toward Cardiac Xenotransplantation. Circulation, 2020; 142(14): 1389–1398. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (FDA). FDA xenotransplantation guidances. Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood -biolo gics/biolo gics-guida nces/xenot ransp lanta tionguidances. 2020.
Carrel A. The operative technique for vascular anastomoses and transplantation of viscera. Lyon Med. 1902;98:859.
Merrıll, J.P., Murray, J.E., Harrıson, J.H., & Guıld, W.R. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1956;160(4):277–282. doi:10.1001/jama.1956.02960390027008
Busuttil, R. W., De Carlis, L. G., Mihaylov, P. V., Gridelli, B., Fassati, L. R., & Starzl, T. E. The first report of orthotopic liver transplantation in the Western world. American Journal Of Transplantation, 2012;12(6):1385–1387. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04026.x
Calne, R.Y., & Williams, R. Liver transplantation in man. I. Observations on technique and organization in five cases. British Medical Journal. 1968;4(5630):535–540. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5630.535
Beecher H. K. Ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1968;278(26):1425–1430. doi:10.1056/NEJM196806272782605
Starzl TE. Experience in hepatic transplantation. First Edition. 1969, Philadelphia: PA: WB Saunders Co.
Borel, J. F., Baumann, G., Chapman, I., Donatsch, P., Fahr, A., Mueller, E. A., & Vigouret, J. M. In vivo pharmacological effects of ciclosporin and some analogues. Advances in Pharmacology. 1996;35:115–246. doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60276-8
Kino, T., Hatanaka, H., Miyata, S., Inamura, N., Nishiyama, M., Yajima, T., Goto, T., Okuhara, M., Kohsaka, M., & Aoki, H. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506 in vitro. The Journal of Antibiotics. 1987;40(9): 1256–1265. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.40.1256
Lee, S., Hwang, S., Park, K., Lee, Y., Choi, D., Ahn, C., Nah, Y., Koh, K., Han, S., Park, S., & Min, P. An adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant using dual left lobe grafts. Surgery, 2001;129(5):647–650. doi: 10.1067/msy.2001.114218
Rutherford RM, Lordan J, Fisher A, et al. Historical Overview of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation. In Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation. Lynch JP, Ross D (eds). 2006,1-5.
Toronto Lung Transplant Group Unilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986;314(18):1140–1145. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198605013141802
Hachem R. The History of Lung Transplantation. Second Wing. Lung Transplant Association of St. Louis. 2008. https://secondwindstl.org/who-we-are/articles-by-dr-hacheem/the history-of-lung- transplantation/
Barnard C. N. The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. South African Medical Journal. 1967;41(48):1271–1274.
Watson, C. J., & Dark, J. H. Organ transplantation: historical perspective and current practice. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012; 108 Suppl 1: i29–i42. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer384
Caves, P. K., Stinson, E. B., Billingham, M. E., & Shumway, N. E. Serial transvenous biopsy of the transplanted human heart. Improved management of acute rejection episodes. Lancet., 1974;1(7862), 821–826. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90480-2
Stehlik, J., Edwards, L. B., Kucheryavaya, A. Y., Aurora, P., Christie, J. D., Kirk, R., Dobbels, F., Rahmel, A. O., & Hertz, M. I. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-seventh official adult heart transplant report--2010. The Journal of heart and Lung Transplantation, 2010;29(10):1089–1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.08.007
Haberal, M. A., Picache, R. S., Husberg, B. S., Bakshandeh, K., & Starzl, T. E. Late spontaneous rupture in a homografted kidney. A case report. Archives of Surgery. 1974;109(6):824–826. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1974.01360060090025
Haberal, M., Sert, S., Aybasti, N., Gulay, H., Gokce, O., Arslan, G., Karamehmetoglu, M., & Bilgin, N. Living donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, 1988;20(1 Suppl 1):353–355.
Altınörs N, Altınel F. Tarihi perspektivle Solid Organ ve Kompozit Doku Nakillerindeki Gelişmeler Akd Tıp D 2022; 8(2):225-231
Karakayali, H., & Haberal, M. (2005). The history and activities of transplantation in Turkey. Transplantation Proceedings, 2005;37(7):2905–2908. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.07.025
Moray, G., Arslan, G., & Haberal, M. The history of liver transplantation in Turkey. Experimental and Clinical Transplantation, 2014;12 Suppl 1:20–23. doi: 10.6002/ect.25liver.l18
Haberal, M., Buyukpamukcu, N., Telatar, H., Bilgin, N., Arslan, G., Simsek, H., Ekici, E., & Karamehmetoglu, M. Segmental living liver transplantation in children and adults. Transplantation Proceedings, 1992;24(6), 2687–2689.
Oto O, Acikel U, Hazan E, Çatalyürek H, Sarıosmanoğlu N, Silistreli E, et al. Hearth and lung transplantation in childhood: The first application in our country-in Turkish. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 1998; 26(7): 446–8.
Dabak G. History of lung transplantation. Eurasian J Pulmonol 2013; 15(2): 82–7.
Sureyyapasa Lung Transplantation Working Group. A single lung transplantation for silicosis: the first successful lung transplan- tation case in Turkey. Turkish J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 19(3): 455–62.
Ozbaran M, Turhan K, Yagdi T, Gulen F, Ozcan C, Engin C, et al. One case, two “firsts”: first successful double lung and first pediatric lung transplantation in Turkey. Turkish J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010; 18(2): 145–7.
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Samartino, E., Preston, B. Patients with kidney transplants. Bergersen, B.S., Anderson, E.H., Duffey, M., Lohr, M., Rose, M.H. ( Eds.), Current concepts in clinical nursing, St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1967;16 - 26.
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Peplau H. (2003). Specialization in perofessional nursing. Clin Nurse Spec. 2003;17(1): 3-9.
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Karayurt Ö, Sarıgöl Ordin Y, Ünek T, Astarcıoğlu İK, Çocukluk ve adölesan dönemde karaciğer nakli olmuş hastaların tedaviye uyumu, okul performansı, semptom ve depresyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi, 9. Ulusal Türk Cerrahi ve Ameliyathane Hemşireliği Kongresi, Dalaman, Kasım 2015, serbest bildiri, 9. Ulusal Türk Cerrahi ve Ameliyathane Hemşireliği Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, 245
Akdeniz Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzcuoğlu Organ Nakli Enstitüsü, Erişim: https://organnaklienst.akdeniz.edu.tr/tr/tarihce-3320
İnönü Üniversitesi karaciğer Nakli Enstitüsü, Erişim: https://www.inonu.edu.tr/karaciger/menu/9275/tarihce
Doku ve Organ Nakli Koordinatörlüğü Eğitim Yönergesi, 28.05.2008 Tarih ve 19735 sayılı, https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR-11251/organ-ve-doku-nakli-koordinatorlugu-egitim-yonergesi.html
Referanslar
Marino IR, Cirillo C. An abridged photographic history of organ transplantation. Exp Clin Transplant. 2014;12 (Sup) 1:11-6. doi: 10.6002/ect.25liver.l14. PMID: 24635784
Bergan A. Ancient myth, modern reality: a brief history of transplantation. J Biocommun. 1997;24(4):2-9. PMID: 9494875.
Dangoor JY, Hakim DN, Singh RP, Hakim NS. Transplantation: a brief history. Exp Clin Transplant. 2015;13(1):1-5. doi: 10.6002/ect.2014.0258. Epub 2014 Dec 22. PMID: 25542855.
American Nurses Association (ANA). Transplant nursing: scope and standards of practice. (2nd ed). 2016, Silver Spring, MD: https://www.nursingworld.org/~4ad074/globalassets/catalog/book-toc/transplant-nursing-scope--standards-of-practice-2e_toc.pdf
Gowen JW. Inheritance of immunity in animals. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1948;2(1):215-54. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.02.100148.001243. PMID: 18104347.
Merrıll, J. P., Murray, J. E., Harrıson, J. H., & guıld, W. R. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1956;160(4):277–282. doi: 10.1001/jama.1956.02960390027008
Starzl, T.E., & Fung, J.J. Themes of liver transplantation. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2010;51(6):1869–1884. doi:10.1002/hep.23595
Kirk, A.D. Antibodies and fusion proteins. In P. Morris, & S. Knechtle (Eds.). Kidney transplantation, principles and practice (6th ed., pp. 309-332). 2008, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Barker, C., & Markmann, J. Historical overview of transplantation. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2013;3:1-18. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a014977
Calne, R.Y., & Murray, J.E. Inhibition of the rejection of renal homografts in dogs by Burroughs Wellcome 57-322, Surgical Forum. 1961;12:118–120.
Starzl T. E. The long reach of liver transplantation. Nature Medicine, 2012;18(10):1489–1492. doi: 10.1038/nm.2927
Bismuth, H., & Houssin, D. Reduced-sized orthotopic liver graft in hepatic transplantation in children. Surgery. 1984;95(3):367–370.
Hashikura, Y., Makuuchi, M., Kawasaki, S., Matsunami, H., Ikegami, T., Nakazawa, Y., Kiyosawa, K., & Ichida, T. Successful living-related partial liver transplantation to an adult patient. Lancet. 1994;343(8907):1233–1234. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92450-3
Basu, A., & Shapiro, R. Tacrolimus in renal transplantation. In P. Morris, & S. Knechtle (Eds.). Kidney transplantation, principles and practice. (6th ed., pp. 259-276), 2008, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier
Colaneri, J. An overview of transplant immunosuppression – History, principles, and current practices in kidney transplantation. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 2014;41(6):549- 560.
Carrel A, Guthrie CC. Functions of a transplanted kidney. Science. 1905;22(563):473.
Watson CJ, Dark JH. Organ transplantation: historical perspective and current practice. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108 Suppl 1:i29-42. doi:10.1093/bja/aer384. PMID: 22194428.
Ono SJ. The birth of transplantation immunology: the Billingham- Medawar experiments at Birmingham University and University College London. 1951. J Exp Biol. 2004;207(pt 23):4013-4014.
Cooper, D. K. C., Ekser, B., & Tector, A. J. A Brief history of clinical xenotransplantation. International Journal of Surgery), 2015;23(Pt B), 205–210. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.060
Davis, M. M., & Brodin, P. Rebooting Human Immunology. Annual Review of Immunology, 2018;36:843–864. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053206
Cozzi, E., Schneeberger, S., Bellini, M. I., Berglund, E., Böhmig, G., Fowler, K., Hoogduijn, M.,…ESOT Workstream 1 of the TLJ (Transplantation Learning Journey) Project. Organ transplants of the future: planning for innovations including xenotransplantation. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation, 2012:34(11), 2006–2018. doi:10.1111/tri.1403
Karlıkaya, E., Hot, İ. Hayvandan insana doku ve organ naklinin (xenotransplantasyon) etik boyutu. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi, 2017;16(4), 169-175.
Sade, R. M., & Mukherjee, R. Ethical Issues in Xenotransplantation: The First Pig-to-Human Heart Transplant. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2022;113(3):712–714. Doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.01.006
Pierson, R. N., Fishman, J. A., Lewis, G. D., D'Alessandro, D. A., Connolly, M. R., Burdorf, L., Madsen,J.C.,… Azimzadeh, A. M. Progress Toward Cardiac Xenotransplantation. Circulation, 2020; 142(14): 1389–1398. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (FDA). FDA xenotransplantation guidances. Retrieved from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood -biolo gics/biolo gics-guida nces/xenot ransp lanta tionguidances. 2020.
Carrel A. The operative technique for vascular anastomoses and transplantation of viscera. Lyon Med. 1902;98:859.
Merrıll, J.P., Murray, J.E., Harrıson, J.H., & Guıld, W.R. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1956;160(4):277–282. doi:10.1001/jama.1956.02960390027008
Busuttil, R. W., De Carlis, L. G., Mihaylov, P. V., Gridelli, B., Fassati, L. R., & Starzl, T. E. The first report of orthotopic liver transplantation in the Western world. American Journal Of Transplantation, 2012;12(6):1385–1387. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04026.x
Calne, R.Y., & Williams, R. Liver transplantation in man. I. Observations on technique and organization in five cases. British Medical Journal. 1968;4(5630):535–540. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5630.535
Beecher H. K. Ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1968;278(26):1425–1430. doi:10.1056/NEJM196806272782605
Starzl TE. Experience in hepatic transplantation. First Edition. 1969, Philadelphia: PA: WB Saunders Co.
Borel, J. F., Baumann, G., Chapman, I., Donatsch, P., Fahr, A., Mueller, E. A., & Vigouret, J. M. In vivo pharmacological effects of ciclosporin and some analogues. Advances in Pharmacology. 1996;35:115–246. doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60276-8
Kino, T., Hatanaka, H., Miyata, S., Inamura, N., Nishiyama, M., Yajima, T., Goto, T., Okuhara, M., Kohsaka, M., & Aoki, H. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506 in vitro. The Journal of Antibiotics. 1987;40(9): 1256–1265. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.40.1256
Lee, S., Hwang, S., Park, K., Lee, Y., Choi, D., Ahn, C., Nah, Y., Koh, K., Han, S., Park, S., & Min, P. An adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant using dual left lobe grafts. Surgery, 2001;129(5):647–650. doi: 10.1067/msy.2001.114218
Rutherford RM, Lordan J, Fisher A, et al. Historical Overview of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation. In Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation. Lynch JP, Ross D (eds). 2006,1-5.
Toronto Lung Transplant Group Unilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986;314(18):1140–1145. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198605013141802
Hachem R. The History of Lung Transplantation. Second Wing. Lung Transplant Association of St. Louis. 2008. https://secondwindstl.org/who-we-are/articles-by-dr-hacheem/the history-of-lung- transplantation/
Barnard C. N. The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. South African Medical Journal. 1967;41(48):1271–1274.
Watson, C. J., & Dark, J. H. Organ transplantation: historical perspective and current practice. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012; 108 Suppl 1: i29–i42. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer384
Caves, P. K., Stinson, E. B., Billingham, M. E., & Shumway, N. E. Serial transvenous biopsy of the transplanted human heart. Improved management of acute rejection episodes. Lancet., 1974;1(7862), 821–826. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90480-2
Stehlik, J., Edwards, L. B., Kucheryavaya, A. Y., Aurora, P., Christie, J. D., Kirk, R., Dobbels, F., Rahmel, A. O., & Hertz, M. I. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-seventh official adult heart transplant report--2010. The Journal of heart and Lung Transplantation, 2010;29(10):1089–1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.08.007
Haberal, M. A., Picache, R. S., Husberg, B. S., Bakshandeh, K., & Starzl, T. E. Late spontaneous rupture in a homografted kidney. A case report. Archives of Surgery. 1974;109(6):824–826. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1974.01360060090025
Haberal, M., Sert, S., Aybasti, N., Gulay, H., Gokce, O., Arslan, G., Karamehmetoglu, M., & Bilgin, N. Living donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, 1988;20(1 Suppl 1):353–355.
Altınörs N, Altınel F. Tarihi perspektivle Solid Organ ve Kompozit Doku Nakillerindeki Gelişmeler Akd Tıp D 2022; 8(2):225-231
Karakayali, H., & Haberal, M. (2005). The history and activities of transplantation in Turkey. Transplantation Proceedings, 2005;37(7):2905–2908. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.07.025
Moray, G., Arslan, G., & Haberal, M. The history of liver transplantation in Turkey. Experimental and Clinical Transplantation, 2014;12 Suppl 1:20–23. doi: 10.6002/ect.25liver.l18
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Karayurt Ö, Sarıgöl Ordin Y, Ünek T, Astarcıoğlu İK, Çocukluk ve adölesan dönemde karaciğer nakli olmuş hastaların tedaviye uyumu, okul performansı, semptom ve depresyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi, 9. Ulusal Türk Cerrahi ve Ameliyathane Hemşireliği Kongresi, Dalaman, Kasım 2015, serbest bildiri, 9. Ulusal Türk Cerrahi ve Ameliyathane Hemşireliği Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, 245
Akdeniz Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzcuoğlu Organ Nakli Enstitüsü, Erişim: https://organnaklienst.akdeniz.edu.tr/tr/tarihce-3320
İnönü Üniversitesi karaciğer Nakli Enstitüsü, Erişim: https://www.inonu.edu.tr/karaciger/menu/9275/tarihce
Doku ve Organ Nakli Koordinatörlüğü Eğitim Yönergesi, 28.05.2008 Tarih ve 19735 sayılı, https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR-11251/organ-ve-doku-nakli-koordinatorlugu-egitim-yonergesi.html
